Results
Andrew Mertens
2024-10-01
#To do:
- restrict TMLE to only those with repeated measures as sensitivty analyis, and add IPTW as alternative sensitivity analysis -add glm sensitivity results (bivariate and multivariate)
- add to table of incidence of different pathogens by round -figure out missing TMLE estimates -tabulate number and proportion of individuals with saliva samples
- look at seasonality of results -look at the FMM outcomes (T.gondii and H-pylori) as regression/tmle outcomes (should vary by demographics)
-for noro incidence results and diarrhea results, combine the analysis to be across any round (instead of dividing by round) for more power
-clean up variable names
-redo all descriptive to subgroup by utility versus well/spring -do subgroup analysis by utility
Balance tables
| round | nHH | nInd | strata |
|---|---|---|---|
| R1 | 33 | 83 | Overall |
| R2 | 23 | 65 | Overall |
| R3 | 19 | 49 | Overall |
| R1 | 27 | 65 | Utility Water |
| R1 | 6 | 18 | Non-utility Water |
| R2 | 19 | 49 | Utility Water |
| R2 | 4 | 16 | Non-utility Water |
| R3 | 15 | 35 | Utility Water |
| R3 | 4 | 14 | Non-utility Water |
| R1 | 14 | 40 | Bottled water |
| R1 | 3 | 9 | Spring water |
| R1 | 13 | 25 | Utility Water |
| R1 | 3 | 9 | Well water |
| R2 | 9 | 27 | Bottled water |
| R2 | 1 | 5 | Spring water |
| R2 | 11 | 27 | Utility Water |
| R2 | 2 | 6 | Well water |
| R3 | 7 | 16 | Bottled water |
| R3 | 2 | 9 | Spring water |
| R3 | 8 | 19 | Utility Water |
| R3 | 2 | 5 | Well water |
| Overall | Utility Water | Non-utility Water | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 83 | 65 | 18 |
| Head of household: female = Male (%) | 16 (48.5) | 12 (44.4) | 4 ( 66.7) |
| Head of household: age (mean (SD)) | 58.97 (14.54) | 60.78 (13.77) | 50.83 (16.40) |
| Head of household: education (%) | |||
| Community college or higher | 28 (33.7) | 20 (30.8) | 8 ( 44.4) |
| High school graduate | 42 (50.6) | 32 (49.2) | 10 ( 55.6) |
| Less than a high school education | 13 (15.7) | 13 (20.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Household members: female = Female (%) | 46 (55.4) | 37 (56.9) | 9 ( 50.0) |
| Household members: age (mean (SD)) | 40.99 (24.62) | 43.08 (24.58) | 33.44 (23.94) |
| Household members: ethnicity = White (%) | 77 (92.8) | 64 (98.5) | 13 ( 72.2) |
| Household income (%) | |||
| <$15k | 29 (34.9) | 22 (33.8) | 7 ( 38.9) |
| $15k-$20k | 10 (12.0) | 6 ( 9.2) | 4 ( 22.2) |
| $20k-$25k | 8 ( 9.6) | 8 (12.3) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| $25k-$30k | 26 (31.3) | 22 (33.8) | 4 ( 22.2) |
| $35k-$40k | 5 ( 6.0) | 5 ( 7.7) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| $40k-$45k | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| >$50k | 5 ( 6.0) | 2 ( 3.1) | 3 ( 16.7) |
| Don’t want to say | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Working toilet, sink, tub/shower (%) | |||
| Toilet & shower | 6 ( 7.2) | 6 ( 9.2) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Toilet & sink | 4 ( 4.8) | 4 ( 6.2) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Yes, all work | 73 (88.0) | 55 (84.6) | 18 (100.0) |
| Sanitary sewer, septic, or straight pipe (%) | |||
| Septic tank & drainfield | 36 (43.4) | 18 (27.7) | 18 (100.0) |
| Straight pipe | 2 ( 2.4) | 2 ( 3.1) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Utility sewer connection | 45 (54.2) | 45 (69.2) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Time to healthcare facility if minor issue (minutes) (mean (SD)) | 14.76 (9.79) | 13.15 (9.18) | 20.56 (9.98) |
| Time to healthcare facility if major issue (minutes) (mean (SD)) | 41.25 (27.28) | 36.37 (22.69) | 58.89 (35.09) |
| Overall | R1 | R2 | R3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 197 | 83 | 65 | 49 |
| Head of household: female (%) | ||||
| Female | 23 (11.7) | 17 (20.5) | 0 ( 0.0) | 6 (12.2) |
| Male | 30 (15.2) | 16 (19.3) | 0 ( 0.0) | 14 (28.6) |
| NA | 144 (73.1) | 50 (60.2) | 65 (100.0) | 29 (59.2) |
| Head of household: age (mean (SD)) | 59.28 (14.84) | 58.97 (14.54) | NaN (NA) | 59.80 (15.70) |
| Head of household: education (%) | ||||
| Community college or higher | 57 (28.9) | 28 (33.7) | 19 ( 29.2) | 10 (20.4) |
