WJ3 Nordic Journalists: Tables and figures
1 Main parts of the book
- I. Introduction: Introduction, contextualisation, overview
- Detailed analysis on roles, influences, ethics
- Varia
- APPENDIX: On methodology
2 Resources
- The newest version of this file
- Overview of variables and some figures at RPubs
- Folder with various cross tables
- The current dataframe, a bit messy
– note: these are as a rule weighted by population, so their estimates are based on the full nordic population of journalists. Note that the N for country might appear as wrong because of this
3 Part I: Introduction
4 Chapter 1: Introduction
5 Chapter 2: Nordic journalistic cultures in the world
- provides a broad discussion of Nordic journalist cultures in the worlds of journalism
- based on analyses (old and new) and publications from WJS2, and other literature / sources
- we already have some relevant publications which can be used in the chapter
- some examples of analyses are given in the following pages (all from WJS2)
– Ahva, L., et al (2017). A Welfare State of Mind?: Nordic journalists’ conception of their role and autonomy in international context. Journalism Studies, 18(5), 595–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1249005
– Hovden, J. F. (2023). The same everywhere? Exploring structural homologies of national social fields using the case of journalism. The British Journal of Sociology, 1468-4446.13023. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.13023
– Hovden, J. F., & Väliverronen, J. (2021). Nordic journalists’ conceptual roles and perceived influences. Nordicom Review, 42(1), 141–161. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0034
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6 Chapter 3: Nordic journalistic fields/cultures: An overview
- argues that roles and influences can be used to sketch the overall Nordic journalistic field and its national sub-fields following the logic and methodology (MFA) in Hovden (2023) and H&V, but with new data.
- Bourdiesian theory and terminology (fields), but this is not problematic vis-a-vis other chapters use of role theory etc.
- discusses overall national differences, and how journalists positions are related to experience, position, gender, beat, reach, type of publication etc.
- excerpts from some analyses of WJS3 follows
6.1 Interpretation of axes (Nordic WJS3 roles and influences)
- Axis 1: General strength of norms (esp. advocacy roles) and influences
– no significant suppl. variables, might indicate this is a methdological artifact and that focus should be on axis 2 and 3
- Axis 2: Public sphere vs private sphere
– particularly link to advocacy role
– opposes full-time and freelancers
– opposes general journalists vs culture journ
- Axis 3: Market vs Non-market (?)
– Denmark vs Finland and Norway
– Political vs cultural beat
6.2
- this suggests 3-5 important dimensions
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
[1] "Variable contributions above average"
======================================================================
Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Dim.4 Dim.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Detached observer 2.09 3.77 5.37 3.79
Monitor and scrutinize 6.00 11.57
Shine a light on society’s problems 8.17 6.52
Motivate to participate in politics 2.93 4.11 2.59
Provide analysis 4.27 2.85
Let people express their views 2.90 5.00
Provide information 5.92 5.97
Advocate for social change 3.27 4.39 2.18 2.91
Influence public opinion 2.31 2.25 5.80 2.40
Set the political agenda 2.93 8.93
Promote peace and tolerance 3.35 4.01 2.32
Educate 3.06
