P421 Lab - Basic Statistics Homework
Gabie Querry
2025-03-05
Basic Statistics
Load Libraries
# if you haven't used a given package before, you'll need to download it first
# delete the "#" before the install function and run it to download
# re-insert the "#" before the install function so that the file will Knit later
# then run the library function calling that package
#install.packages("psych")
#install.packages("expss")
library(psych) # for the describe() command
library(expss) # for the cross_cases() command## Loading required package: maditr##
## To get total summary skip 'by' argument: take_all(mtcars, mean)##
## Use 'expss_output_rnotebook()' to display tables inside R Notebooks.
## To return to the console output, use 'expss_output_default()'.##Import Data
#Import the "projectdata.csv" file
d2 <- read.csv("Data/projectdata.csv")
# Note: for the HW, you will import "projectdata.csv" that you created and exported in the Data Prep LabUnivariate Plots: Histograms & Tables
Tables are used to visualize individual categorical variables. Histograms are used to visualize individual continuous variables.
# use tables to visualize categorical data
table(d2$income)##
## 1 low 2 middle 3 high rather not say
## 867 874 530 845table(d2$edu)##
## 1 High school diploma or less, and NO COLLEGE
## 55
## 2 Currently in college
## 2526
## 3 Completed some college, but no longer in college
## 33
## 4 Complete 2 year College degree
## 178
## 5 Completed Bachelors Degree
## 133
## 6 Currently in graduate education
## 133
## 7 Completed some graduate degree
## 58# use histograms to visualize continuous data
hist(d2$moa_maturity)
hist(d2$swb) 
hist(d2$efficacy)
hist(d2$stress)
Univariate Normality for Continuous Variables (individually)
describe(d2)## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range
## ResponseID* 1 3116 1558.50 899.66 1558.50 1558.50 1154.95 1.0 3116.0 3115.0
## income* 2 3116 2.43 1.16 2.00 2.42 1.48 1.0 4.0 3.0
## edu* 3 3116 2.50 1.24 2.00 2.17 0.00 1.0 7.0 6.0
## moa_maturity 4 3116 3.59 0.43 3.67 3.65 0.49 1.0 4.0 3.0
## swb 5 3116 4.47 1.32 4.67 4.53 1.48 1.0 7.0 6.0
## efficacy 6 3116 3.13 0.45 3.10 3.13 0.44 1.1 4.0 2.9
## stress 7 3116 3.05 0.60 3.00 3.05 0.59 1.3 4.7 3.4
## skew kurtosis se
## ResponseID* 0.00 -1.20 16.12
## income* 0.15 -1.43 0.02
## edu* 2.21 3.80 0.02
## moa_maturity -1.20 1.89 0.01
## swb -0.36 -0.45 0.02
## efficacy -0.24 0.44 0.01
## stress 0.03 -0.16 0.01## For the required write-up below, choose one of these options to paste and edit below based on your output.
## OPTION 1
# We analyzed the skew and kurtosis of our continuous variables and all were within the accepted range (-2/+2).
## OPTION 2
# We analyzed the skew and kurtosis of our continuous variables and (#) were within the accepted range (-2/+2). However, (#) variables (list variable name(s) here) were outside of the accepted range. For this analysis, we will use them anyway, but outside of this class this is bad practice.We analyzed the skew and kurtosis of our continuous variables and all were within the accepted range (-2/+2).
Bivariate Plots
Crosstabs
Crosstabs are used to visualize combinations of two categorical variables.
cross_cases(d2, income, edu)|  edu | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  1 High school diploma or less, and NO COLLEGE |  2 Currently in college |  3 Completed some college, but no longer in college |  4 Complete 2 year College degree |  5 Completed Bachelors Degree |  6 Currently in graduate education |  7 Completed some graduate degree | |
|  income | |||||||
|    1 low | 20 | 622 | 14 | 74 | 54 | 65 | 18 |
|    2 middle | 8 | 724 | 14 | 43 | 37 | 25 | 23 |
|    3 high | 7 | 467 | 2 | 24 | 16 | 8 | 6 |
|    rather not say | 20 | 713 | 3 | 37 | 26 | 35 | 11 |
|    #Total cases | 55 | 2526 | 33 | 178 | 133 | 133 | 58 |
# Note: for HW, replace the two lab variables with your project ones)Scatterplots
Scatterplots are used to visualize combinations of two continuous variables.
plot(d2$swb, d2$stress,
main="Scatterplot of Satisfaction with Life Scale and Perceived Stress Questionnaire",
xlab = "swb",
ylab = "stress")
plot(d2$efficacy, d2$stress,
main="Scatterplot of General Self Efficacy Scale and Perceived Stress Questionnaire",
xlab = "efficacy",
ylab = "stress")
# Note: for HW, you will choose to plot 2 combos of your 4 continuous variables, based on your hypotheses. You may repeat 1 variable to see its association with 2 others. You will need replace the variable names on the first line of the function as well as the 'main' (aka plot title), 'xlab' and 'ylab' lines to correctly label the graphs -- remember to use the actual variable names, not their scales, so someone reading your plots can understand them.Boxplots
Boxplots are used to visualize combinations of one categorical and one continuous variable.
# ORDER MATTERS HERE: 'continuous variable' ~ 'categorical variable'
boxplot(data=d2, swb~income,
main="Boxplot of Yearly Income and Satisfaction with Life Scale",
xlab = "income",
ylab = "swb")
boxplot(data=d2, stress~edu,
main="Boxplot of Education Level and Percieved Stress Questionnaire",
xlab = "edu",
ylab = "stress")
# Note: for HW, you will choose to plot 2 combos of any of your 4 continuous variables with either of your 2 categorical variables, based on your hypotheses. You may repeat 1 variable to see its association with others. Again, you will need replace the variable names on the first line of the function as well as the 'main' (aka plot title), 'xlab' and 'ylab' lines to correctly label the graphs -- remember to use the actual variable names, not their scales, so someone reading your plots can understand them.We did it!!