This presentation uses the countries_population.csv dataset to explore how global population has changed over time.
We will introduce the formula for population growth rate and use visualizations to compare trends among selected countries.

• Dataset: countries_population.csv
• Key Variables:
  • Country: name of the country
  • Year: the year of the observation
  • Population: total population
  • Growth Rate (%): year-over-year growth percentage
• Objectives:
  • Visualize how population has changed over time
  • Compare trends across selected countries
  • Lay the foundation for future modeling and prediction

\[ \text{Growth Rate (%)} = \frac{P_t - P_{t-1}}{P_{t-1}} \times 100 \]

Where:
- \(P_t\): population in the current year
- \(P_{t-1}\): population in the previous year

This helps us see how much the population has increased or decreased each year.

To compare general population levels across countries, we calculate the average population:

\[ { \bar{P} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} P_i } \] Where:

• \(\bar{P}\): average population
  
• \(P_i\): population in year \(i\) (excluding global aggregate)
  
• \(n\): number of years

selected_countries <- population %>%
  filter(Country %in% c("India", "China", "United States"))

ggplot(selected_countries,
       aes(x = Year, y = Population, color = Country)) +
  geom_line(linewidth = 1) +
  labs(
    title = "Population Growth: India, China, and USA",
    x = "Year",
    y = "Population",
    color = "Country"
  ) +
  theme_minimal()

• Global population has steadily increased since 1960, with countries like India and China showing the steepest upward trends.
• Meanwhile, several countries such as Bulgaria, Serbia, and Latvia have experienced long-term population decline.
• This contrast highlights how demographic trends differ significantly across regions and raises important questions about population sustainability.
• Further analysis could explore the impact of population decline on economic stability, aging societies, and long-term development challenges.