Point toward possible solutions 2.29 5.77
Speak on behalf of the marginalized 3.44 3.60
Support national development 3.37 4.14
Support government policy 8.68
Convey a positive image 7.37
Provide entertainment 10.34 8.62 2.18
Attract the largest audience 4.52 4.82 7.12
Provide advice for daily life 3.51 6.90 2.62
Emotionally move the audience 4.48 9.60
Support efforts to protect public health 3.43 2.23 3.18
Counteract disinformation 5.78
Peers on the news staff 3.15 3.12
Editorial supervisors/higher editors 2.62 3.47
Business managers 2.22 8.70
Owners 2.09 9.06
Editorial policy 2.93 3.32
Advertising considerations 7.83
Profit expectations 2.02 6.09
Audience research 4.32 3.06
News-gathering resources
Time limits
Journalism ethics
Self-censorship
Personal values and beliefs
Colleagues in other media 2.41
Friends, acquaintances and family 2.49
Feedback from audience 2.00 2.23
Competing news organizations 2.50
Media laws and regulation 2.57
Access to information 2.00
Government censorship 2.82
Government officials 3.83 2.74 2.93
Politicians 3.99 2.47 3.77
Business people 3.81 2.76 2.73
Public relations 3.01 2.53
Relationships with news sources 2.20
Police 3.11 2.24 3.57
Issue advocacy groups 3.77 2.81
Scientists or health experts 3.13
----------------------------------------------------------------------6.7
[1] "V-test for supplementary variables"
================================================================
Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Dim.4 Dim.5
----------------------------------------------------------------
edu3_No higher edu. -4.3
edu3_Bachelor
edu3_Master -3.1
edu3_MISS
jouedu_Jou.edu 2.8 2.0
jouedu_No jou.edu -3.8 -3.1 -2.1
jouedu_MISS 2.0 2.1
backgrmedium_Newspaper 6.9 8.8
backgrmedium_Magazine -5.8 -4.6 -5.4
backgrmedium_TV
backgrmedium_Radio -2.1 4.0
backgrmedium_News agency -2.2
backgrmedium_Internet native -4.5
backgrmedium_Other 3.1 -3.3
backgrmedium_no main employer 2.8 -2.7 -7.8
backgrmedium_MISS
DENMARK -2.8 8.7 -9.3
FINLAND 3.2 -5.1 2.3
ICELAND 2.0
NORWAY 7.4 -2.3 -10.7 -8.8 3.8
SWEDEN -7.9 8.3 13.5 -2.5
kjonn_F 4.4 -4.7
kjonn_M -4.7 4.9
kjonn_MISS
empl_Full-time permanent contract -3.7 5.1 9.2
empl_Part-time permanent contract
empl_Full-time fixed-term contract
empl_Part-time fixed-term contract 3.9
empl_Freelance or self-employed 2.3 -6.3 -11.1
empl_Other
empl_MISS 2.4 4.0 -5.2
T5_No management role -4.2 4.1
T5_Middle management role 3.0
T5_Top management role 2.3 -4.6
T5_MISS 3.2 -4.9 -2.3 -3.6 -2.2
T7_Local 4.6 4.2 5.5
T7_Regional 2.9 3.0
T7_National -4.3 -3.8 -2.8
T7_Transnational 3.2
T7_No main medium -3.3 -6.9
T7_MISS
T8_Private/commercial media 2.7 8.4
T8_Public Service Media 2.9 2.8 -2.6
T8_State-run media
T8_Community media -2.0
T8_Non-profit media -4.8 -4.4
T8_Other, specify
T8_No main medium 3.5 -4.2 -2.3 -7.7
T8_MISS
age10_20-29 2.4 2.3
age10_30-39 2.1
age10_40-49
age10_50-59 -2.7 2.0
age10_60+ -4.4 -2.1
age10_MISS
beat10_General News 2.7 5.3 2.6 5.3 2.3
beat10_Politics and Government -2.2 2.5 5.0 -7.4
beat10_Economy and Business -2.6 -2.2
beat10_Culture and Lifestyle -7.5 -6.1 -2.6
beat10_Science and Health 2.0 -2.7
beat10_Sports -2.4 -3.1 3.4
beat10_Crime and Justice
beat10_Other -2.3
----------------------------------------------------------------6.8
6.9 Four clusters (note: can change)
- 1: Change agents
– NORWAY, General news, local, female
– NOT: culture, sports, Sweden, Iceland, male
- 2: Entertainers and emotional movers
– Culture journalists, sports, freelancers
– Norway, top managment
– not Denmark, generalists or pol. journ
- 3: Neutral monitorers
– Sweden, Iceland, Denmark
– Males, full-time
– NOT females, Norway or cultural journ.
