Medidas de tendencia central
Zaray Cruz
2025-03-14
#Visualizaciòn de Graficos Histogramas Barras Sectores-Cirulares
1: cargar data
#Histogramas de la variable ¿Cuando se usa un histigrama y cuando uno de barras?
edad<-c(20, 21, 21, 18, 17, 19, 20, 19, 24, 18, 22, 20, 19, 21, 20, 19, 20, 19)
hist(edad)
#cuando no esta el paquete
hist(edad,freq=TRUE)
hist## function (x, ...)
## UseMethod("hist")
## <bytecode: 0x0000029fbbb02378>
## <environment: namespace:graphics>barplot(edad) # Compara valores de diferentes categorías (gráfico de barras).
boxplot(edad) # caja de bigotes
pie (edad) # Diagrama de tortas
plot(edad) #Grafico de dispersión
# mean (argumento)nombre<-c("Maura", "Camila", "Johan_s", "Elkin", "Alejandro", "Yandry", "Nicolas", "Dirley", "William", "Daniela", "Steven", "Yuliana", "Karen", "Jose", "Santiago", "Johan", "Santiago", "Daniela")
edad<-c(20, 21, 21, 18, 17, 19, 20, 19, 24, 18, 22, 20, 19, 21, 20, 19, 20, 19)
promedio<-c(3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.3, 3.3, 3.92, 3.74, 3.6, 3.5, 3.2, 3.3, 3.3, 3.5, 3.4, 3.5, 3.9, 3.7, 3.7)
semestre<-c(7, 8, 7, 3, 3, 7, 7, 7, 10, 7, 6, 8, 7, 7, 5, 5, 6, 5)
esta_nivelado<-c("si", "no", "no", "no", "no", "si", "si", "no", "no", "no", "no", "no", "no", "no", "no", "si", "no", "si")
datos<-data.frame(Estudiantes = nombre, edad, promedio, semestre, esta_nivelado)
print(datos) ## Estudiantes edad promedio semestre esta_nivelado
## 1 Maura 20 3.50 7 si
## 2 Camila 21 3.50 8 no
## 3 Johan_s 21 3.50 7 no
## 4 Elkin 18 3.30 3 no
## 5 Alejandro 17 3.30 3 no
## 6 Yandry 19 3.92 7 si
## 7 Nicolas 20 3.74 7 si
## 8 Dirley 19 3.60 7 no
## 9 William 24 3.50 10 no
## 10 Daniela 18 3.20 7 no
## 11 Steven 22 3.30 6 no
## 12 Yuliana 20 3.30 8 no
## 13 Karen 19 3.50 7 no
## 14 Jose 21 3.40 7 no
## 15 Santiago 20 3.50 5 no
## 16 Johan 19 3.90 5 si
## 17 Santiago 20 3.70 6 no
## 18 Daniela 19 3.70 5 si#Base de datos de de R
data("mtcars")
print (data)## function (..., list = character(), package = NULL, lib.loc = NULL,