| High school graduate | 101 (51.3) | 42 (50.6) | 36 ( 55.4) | 23 (46.9) |
| Less than a high school education | 39 (19.8) | 13 (15.7) | 10 ( 15.4) | 16 (32.7) |
| Household members: female = Female (%) | 109 (55.3) | 46 (55.4) | 34 ( 52.3) | 29 (59.2) |
| Household members: age (mean (SD)) | 41.87 (24.13) | 40.99 (24.62) | 40.49 (24.16) | 45.18 (23.44) |
| Household members: ethnicity = White (%) | 182 (92.4) | 77 (92.8) | 57 ( 87.7) | 48 (98.0) |
| Household income (%) | ||||
| <$15k | 42 (21.3) | 29 (34.9) | 0 ( 0.0) | 13 (26.5) |
| $15k-$20k | 25 (12.7) | 10 (12.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 15 (30.6) |
| $20k-$25k | 18 ( 9.1) | 8 ( 9.6) | 0 ( 0.0) | 10 (20.4) |
| $25k-$30k | 31 (15.7) | 26 (31.3) | 0 ( 0.0) | 5 (10.2) |
| $35k-$40k | 5 ( 2.5) | 5 ( 6.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| $40k-$45k | 2 ( 1.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 4.1) |
| >$50k | 5 ( 2.5) | 5 ( 6.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Don’t want to say | 4 ( 2.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 4 ( 8.2) |
| NA | 65 (33.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 65 (100.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Working toilet, sink, tub/shower (%) | ||||
| Toilet & shower | 16 ( 8.1) | 6 ( 7.2) | 8 ( 12.3) | 2 ( 4.1) |
| Toilet & sink | 4 ( 2.0) | 4 ( 4.8) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Yes, all work | 177 (89.8) | 73 (88.0) | 57 ( 87.7) | 47 (95.9) |
| Sanitary sewer, septic, or straight pipe (%) | ||||
| Other | 2 ( 1.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 4.1) |
| Septic tank & drainfield | 91 (46.2) | 36 (43.4) | 27 ( 41.5) | 28 (57.1) |
| Septic tank but no drainfield | 9 ( 4.6) | 0 ( 0.0) | 9 ( 13.8) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Straight pipe | 8 ( 4.1) | 2 ( 2.4) | 4 ( 6.2) | 2 ( 4.1) |
| Utility sewer connection | 87 (44.2) | 45 (54.2) | 25 ( 38.5) | 17 (34.7) |
| Time to healthcare facility if minor issue (minutes) (mean (SD)) | 15.95 (10.24) | 14.76 (9.79) | 18.37 (9.55) | 14.79 (11.51) |
| Time to healthcare facility if major issue (minutes) (mean (SD)) | 43.25 (29.77) | 41.25 (27.28) | 45.74 (31.30) | 43.53 (32.27) |
| Overall | Utility Water:R1 | Non-utility Water:R1 | Utility Water:R2 | Non-utility Water:R2 | Utility Water:R3 | Non-utility Water:R3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 197 | 65 | 18 | 49 | 16 | 35 | 14 |
| Head of household: female (%) | |||||||
| Female | 23 (11.7) | 15 (23.1) | 2 ( 11.1) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 6 (17.1) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Male | 30 (15.2) | 12 (18.5) | 4 ( 22.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 10 (28.6) | 4 ( 28.6) |
| NA | 144 (73.1) | 38 (58.5) | 12 ( 66.7) | 49 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 19 (54.3) | 10 ( 71.4) |
| Head of household: age (mean (SD)) | 59.28 (14.84) | 60.78 (13.77) | 50.83 (16.40) | NaN (NA) | NaN (NA) | 61.19 (15.58) | 54.25 (17.19) |
| Head of household: education (%) | |||||||
| Community college or higher | 57 (28.9) | 20 (30.8) | 8 ( 44.4) | 13 ( 26.5) | 6 ( 37.5) | 5 (14.3) | 5 ( 35.7) |
| High school graduate | 101 (51.3) | 32 (49.2) | 10 ( 55.6) | 26 ( 53.1) | 10 ( 62.5) | 14 (40.0) | 9 ( 64.3) |
| Less than a high school education | 39 (19.8) | 13 (20.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 10 ( 20.4) | 0 ( 0.0) | 16 (45.7) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Household members: female = Female (%) | 109 (55.3) | 37 (56.9) | 9 ( 50.0) | 28 ( 57.1) | 6 ( 37.5) | 21 (60.0) | 8 ( 57.1) |
| Household members: age (mean (SD)) | 41.87 (24.13) | 43.08 (24.58) | 33.44 (23.94) | 42.94 (24.06) | 33.00 (23.63) | 48.49 (22.74) | 36.93 (23.95) |
| Household members: ethnicity = White (%) | 182 (92.4) | 64 (98.5) | 13 ( 72.2) | 46 ( 93.9) | 11 ( 68.8) | 34 (97.1) | 14 (100.0) |
| Household income (%) | |||||||
| <$15k | 42 (21.3) | 22 (33.8) | 7 ( 38.9) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 10 (28.6) | 3 ( 21.4) |
