Mapping CDR and CCS industry

Introduction

References

CDR and CCS industry encompasses different sectors: CO2 capture, transport and storage, utilization. Both technology providers and ancillary actors operate in each sector. We focus on technology providers. The references used to build the dataset are:

For CO2 Capture:

_{CDR.fyi Suppliers}
_{Enhanced Weathering Alliance}
_{Direct Air Capture Coalition}
_{IEA CCUS Projects Dataset (2024)}
_{Global CCS Institute STATE OF THE ART: CCS TECHNOLOGIES 2023}

For CO2 Transport&Storage:

_{IEA CCUS Projects Dataset (2024)}
_{Global CCS Institute - STATE OF THE ART: CCS TECHNOLOGIES 2023}
_{Oil & Gas Watch Summary}

For CO2 Utilization:

_{IEA CCUS Projects Dataset (2024)}
_{CO2 Value Europe}
_{Ensun TOP EOR Companies}
_{Enhanced Oil Recovery MarketsAndMarkets}
_{Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Activities in China}
_{Technavio Enhanced Oil Recovery Market Analysis North America, Europe, APAC, Middle East and Africa, South America - US, Canada, Norway, Russia, China, UK - Size and Forecast 2024-2028}
_{National Energy Technology Laboratory NETL DOE}
_{Carbon Utilization Alliance}
_{Direct Air Capture Coalition}
_{Blue Planet Systems TM}
_{Permanent Carbon Capture}
_XPrize
_IDTechEx
_{Clean Tech Group}
_{Kerui Petroleum Technology}
_{Carbon Capture & Sequestration Technologies @ MIT}
_{Scanfil News}

ORBIS match

For each sector, the role of tech provider has been identified through manual scraping of companies’ websites and documents of projects they joined. Once the list of tech providers for each sector was obtained, it was matched with the ORBIS dataset. To ensure accurate matching, several variables were considered, including company name, website, address, managers’ names, and sector.

Number of companies for each sector matched with the ORBIS dataset.
Sector	Original dataset	ORBIS Match	ORBIS Missing
Capture	530	484	46
Transport & Storage	253	244	9
Utilization	333	300	33
Total	1116	1028	88

Technology classification

In capture sector we distinguish between CCS and CDR.

CCS companies provide technologies for the following Methods:

Post-combustion capture: CO₂ is captured after the combustion process, typically from flue gases of power plants or industrial facilities.
Pre-combustion capture: CO₂ is separated before combustion by processing the fuel, such as in gasification processes.
Oxy-combustion: Combustion occurs in an oxygen-rich environment, producing a flue gas consisting primarily of CO₂ and water, making CO₂ separation easier.

CDR companies provide technologies for the following Methods:

Direct Air Capture (DAC): Captures CO₂ directly from ambient air using chemical or physical processes.
BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage): Combines biomass energy production with carbon capture, storing the CO₂ generated.
Biochar Carbon Removal (BCR): Sequesters carbon through the production of biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from biomass.
Enhanced Weathering: Accelerates the natural process of mineral weathering to capture and store CO₂.
Surficial Mineralization: Reacts CO₂ with surface-exposed minerals to form stable carbonates.
Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Adds alkaline substances to the ocean to increase its CO₂ absorption capacity.
In-situ Mineralization: Injects CO₂ into subsurface rock formations where it reacts to form stable minerals.
Microalgal Capture and Storage: Uses algae to capture CO₂ through photosynthesis, with subsequent storage of the biomass.
Biomass Direct Storage: Sequesters CO₂ by storing biomass directly without conversion to energy.
Direct Ocean Removal: Extracts CO₂ directly from seawater, aiding oceanic CO₂ balance.
Bio-oil Sequestration: Converts biomass into bio-oil for long-term storage.
Marine Biomass Sinking: Grows marine biomass, such as kelp, and sinks it to sequester carbon in deep-sea environments.
Microbial Mineralization: Uses microorganisms to catalyze mineralization processes for carbon storage.