## verbose = getOption("verbose"), envir = .GlobalEnv, overwrite = TRUE)
## {
## fileExt <- function(x) {
## db <- grepl("\\.[^.]+\\.(gz|bz2|xz)$", x)
## ans <- sub(".*\\.", "", x)
## ans[db] <- sub(".*\\.([^.]+\\.)(gz|bz2|xz)$", "\\1\\2",
## x[db])
## ans
## }
## my_read_table <- function(...) {
## lcc <- Sys.getlocale("LC_COLLATE")
## on.exit(Sys.setlocale("LC_COLLATE", lcc))
## Sys.setlocale("LC_COLLATE", "C")
## read.table(...)
## }
## stopifnot(is.character(list))
## names <- c(as.character(substitute(list(...))[-1L]), list)
## if (!is.null(package)) {
## if (!is.character(package))
## stop("'package' must be a character vector or NULL")
## }
## paths <- find.package(package, lib.loc, verbose = verbose)
## if (is.null(lib.loc))
## paths <- c(path.package(package, TRUE), if (!length(package)) getwd(),
## paths)
## paths <- unique(normalizePath(paths[file.exists(paths)]))
## paths <- paths[dir.exists(file.path(paths, "data"))]
## dataExts <- tools:::.make_file_exts("data")
## if (length(names) == 0L) {
## db <- matrix(character(), nrow = 0L, ncol = 4L)
## for (path in paths) {
## entries <- NULL
## packageName <- if (file_test("-f", file.path(path,
## "DESCRIPTION")))
## basename(path)
## else "."
## if (file_test("-f", INDEX <- file.path(path, "Meta",
## "data.rds"))) {
## entries <- readRDS(INDEX)
## }
## else {
## dataDir <- file.path(path, "data")
## entries <- tools::list_files_with_type(dataDir,
## "data")
## if (length(entries)) {
## entries <- unique(tools::file_path_sans_ext(basename(entries)))
## entries <- cbind(entries, "")
## }
## }
## if (NROW(entries)) {
## if (is.matrix(entries) && ncol(entries) == 2L)
## db <- rbind(db, cbind(packageName, dirname(path),
## entries))
## else warning(gettextf("data index for package %s is invalid and will be ignored",
## sQuote(packageName)), domain = NA, call. = FALSE)
## }
## }
## colnames(db) <- c("Package", "LibPath", "Item", "Title")
## footer <- if (missing(package))
## paste0("Use ", sQuote(paste("data(package =", ".packages(all.available = TRUE))")),
## "\n", "to list the data sets in all *available* packages.")
## else NULL
## y <- list(title = "Data sets", header = NULL, results = db,
## footer = footer)
## class(y) <- "packageIQR"
## return(y)
## }
## paths <- file.path(paths, "data")
## for (name in names) {
## found <- FALSE
## for (p in paths) {
## tmp_env <- if (overwrite)
## envir
## else new.env()
## if (file_test("-f", file.path(p, "Rdata.rds"))) {
## rds <- readRDS(file.path(p, "Rdata.rds"))
## if (name %in% names(rds)) {
## found <- TRUE
## if (verbose)
## message(sprintf("name=%s:\t found in Rdata.rds",
## name), domain = NA)
## thispkg <- sub(".*/([^/]*)/data$", "\\1", p)
## thispkg <- sub("_.*$", "", thispkg)
## thispkg <- paste0("package:", thispkg)
## objs <- rds[[name]]
## lazyLoad(file.path(p, "Rdata"), envir = tmp_env,
## filter = function(x) x %in% objs)
## break
## }
## else if (verbose)
## message(sprintf("name=%s:\t NOT found in names() of Rdata.rds, i.e.,\n\t%s\n",
## name, paste(names(rds), collapse = ",")),
## domain = NA)
## }
## files <- list.files(p, full.names = TRUE)
## files <- files[grep(name, files, fixed = TRUE)]
## if (length(files) > 1L) {
## o <- match(fileExt(files), dataExts, nomatch = 100L)
## paths0 <- dirname(files)
## paths0 <- factor(paths0, levels = unique(paths0))
## files <- files[order(paths0, o)]
## }
## if (length(files)) {
## for (file in files) {
## if (verbose)
## message("name=", name, ":\t file= ...", .Platform$file.sep,
## basename(file), "::\t", appendLF = FALSE,
## domain = NA)
## ext <- fileExt(file)
## if (basename(file) != paste0(name, ".", ext))
## found <- FALSE
## else {
## found <- TRUE
## switch(ext, R = , r = {
## library("utils")
## sys.source(file, chdir = TRUE, envir = tmp_env)
## }, RData = , rdata = , rda = load(file, envir = tmp_env),
## TXT = , txt = , tab = , tab.gz = , tab.bz2 = ,
## tab.xz = , txt.gz = , txt.bz2 = , txt.xz = assign(name,
## my_read_table(file, header = TRUE, as.is = FALSE),
## envir = tmp_env), CSV = , csv = , csv.gz = ,
## csv.bz2 = , csv.xz = assign(name, my_read_table(file,
## header = TRUE, sep = ";", as.is = FALSE),
## envir = tmp_env), found <- FALSE)
## }
## if (found)
## break
## }
## if (verbose)
## message(if (!found)
## "*NOT* ", "found", domain = NA)
## }
## if (found)
## break
## }
## if (!found) {
## warning(gettextf("data set %s not found", sQuote(name)),
## domain = NA)
## }
## else if (!overwrite) {
## for (o in ls(envir = tmp_env, all.names = TRUE)) {
## if (exists(o, envir = envir, inherits = FALSE))
## warning(gettextf("an object named %s already exists and will not be overwritten",
## sQuote(o)))
## else assign(o, get(o, envir = tmp_env, inherits = FALSE),
## envir = envir)
## }
## rm(tmp_env)
## }
## }
## invisible(names)
## }
## <bytecode: 0x0000029fc228c308>
## <environment: namespace:utils>#sacar vector de la data
hp <- mtcars[["hp"]]
print(hp)## [1] 110 110 93 110 175 105 245 62 95 123 123 180 180 180 205 215 230 66 52
## [20] 65 97 150 150 245 175 66 91 113 264 175 335 109barplot(hp)
# sin sacar vector de la data
#barplot(data$vectorque se quiere graficar)
barplot(mtcars$hp) #Diagrama de Barras
hist(mtcars$hp) #Histograma del vector
#Editar Histograma hist(mtcars\(hp, main="Titulo",xlab="Eje x", col = "blue") #Editar Grafico de dispersion de dos variables plot(mtcars\)hp, mtcars$wt, main=“hp vs wt”,xlab=“Eje x”,ylab=“eje y” col = “blue”,pch=16)
```