| $15k-$20k | 25 (12.7) | 6 ( 9.2) | 4 ( 22.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 15 (42.9) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| $20k-$25k | 18 ( 9.1) | 8 (12.3) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 5 (14.3) | 5 ( 35.7) |
| $25k-$30k | 31 (15.7) | 22 (33.8) | 4 ( 22.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 5 (14.3) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| $35k-$40k | 5 ( 2.5) | 5 ( 7.7) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| $40k-$45k | 2 ( 1.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 14.3) |
| >$50k | 5 ( 2.5) | 2 ( 3.1) | 3 ( 16.7) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Don’t want to say | 4 ( 2.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 4 ( 28.6) |
| NA | 65 (33.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 49 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Working toilet, sink, tub/shower (%) | |||||||
| Toilet & shower | 16 ( 8.1) | 6 ( 9.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 8 ( 16.3) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 5.7) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Toilet & sink | 4 ( 2.0) | 4 ( 6.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Yes, all work | 177 (89.8) | 55 (84.6) | 18 (100.0) | 41 ( 83.7) | 16 (100.0) | 33 (94.3) | 14 (100.0) |
| Sanitary sewer, septic, or straight pipe (%) | |||||||
| Other | 2 ( 1.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 5.7) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Septic tank & drainfield | 91 (46.2) | 18 (27.7) | 18 (100.0) | 20 ( 40.8) | 7 ( 43.8) | 14 (40.0) | 14 (100.0) |
| Septic tank but no drainfield | 9 ( 4.6) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 9 ( 56.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Straight pipe | 8 ( 4.1) | 2 ( 3.1) | 0 ( 0.0) | 4 ( 8.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 5.7) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Utility sewer connection | 87 (44.2) | 45 (69.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 25 ( 51.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 17 (48.6) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Time to healthcare facility if minor issue (minutes) (mean (SD)) | 15.95 (10.24) | 13.15 (9.18) | 20.56 (9.98) | 16.44 (8.66) | 24.06 (10.04) | 16.03 (12.90) | 11.86 (6.77) |
| Time to healthcare facility if major issue (minutes) (mean (SD)) | 43.25 (29.77) | 36.37 (22.69) | 58.89 (35.09) | 43.88 (33.47) | 53.33 (19.46) | 46.52 (35.59) | 36.50 (22.17) |
Water quality tables
Note 1) Nitrate_ppm is not in the raw data, so using wNitrate.NO3 instead 2) drop[ed] one sample not matched to a household (sample code “122299spring” - roadside spring)
Tap (Exposure) water quality table
| Overall | Utility H2O:R1 | Well or Spring H2O:R1 | Utility H2O:R2 | Well or Spring H2O:R2 | Utility H2O:R3 | Well or Spring H2O:R3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 75 | 27 | 6 | 19 | 4 | 15 | 4 |
| wFphM (mean (SD)) | 7.83 (0.37) | 7.74 (0.38) | 7.74 (0.35) | 7.94 (0.33) | 7.96 (0.54) | 7.86 (0.39) | 7.83 (0.43) |
| wFtempM (mean (SD)) | 18.72 (4.79) | 22.83 (2.11) | 22.13 (1.34) | 13.75 (2.83) | 11.74 (5.88) | 17.95 (2.65) | 19.41 (2.91) |
| wFcondM (mean (SD)) | 334.17 (218.52) | 332.29 (265.20) | 415.00 (156.77) | 325.46 (188.26) | 445.25 (60.41) | 256.56 (204.87) | 446.88 (195.37) |
| bTC (mean (SD)) | 0.29 (0.46) | 0.19 (0.40) | 0.83 (0.41) | 0.16 (0.37) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.07 (0.26) | 1.00 (0.00) |
| wTCmpn_M (mean (SD)) | 65.74 (295.74) | 15.90 (67.48) | 514.38 (963.97) | 0.13 (0.37) | 113.74 (125.31) | 34.76 (134.62) | 109.07 (80.17) |
| bEC (mean (SD)) | 0.07 (0.25) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.33 (0.52) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.25 (0.50) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.50 (0.58) |
| wECmpn_M (mean (SD)) | 0.92 (5.98) | 0.00 (0.00) | 10.17 (20.32) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.76 (1.52) | 0.00 (0.00) | 1.30 (1.73) |
| Arsenic (mean (SD)) | 0.14 (0.25) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.51) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.63 (0.66) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.21 (0.33) |