While for Transport&Storage sector we distinguish between transport and storage.

The dataset classifies the Methods of CO₂ transport as follows:

Ship: CO₂ is transported in a liquefied state via ships, typically over long distances. This Method is used when pipeline infrastructure is unavailable or impractical, such as for offshore storage locations.
Truck: CO₂ is moved in smaller quantities using tanker trucks. This Method is generally used for shorter distances or during the pilot phase of projects.
Pipeline: CO₂ is transported via high-pressure pipelines, which are the most efficient and widely used Method for large-scale, continuous transport of captured CO₂ from capture sites to storage or utilization facilities.

The dataset classifies the type of CO₂ storage infrastructure or storage technology/analysis operated by each partner. These include:

Saline Aquifers: Underground rock formations saturated with salty water, which are ideal for CO₂ storage due to their porous nature and the impermeable cap rock above them that traps the CO₂.
Depleted Oil or Gas Reservoirs: Former oil or natural gas extraction sites, where CO₂ can be injected and stored in the empty spaces left by extracted hydrocarbons. These sites are well understood geologically and often come with pre-existing infrastructure.

Temporary Storage by Liquefaction in CO₂ Terminals: Facilities where CO₂ is temporarily stored as a liquid at low temperatures and high pressure before further transport or use.

Subsurface Analysis: The evaluation of underground formations to determine their suitability for long-term CO₂ storage. This involves geological surveys and modeling.

CO₂ Receiving Terminal: Facilities designed to receive captured CO₂ from transport systems (e.g., ships or pipelines) and prepare it for injection or utilization.

Distributional Terminal: Locations where CO₂ is redistributed to its final destinations, either for storage or utilization.

Seismic Acquisition: The collection of seismic data to map underground formations and ensure the safety and stability of CO₂ storage sites.
Onshore Buffer Storage: Temporary storage facilities located onshore, used to balance supply and demand in the CO₂ transport and storage system.
Injection Wells: Specialized wells designed to inject CO₂ deep underground into storage formations, such as saline aquifers or depleted reservoirs.
Compression Facility: Infrastructure that compresses CO₂ to a supercritical state (a dense, fluid-like phase) for efficient transport and storage.

We classify as part of Utilization sector the following processes and technologies:

Electrochemical Conversion: A process where CO₂ is converted into useful chemicals or fuels using electrochemical reactions. This typically involves renewable electricity to produce products like formic acid, methanol, or syngas.
Chemical Conversion: A broad category involving chemical reactions where CO₂ is used as a reactant to produce substances such as polycarbonates, urea, or methane.
Calcination: A high-temperature process that uses CO₂ to convert calcium carbonate into calcium oxide, often in cement production or similar applications.
EOR Operator (EOR Op.): Companies that utilize captured CO₂ to enhance the extraction of oil from depleted reservoirs by injecting it into the subsurface.
EOR Technology (EOR Tech.): Providers of the proprietary technologies enabling CO₂-based enhanced oil recovery operations.
Photochemical Conversion: The use of light energy to drive reactions that convert CO₂ into chemicals or fuels, such as through the use of photocatalysts.
Enhanced Coal Bed Methane (ECBM): A Method where CO₂ is injected into coal seams to displace methane, enhancing methane recovery while storing the CO₂.
Transported Integrated Gasification (TRIG™): A gasification technology that uses captured CO₂ to convert coal or biomass into syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Biological Conversion: Processes involving microorganisms, algae, or other biological systems that convert CO₂ into biomass, biofuels, or other bioproducts.
Catalytic Conversion: The use of catalysts to facilitate CO₂ reactions, often for producing chemicals or fuels with lower energy requirements.
Syngas Production: A process where CO₂ is used to produce synthesis gas (syngas), a valuable intermediate for creating fuels and chemicals.
Gasification: A process where CO₂ is used in the gasification of biomass or fossil fuels to produce syngas or hydrogen.