- 4: Pressured ones
– Culture, female, freelancers
– NOT males, full-time, generalists
6.10
### Cluster 1 ###
=============================================================================
v.test Mean in category Overall mean
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Advocate.for.social.change 18.5 3.5 2.8
Promote.peace.and.tolerance 17.6 3.8 3.1
Speak.on.behalf.of.the.marginalized 17.2 3.9 3.2
Point.toward.possible.solutions 17.0 4.1 3.4
Motivate.to.participate.in.politics 16.0 3.3 2.6
Shine.a.light.on.society’s.problems 14.4 4.7 4.2
Provide.information 14.0 4.2 3.6
Support.national.development 14.0 3.2 2.6
Support.efforts.to.protect.public.health 13.8 3.2 2.6
Set.the.political.agenda 13.2 3.0 2.4
Influence.public.opinion 13.0 3.0 2.5
Counteract.disinformation 12.2 4.7 4.3
Educate 12.2 4.5 4.1
Monitor.and.scrutinize 10.2 4.2 3.8
Let.people.express.their.views 9.6 4.2 3.9
Provide.analysis 9.3 4.2 3.8
Convey.a.positive.image 9.0 1.6 1.4
Provide.advice.for.daily.life 7.5 3.1 2.8
Media.laws.and.regulation 7.4 3.8 3.5
Emotionally.move.the.audience 6.8 3.7 3.4
Support.government.policy 6.7 1.4 1.3
Journalism.ethics 6.6 4.2 3.9
Access.to.information 6.6 4.0 3.7
Time.limits 5.9 3.9 3.7
Business.managers 5.9 2.7 2.3
Detached.observer 5.7 4.2 4.0
Colleagues.in.other.media 5.5 2.5 2.3
Feedback.from.audience 5.4 3.0 2.8
Competing.news.organizations 5.3 2.9 2.7
Editorial.policy 5.0 3.8 3.6
Profit.expectations 5.0 3.1 2.8
Owners 5.0 2.5 2.2
Editorial.supervisors/higher.editors 4.8 4.0 3.8
News-gathering.resources 4.5 3.6 3.4
Audience.research 4.4 3.2 3.0
Scientists.or.health.experts 4.3 2.8 2.6
Friends,.acquaintances.and.family 4.2 2.3 2.1
Advertising.considerations 4.0 2.5 2.3
Peers.on.the.news.staff 4.0 3.7 3.5
Attract.the.largest.audience 4.0 2.8 2.7
Personal.values.and.beliefs 3.7 3.3 3.2
Self-censorship 3.6 2.6 2.4
Government.censorship 2.6 2.1 2.0
weight -2.6 0.9 1.0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
==================================================================
Cla/Mod Mod/Cla Global p.value v.test
------------------------------------------------------------------
beat10=General News 34.1 73.4 66.9 0.000 3.9
country=NORWAY 35.5 47.4 41.5 0.001 3.3
T7=Local 37.5 20.0 16.6 0.01 2.5
edu3=Master 35.7 31.5 27.4 0.01 2.5
T8=State-run media 63.6 1.3 0.6 0.03 2.2
T7=Transnational 44.1 4.9 3.4 0.03 2.1
kjonn=M 29.0 47.8 51.3 0.05 -2.0
edu3=Bachelor 29.2 54.9 58.6 0.04 -2.1
country=DENMARK 24.6 11.0 14.0 0.02 -2.4
beat10=Economy and Business 19.0 2.8 4.6 0.01 -2.5
country=SWEDEN 24.1 13.3 17.1 0.004 -2.9
beat10=Culture and Lifestyle 17.9 5.1 8.8 0.000 -3.8
------------------------------------------------------------------
### Cluster 2 ###
========================================================================
v.test Mean in category Overall mean
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Provide.entertainment 12.5 3.7 2.7
Support.government.policy 6.3 1.5 1.3
Advertising.considerations 5.4 2.9 2.3
Emotionally.move.the.audience 5.1 3.8 3.4
