Basic Statistics

Load Libraries

# if you haven't used a given package before, you'll need to download it first
# delete the "#" before the install function and run it to download
# re-insert the "#" before the install function so that the file will Knit later
# then run the library function calling that package

#install.packages("psych")
#install.packages("expss")

library(psych) # for the describe() command
library(expss) # for the cross_cases() command
## Loading required package: maditr
## 
## To select rows from data: rows(mtcars, am==0)
## 
## Use 'expss_output_viewer()' to display tables in the RStudio Viewer.
##  To return to the console output, use 'expss_output_default()'.

##Import Data

# Import the "projectdata.csv" file

d2 <- read.csv("Data/projectdata.csv")


# Note: for the HW, you will import "projectdata.csv" that you created and exported in the Data Prep Lab

Univariate Plots: Histograms & Tables

Tables are used to visualize individual categorical variables. Histograms are used to visualize individual continuous variables.

# use tables to visualize categorical data
table(d2$age)
## 
##          1 under 18 2 between 18 and 25 3 between 26 and 35 4 between 36 and 45 
##                 607                  55                   6                  86 
##           5 over 45 
##                 177
table(d2$mhealth)
## 
##              anxiety disorder                       bipolar 
##                            95                             3 
##                    depression              eating disorders 
##                            24                            18 
##                    none or NA obsessive compulsive disorder 
##                           739                            17 
##                         other                          ptsd 
##                            23                            12
# use histograms to visualize continuous data
hist(d2$big5_open)

hist(d2$iou)

hist(d2$mfq_state)

hist(d2$pas_covid)

Univariate Normality for Continuous Variables (individually)

describe(d2)
##           vars   n    mean      sd  median trimmed     mad min     max   range
## X            1 931 4703.08 2584.27 4833.00 4756.44 3319.54  20 8860.00 8840.00
## age*         2 931    2.11    1.65    1.00    1.89    0.00   1    5.00    4.00
## mhealth*     3 931    4.62    1.37    5.00    4.89    0.00   1    8.00    7.00
## big5_open    4 931    5.24    1.11    5.33    5.33    0.99   1    7.00    6.00
## iou          5 931    2.53    0.89    2.41    2.47    0.99   1    4.78    3.78
## mfq_state    6 931    4.14    0.96    4.25    4.19    0.93   1    6.00    5.00
## pas_covid    7 931    3.22    0.68    3.22    3.24    0.66   1    5.00    4.00
##            skew kurtosis    se
## X         -0.13    -1.22 84.70
## age*       0.96    -0.93  0.05
## mhealth*  -1.59     2.81  0.04
## big5_open -0.76     0.54  0.04
## iou        0.49    -0.63  0.03
## mfq_state -0.50     0.12  0.03
## pas_covid -0.24     0.09  0.02
## For the required write-up below, choose one of these options to paste and edit below based on your output.

## OPTION 1
# We analyzed the skew and kurtosis of our continuous variables and all were within the accepted range (-2/+2).

## OPTION 2
# We analyzed the skew and kurtosis of our continuous variables and (#) were within the accepted range (-2/+2). However, (#) variables (list variable name(s) here) were outside of the accepted range. For this analysis, we will use them anyway, but outside of this class this is bad practice.

We analyzed the skew and kurtosis of our continuous variables and all were within the accepted range (-2/+2).

Bivariate Plots

Crosstabs

Crosstabs are used to visualize combinations of two categorical variables.

cross_cases(d2, age, mhealth)
 mhealth 
 anxiety disorder   bipolar   depression   eating disorders   none or NA   obsessive compulsive disorder   other   ptsd 
 age 
   1 under 18  64 2 11 15 477 12 17 9
   2 between 18 and 25  10 1 1 3 36 3 1
   3 between 26 and 35  1 5
   4 between 36 and 45  12 4 65 2 3
   5 over 45  8 8 156 2 3
   #Total cases  95 3 24 18 739 17 23 12 
# Note: for HW, replace the two lab variables with your project ones)

Scatterplots

Scatterplots are used to visualize combinations of two continuous variables.

plot(d2$mfq_state, d2$pas_covid,
     main="Scatterplot of Mental Flexibility and Pandemic Anxiety",
     xlab = "Mental Flexibility",
     ylab = "Pandemic Anxiety")

plot(d2$big5_open, d2$iou,
     main="Scatterplot of Openness and Intolerance of Uncertainty",
     xlab = "Openness",
     ylab = "Intolerance of Uncertainty")

# Note: for HW, you will choose to plot 2 combos of your 4 continuous variables, based on your hypotheses. You may repeat 1 variable to see its association with 2 others. You will need replace the variable names on the first line of the function as well as the 'main' (aka plot title), 'xlab' and 'ylab' lines to correctly label the graphs -- remember to use the actual variable names, not their scales, so someone reading your plots can understand them.

Boxplots

Boxplots are used to visualize combinations of one categorical and one continuous variable.

# ORDER MATTERS HERE: 'continuous variable' ~ 'categorical variable' 

boxplot(data=d2, big5_open~age,
        main="Boxplot of Age and Openness",
        xlab = "Age",
        ylab = "Openness")

boxplot(data=d2, iou~mhealth,
        main="Boxplot of Mental Health Disorders and Intolerance of Uncertainty",
        xlab = "Mental Health Disorders",
        ylab = "Intolerance of Uncertainty")

# Note: for HW, you will choose to plot 2 combos of any of your 4 continuous variables with either of your 2 categorical variables, based on your hypotheses. You may repeat 1 variable to see its association with others. Again, you will need replace the variable names on the first line of the function as well as the 'main' (aka plot title), 'xlab' and 'ylab' lines to correctly label the graphs -- remember to use the actual variable names, not their scales, so someone reading your plots can understand them.

We did it!!