Descriptive statistics

The variables present in the dataset originate from previously cited references and ORBIS data downloads. These sources have been combined to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant information. In total, the dataset includes the following variables:

Company name
BvD ID
NACE classification
Country
Number of employees
Turnover
Total Assets
Total Sales
Shareholder funds
Actual manager name
Solvency ratio (Tot Assets/Tot Debt * 100)
Incorporation date
Company age
CDR or CCS classification (in capture sector)
Method of capture/T&S/Utilization (e.g. BECCS, DACCS..)
Description of technology and/or technology name
Reference
Website

Summary statistics

Variabile	Media	Mediana	Deviazione_Std	Minimo	Massimo	Q1	Q3	Conteggio
Numeric vars Statistics - Capture
N_Employees	12023.157	17.000	37835.708	0.000	282926	4.000	529.000	127
Turnover	11646989.327	5415.651	43875158.598	0.000	381314000	112.681	1459658.081	103
Assets	9663126.021	5949.414	41440961.896	0.001	443024000	417.808	153929.319	157
Sales	13855037.561	8813.984	47664763.424	0.000	381314000	32.133	5877268.198	86
Shareholder_funds	3931614.047	2663.256	17736993.636	-435369.312	192597000	26.662	69159.747	156
Solvency_ratio	47.591	48.337	38.822	-79.893	100	23.849	79.963	147
Age	10.475	4.000	15.374	0.000	105	2.000	13.000	282

Variabile	Media	Mediana	Deviazione_Std	Minimo	Massimo	Q1	Q3	Conteggio
Numeric vars Statistics - T&S
N_Employees	12789.814	1057.000	42235.918	0.000	398440	103.000	5829.000	113
Turnover	24744364.289	1719892.716	76892650.290	0.000	604366165	254821.750	12249250.758	142
Assets	27956691.575	3392451.661	81186402.500	0.001	664779768	379688.006	17488622.451	150
Sales	27188214.751	2131095.280	80659794.639	0.000	604366165	304511.445	12863135.519	126
Shareholder_funds	13095328.551	905187.748	46797562.753	-1180445.547	444305890	61988.323	5669389.956	150
Solvency_ratio	39.413	38.108	27.367	-97.460	100	20.922	55.085	147
age	29.861	19.000	27.996	1.000	114	11.500	34.000	151

Variabile	Media	Mediana	Deviazione_Std	Minimo	Massimo	Q1	Q3	Conteggio
Numeric vars Statistics - Use
Age	28.004	14.000	34.280	0.000	178	6.000	34.000	264
Sales	34830985.958	3556672.788	83790450.949	0.000	495032826	70045.059	28043000.000	127
Shareholder_funds	16015986.848	251991.000	49651864.844	-43599238.565	463224557	3593.012	9163454.144	177
Solvency_ratio	46.865	47.418	27.781	-64.643	100	31.296	63.636	169
Turnover	20513278.994	71914.474	66640127.866	0.000	495032826	2760.000	7344744.369	215
N_Employees	11061.636	37.000	44226.031	0.000	375803	6.000	2520.000	217
Assets	34896352.636	894137.414	88475374.375	0.001	660784034	8571.274	22033709.888	177

Histograms

Methods of CO2 Capture and their frequency (descending order) - CCS methods in *italic*
Method	Frequency
Biochar Carbon Removal (BCR)	118
Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS)	104
Post-combustion capture	49
Enhanced Weathering	32
Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)	31
Ex-situ Mineralization	16
Biomass Direct Storage	11
Marine Biomass Sinking	11
Forest	10
Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement	9
Oxy-combustion capture	9
Mineralization In-Situ	7
Microalgal Capture and Storage	5
Direct Ocean Removal	7
Pre-combustion capture	5
Bio-oil Sequestration	2
Microbial Mineralization	2
Utilization	2
mCDR	2
Gas Cleaning	1
Surficial Mineralization	1
NA	61

Number of managers’ name available per sector
Sector	Managers’ name available	Managers’ name missing
Capture	375	109
Transport&Storage	207	37
Utilization	248	52
Total	830	198