Attract.the.largest.audience 4.4 3.0 2.7
Profit.expectations 4.3 3.3 2.8
Convey.a.positive.image 4.0 1.6 1.4
Provide.advice.for.daily.life 3.9 3.0 2.8
Owners 3.6 2.6 2.2
Business.managers 3.1 2.7 2.3
Personal.values.and.beliefs 3.1 3.4 3.2
Audience.research 2.2 3.2 3.0
Self-censorship 2.1 2.6 2.4
Government.censorship -2.0 1.8 2.0
Business.people -2.5 1.7 1.9
News-gathering.resources -2.7 3.2 3.4
Relationships.with.news.sources -2.7 2.8 3.0
Police -2.9 1.9 2.1
Government.officials -3.2 1.8 2.0
Issue.advocacy.groups -3.3 1.8 2.0
Time.limits -3.5 3.4 3.7
weight -3.6 0.9 1.0
Educate -3.9 3.8 4.1
Scientists.or.health.experts -3.9 2.2 2.6
Journalism.ethics -4.4 3.6 3.9
Politicians -4.5 1.7 2.1
Promote.peace.and.tolerance -4.7 2.7 3.1
Advocate.for.social.change -4.7 2.4 2.8
Access.to.information -5.2 3.4 3.7
Speak.on.behalf.of.the.marginalized -5.7 2.8 3.2
Set.the.political.agenda -7.7 1.8 2.4
Let.people.express.their.views -8.1 3.4 3.9
Point.toward.possible.solutions -8.1 2.9 3.4
Detached.observer -8.5 3.5 4.0
Provide.analysis -10.3 3.1 3.8
Motivate.to.participate.in.politics -10.6 1.9 2.6
Counteract.disinformation -11.7 3.6 4.3
Provide.information -17.8 2.2 3.6
Shine.a.light.on.society’s.problems -18.4 3.1 4.2
Monitor.and.scrutinize -20.8 2.2 3.8
------------------------------------------------------------------------
=======================================================================
Cla/Mod Mod/Cla Global p.value v.test
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
beat10=Culture and Lifestyle 29.8 20.5 8.8 0 5.8
backgrmedium=Magazine 25.2 24.1 12.2 0.000 5.3
empl=Freelance or self-employed 24.2 23.2 12.3 0.000 4.9
T7=National 15.8 69.5 56.5 0.000 4.2
country=NORWAY 16.4 53.2 41.5 0.000 3.7
beat10=Sports 30.8 7.3 3.0 0.001 3.4
country=FINLAND 17.9 26.8 19.2 0.003 3.0
T5=MISS 20.6 10 6.2 0.02 2.3
age10=30-39 9.4 12.7 17.3 0.05 -2.0
T5=No management role 11.4 55.9 62.9 0.02 -2.3
empl=Full-time permanent contract 11.4 66.8 75.1 0.003 -3.0
T7=Regional 7.3 9.5 16.8 0.001 -3.3
T7=Local 7.0 9.1 16.6 0.001 -3.4
beat10=Politics and Government 2.3 0.9 5.1 0.000 -3.5
country=SWEDEN 6.1 8.2 17.1 0.000 -4.0
backgrmedium=Newspaper 8.4 26.8 41.1 0.000 -4.7
country=DENMARK 4.2 4.5 14.0 0.000 -4.8
beat10=General News 9.9 51.8 66.9 0.000 -5.0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
### Cluster 3 ###
=============================================================================
v.test Mean in category Overall mean
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Monitor.and.scrutinize 8.9 4.0 3.8
weight 4.8 1.0 1.0
Shine.a.light.on.society’s.problems 3.7 4.3 4.2
Detached.observer 3.3 4.1 4.0
Provide.information 2.3 3.7 3.6
Attract.the.largest.audience -3.9 2.6 2.7
Journalism.ethics -4.2 3.8 3.9
Time.limits -4.5 3.5 3.7
Editorial.supervisors/higher.editors -4.9 3.7 3.8
Relationships.with.news.sources -5.0 2.9 3.0
Peers.on.the.news.staff -5.4 3.4 3.5
Set.the.political.agenda -5.5 2.2 2.4
News-gathering.resources -5.8 3.2 3.4
Access.to.information -5.9 3.6 3.7
