Introduction

Homophobia in the United States has historically constrained the rights of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals, fostering widespread bias and severely limiting their ability to live safe and authentic lives (Human Rights Campaign, 2023; Center for American Progress, 2020).

While legal protections have expanded, LGB individuals continue to face barriers across employment, healthcare, and social services (Movement Advancement Project, 2023). In the military, traditional norms and hierarchical structures historically amplified such constraints. “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (1993–2011) epitomized exclusionary policies—its repeal marked a critical turning point, though biases persist.

Recent studies show veterans remain more likely to disapprove of same-sex marriage than civilians, though attitudes are shifting (Blosnich et al., 2020). This study explores how sociodemographic characteristics shape moral and legal attitudes toward homosexuality among U.S. veterans.

Results