| Barium_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.06) |
| Cadmium (mean (SD)) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.02) |
| Chromium_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Copper_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.12) |
| Lead (mean (SD)) | 0.39 (0.66) | 0.41 (0.62) | 0.57 (0.86) | 0.42 (0.77) | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.34 (0.72) | 0.29 (0.25) |
| wNitrate.NO3.. (mean (SD)) | 2.18 (2.43) | 2.81 (2.95) | 3.65 (3.09) | 1.36 (0.66) | 2.60 (3.08) | 1.14 (0.72) | 3.17 (4.56) |
| Selenium (mean (SD)) | 0.21 (0.49) | 0.14 (0.50) | 0.08 (0.20) | 0.38 (0.45) | 0.58 (0.16) | 0.03 (0.61) | 0.34 (0.25) |
| Aluminum_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| Chloride_ppm (mean (SD)) | 7.17 (5.45) | 8.12 (5.73) | 1.82 (4.64) | 9.40 (4.98) | 4.28 (5.04) | 6.40 (4.07) | 3.96 (5.89) |
| Iron_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.00) |
| Manganese_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Zinc_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.11) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.03) |
Source water quality table
| Overall | Utility H2O:R1 | Well or Spring H2O:R1 | Utility H2O:R2 | Well or Spring H2O:R2 | Utility H2O:R3 | Well or Spring H2O:R3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 75 | 27 | 6 | 19 | 4 | 15 | 4 |
| wFphM (mean (SD)) | 7.81 (0.37) | 7.71 (0.37) | 7.73 (0.36) | 7.94 (0.31) | 7.98 (0.52) | 7.78 (0.39) | 7.84 (0.39) |
| wFtempM (mean (SD)) | 18.59 (5.81) | 23.88 (3.32) | 21.53 (2.46) | 12.14 (1.60) | 13.07 (1.60) | 18.06 (5.26) | 16.58 (0.93) |
| wFcondM (mean (SD)) | 334.15 (222.61) | 332.77 (266.04) | 412.17 (153.90) | 324.01 (187.62) | 485.25 (145.27) | 247.60 (205.73) | 448.12 (204.06) |
| bTC (mean (SD)) | 0.31 (0.46) | 0.11 (0.32) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.11 (0.32) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.27 (0.46) | 1.00 (0.00) |
| wTCmpn_M (mean (SD)) | 95.54 (390.60) | 28.61 (148.14) | 884.67 (1136.90) | 0.05 (0.16) | 47.00 (66.68) | 4.44 (11.59) | 207.31 (95.39) |
| bEC (mean (SD)) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.67 (0.52) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.25 (0.50) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.75 (0.50) |
| wECmpn_M (mean (SD)) | 1.74 (9.40) | 0.00 (0.00) | 19.96 (29.44) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.12 (0.25) | 0.00 (0.00) | 2.56 (2.17) |
| Arsenic (mean (SD)) | 0.12 (0.23) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.55) | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.52 (0.58) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.22 (0.28) |
| Barium_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.06) |
| Cadmium (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.04) |
| Chromium_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Copper_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.08) |
| Lead (mean (SD)) | 0.12 (0.40) | 0.09 (0.20) | 0.23 (0.34) | 0.07 (0.11) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.79 (1.59) |
| wNitrate.NO3.. (mean (SD)) | 2.18 (2.21) | 2.80 (2.41) | 4.33 (4.32) | 1.42 (0.65) | 2.33 (2.92) | 1.16 (0.73) | 2.12 (1.94) |
| Selenium (mean (SD)) | 0.21 (0.44) | 0.21 (0.47) | 0.17 (0.14) | 0.25 (0.39) | 0.34 (0.07) | 0.11 (0.62) | 0.22 (0.30) |
| Aluminum_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.07 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.11) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.03) |
| Chloride_ppm (mean (SD)) | 7.15 (5.51) | 8.29 (5.83) | 1.35 (4.48) | 9.20 (4.91) | 4.23 (4.98) | 6.39 (4.16) | 4.15 (6.24) |
| Iron_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) |
| Manganese_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Zinc_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.04) |
Water quality plots
Boxplots of concentrations and log10 transformed concentrations for selected water quality parameters from source water samples (tap after 5-min flush) by household’s primary water source.