Motivate.to.participate.in.politics -6.4 2.4 2.6
Educate -6.4 3.9 4.1
Editorial.policy -7.4 3.4 3.6
Point.toward.possible.solutions -7.6 3.2 3.4
Feedback.from.audience -8.4 2.6 2.8
Competing.news.organizations -8.4 2.5 2.7
Personal.values.and.beliefs -8.6 2.9 3.2
Audience.research -8.7 2.7 3.0
Emotionally.move.the.audience -8.9 3.2 3.4
Scientists.or.health.experts -8.9 2.3 2.6
Provide.advice.for.daily.life -8.9 2.5 2.8
Friends,.acquaintances.and.family -9.2 1.9 2.1
Colleagues.in.other.media -9.2 2.0 2.3
Police -9.4 1.8 2.1
Public.relations -9.5 1.8 2.0
Media.laws.and.regulation -10.0 3.2 3.5
Issue.advocacy.groups -10.1 1.8 2.0
Self-censorship -10.1 2.1 2.4
Provide.entertainment -10.4 2.5 2.7
Government.officials -10.6 1.7 2.0
Government.censorship -10.6 1.6 2.0
Politicians -10.6 1.7 2.1
Convey.a.positive.image -10.6 1.2 1.4
Influence.public.opinion -10.8 2.2 2.5
Support.government.policy -10.8 1.1 1.3
Speak.on.behalf.of.the.marginalized -10.9 2.9 3.2
Business.people -11.0 1.6 1.9
Support.efforts.to.protect.public.health -11.0 2.3 2.6
Support.national.development -11.3 2.3 2.6
Owners -12.1 1.8 2.2
Advertising.considerations -12.1 1.7 2.3
Profit.expectations -12.1 2.3 2.8
Promote.peace.and.tolerance -12.3 2.7 3.1
Business.managers -12.5 1.9 2.3
Advocate.for.social.change -12.6 2.4 2.8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
=======================================================================
Cla/Mod Mod/Cla Global p.value v.test
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
country=SWEDEN 63.9 21.9 17.1 0.000 5.3
country=DENMARK 65.4 18.3 14.0 0.000 5.2
empl=Full-time permanent contract 53.3 80.2 75.1 0.000 4.8
T7=Regional 61.6 20.8 16.8 0.000 4.4
backgrmedium=Newspaper 56.0 46.1 41.1 0.000 4.2
kjonn=M 54.2 55.7 51.3 0.000 3.6
T5=No management role 53.2 67.1 62.9 0.000 3.6
beat10=Politics and Government 65.9 6.8 5.1 0.002 3.1
beat10=Crime and Justice 72.4 2.5 1.7 0.02 2.4
T8=Private/commercial media 52.2 61.0 58.3 0.02 2.3
age10=50-59 46.1 25.6 27.7 0.05 -2.0
backgrmedium=Other 38.5 3.5 4.5 0.04 -2.1
T7=No main medium 37.5 3.2 4.2 0.03 -2.2
country=FINLAND 43.8 16.8 19.2 0.01 -2.5
beat10=Science and Health 37.7 4.7 6.2 0.01 -2.6
T8=No main medium 35.1 3.2 4.5 0.01 -2.7
backgrmedium=no main employer 34.1 3.6 5.3 0.002 -3.1
kjonn=F 45.3 40.1 44.3 0.001 -3.5
backgrmedium=Magazine 38.6 9.5 12.2 0.000 -3.5
T7=Transnational 23.7 1.6 3.4 0.000 -4.2
beat10=Culture and Lifestyle 33.8 6.0 8.8 0.000 -4.2
T5=MISS 29.9 3.7 6.2 0.000 -4.3
empl=Freelance or self-employed 33.6 8.3 12.3 0.000 -5.1
country=NORWAY 40.6 33.7 41.5 0 -6.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
### Cluster 4 ###
=============================================================================
v.test Mean in category Overall mean
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Politicians 26.2 5.4 2.1
Business.people 26.0 5.2 1.9
Government.officials 25.8 5.3 2.0
Police 23.1 5.3 2.1
Public.relations 22.6 4.7 2.0
Issue.advocacy.groups 22.0 4.5 2.0