Mean concentrations for selected water quality parameters measured in utility-supplied source water samples (tap after 5-min flush) collected from study households and displayed based on household-level use of tap or bottled water for drinking.
Water quality plots: subset to households in all rounds
Sens1
Sens2
Health outcome table
| Utility Water:R1 | Non-utility Water:R1 | Utility Water:R2 | Non-utility Water:R2 | Utility Water:R3 | Non-utility Water:R3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 65 | 18 | 49 | 16 | 35 | 14 |
| High blood pressure (%) | ||||||
| No | 31 (47.7) | 13 ( 72.2) | 27 (55.1) | 12 ( 75.0) | 15 (42.9) | 8 (57.1) |
| Yes | 27 (41.5) | 4 ( 22.2) | 19 (38.8) | 4 ( 25.0) | 17 (48.6) | 6 (42.9) |
| Yes, in the past | 5 ( 7.7) | 0 ( 0.0) | 1 ( 2.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 5.7) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| NA | 2 ( 3.1) | 1 ( 5.6) | 2 ( 4.1) | 0 ( 0.0) | 1 ( 2.9) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Liver disease (%) | ||||||
| No | 62 (95.4) | 17 ( 94.4) | 45 (91.8) | 16 (100.0) | 32 (91.4) | 13 (92.9) |
| Yes | 3 ( 4.6) | 1 ( 5.6) | 4 ( 8.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 3 ( 8.6) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| NA | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 1 ( 7.1) |
| Kidney disease (%) | ||||||
| No | 57 (87.7) | 16 ( 88.9) | 45 (91.8) | 15 ( 93.8) | 31 (88.6) | 11 (78.6) |
| Yes | 6 ( 9.2) | 1 ( 5.6) | 4 ( 8.2) | 1 ( 6.2) | 3 ( 8.6) | 2 (14.3) |
| Yes, in the past | 2 ( 3.1) | 1 ( 5.6) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 1 ( 2.9) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| NA | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 1 ( 7.1) |
| Bladder disease (%) | ||||||
| No | 62 (95.4) | 17 ( 94.4) | 47 (95.9) | 16 (100.0) | 33 (94.3) | 13 (92.9) |
| Yes | 1 ( 1.5) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 4.1) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 5.7) | 1 ( 7.1) |
| Yes, in the past | 1 ( 1.5) | 1 ( 5.6) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| NA | 1 ( 1.5) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Tobacco use (%) | ||||||
| No | 34 (52.3) | 10 ( 55.6) | 27 (55.1) | 9 ( 56.2) | 18 (51.4) | 8 (57.1) |
| Yes | 27 (41.5) | 5 ( 27.8) | 21 (42.9) | 7 ( 43.8) | 15 (42.9) | 5 (35.7) |
| Yes, in the past | 4 ( 6.2) | 3 ( 16.7) | 1 ( 2.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 5.7) | 1 ( 7.1) |
| Cough = Yes (%) | 27 (41.5) | 3 ( 16.7) | 19 (38.8) | 5 ( 31.2) | 14 (40.0) | 6 (42.9) |
| Toothache (%) | ||||||
| No | 56 (86.2) | 18 (100.0) | 43 (87.8) | 16 (100.0) | 32 (91.4) | 13 (92.9) |
| Yes | 9 (13.8) | 0 ( 0.0) | 5 (10.2) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 5.7) | 1 ( 7.1) |
| NA | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 1 ( 2.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 1 ( 2.9) | 0 ( 0.0) |
| Diarrhea (%) | ||||||
| No | 52 (80.0) | 18 (100.0) | 38 (77.6) | 14 ( 87.5) | 29 (82.9) | 10 (71.4) |
| Yes | 8 (12.3) | 0 ( 0.0) | 9 (18.4) | 2 ( 12.5) | 6 (17.1) | 2 (14.3) |
| NA | 5 ( 7.7) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 4.1) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 (14.3) |
E coli table
| Utility Water:R1 | Non-utility Water:R1 | Utility Water:R2 | Non-utility Water:R2 | Utility Water:R3 | Non-utility Water:R3 | p | test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 65 | 18 | 49 | 16 | 35 | 14 | ||
| No E. coli Detected in Source Water (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.61 (0.50) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.31 (0.48) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.79 (0.43) | <0.001 | |
| Diarrhea (%) | 0.270 | |||||||
| No | 52 (80.0) | 18 (100.0) | 38 (77.6) | 14 (87.5) | 29 (82.9) | 10 (71.4) | ||
| Yes | 8 (12.3) | 0 ( 0.0) | 9 (18.4) | 2 (12.5) | 6 (17.1) | 2 (14.3) | ||
| NA | 5 ( 7.7) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 ( 4.1) | 0 ( 0.0) | 0 ( 0.0) | 2 (14.3) |
Antigen classification
Pathogen incidence TMLE results
Adjusted TMLE results
Norovirus incidence results
Diarrhea outcome results
Supplimentary materials
Bottled water quality table
| Overall | Utility H2O:R1 | Well or Spring H2O:R1 | Utility H2O:R2 | Well or Spring H2O:R2 | Utility H2O:R3 | Well or Spring H2O:R3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 44 | 16 | 3 | 12 | 3 | 8 | 2 |
| wFphM (mean (SD)) | 6.87 (0.86) | 6.58 (0.76) | 6.90 (1.27) | 7.22 (0.66) | 8.16 (0.18) | 6.68 (0.91) | 7.12 (1.46) |
| wFtempM (mean (SD)) | 17.55 (6.09) | 17.98 (7.34) | 18.48 (7.25) | 14.37 (3.77) | 20.27 (0.74) | 17.39 (5.69) | 23.80 (2.62) |
| wFcondM (mean (SD)) | 115.26 (138.29) | 78.78 (104.24) | 100.75 (134.00) | 98.73 (89.34) | 323.50 (3.54) | 158.33 (219.20) | 107.20 (93.83) |
| bTC (mean (SD)) | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.33 (0.58) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| wTCmpn_M (mean (SD)) | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.17 (0.29) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| bEC (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| wECmpn_M (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Arsenic (mean (SD)) | -0.03 (0.06) | -0.06 (0.05) | -0.10 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.02) | -0.01 (0.06) | -0.01 (0.03) |
| Barium_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| Cadmium (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | -0.01 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.01) | -0.01 (0.00) |
| Chromium_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Copper_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Lead (mean (SD)) | -0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | -0.01 (0.02) | -0.02 (0.01) | -0.01 (0.01) | -0.02 (0.00) |
| wNitrate.NO3.. (mean (SD)) | 1.51 (1.87) | 2.69 (2.51) | 1.10 (0.79) | 0.66 (0.28) | 1.00 (0.14) | 0.69 (0.51) | 0.45 (0.07) |
| Selenium (mean (SD)) | 0.07 (0.28) | 0.11 (0.34) | 0.03 (0.21) | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.35 (0.04) | -0.11 (0.31) | -0.06 (0.11) |
| Aluminum_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Chloride_ppm (mean (SD)) | 2.59 (4.19) | 1.40 (4.31) | -0.80 (0.87) | 4.14 (4.57) | 6.71 (0.23) | 3.17 (3.65) | 3.76 (5.04) |
| Iron_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.00) |
| Manganese_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
| Zinc_ppm (mean (SD)) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
Boxplots of concentrations and log10 transformed concentrations for selected water quality parameters from source water samples (tap after 5-min flush) by household’s primary water source (stratifying well and spring water).