Government.censorship 19.9 4.8 2.0
Scientists.or.health.experts 15.7 4.5 2.6
Relationships.with.news.sources 12.7 4.5 3.0
Self-censorship 11.4 3.8 2.4
Owners 10.5 3.8 2.2
Business.managers 10.3 3.9 2.3
Colleagues.in.other.media 10.2 3.2 2.3
Advertising.considerations 9.9 4.0 2.3
Profit.expectations 9.6 4.4 2.8
Friends,.acquaintances.and.family 9.6 3.0 2.1
Competing.news.organizations 8.4 3.6 2.7
News-gathering.resources 7.3 4.3 3.4
Media.laws.and.regulation 7.1 4.3 3.5
Access.to.information 6.9 4.4 3.7
Audience.research 6.5 3.8 3.0
Personal.values.and.beliefs 6.4 3.8 3.2
Peers.on.the.news.staff 6.1 4.2 3.5
Editorial.policy 5.8 4.2 3.6
Feedback.from.audience 4.9 3.2 2.8
Editorial.supervisors/higher.editors 3.4 4.1 3.8
Time.limits 2.8 3.9 3.7
Provide.entertainment 2.7 3.0 2.7
Journalism.ethics 2.1 4.1 3.9
Speak.on.behalf.of.the.marginalized -2.5 2.9 3.2
Support.efforts.to.protect.public.health -2.6 2.3 2.6
Advocate.for.social.change -2.8 2.5 2.8
Motivate.to.participate.in.politics -3.0 2.3 2.6
Set.the.political.agenda -3.3 2.0 2.4
Educate -4.7 3.6 4.1
Let.people.express.their.views -4.8 3.4 3.9
Point.toward.possible.solutions -5.5 2.9 3.4
Attract.the.largest.audience -5.6 2.1 2.7
Detached.observer -6.1 3.5 4.0
Provide.information -7.1 2.8 3.6
Provide.analysis -7.4 3.1 3.8
Counteract.disinformation -8.9 3.5 4.3
Monitor.and.scrutinize -9.3 2.8 3.8
Shine.a.light.on.society’s.problems -9.9 3.4 4.2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
=======================================================================
Cla/Mod Mod/Cla Global p.value v.test
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
beat10=Culture and Lifestyle 18.5 26.7 8.8 0.000 5.6
T5=MISS 20.6 21.0 6.2 0.000 5.2
empl=Freelance or self-employed 14.2 28.6 12.3 0.000 4.6
T8=No main medium 19.5 14.3 4.5 0.000 4.1
kjonn=F 8.7 62.9 44.3 0.000 3.9
backgrmedium=no main employer 15.4 13.3 5.3 0.001 3.3
T7=Transnational 16.9 9.5 3.4 0.003 3.0
jouedu=No jou.edu 8.3 49.5 36.4 0.005 2.8
backgrmedium=Magazine 9.5 19.0 12.2 0.04 2.1
T7=No main medium 12.5 8.6 4.2 0.04 2.1
beat10=Other 12.7 7.6 3.7 0.05 2.0
T7=Regional 3.5 9.5 16.8 0.03 -2.2
beat10=Politics and Government 1.1 1.0 5.1 0.03 -2.2
jouedu=Jou.edu 4.9 47.6 58.9 0.02 -2.4
T5=No management role 4.7 48.6 62.9 0.002 -3.1
beat10=General News 4.8 52.4 66.9 0.002 -3.2
T7=Local 2.1 5.7 16.6 0.001 -3.4
kjonn=M 4.0 33.3 51.3 0.000 -3.8
T8=Private/commercial media 4.1 39.0 58.3 0.000 -4.1
backgrmedium=Newspaper 2.8 19.0 41.1 0.000 -4.9
empl=Full-time permanent contract 4.3 52.4 75.1 0.000 -5.2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------7 PART II
- Demography & Recruitment, Influences, Roles, Ethics
- I suggest that these chapters should a similar structure and some common methdological elements
- PCA (map of differences in the variables set and supplementary variables for country, gender, beat etc.) and interpretation of main differences and 2) national tables of means and standard deviations
- for the latter we could add a Nordic total (WJS3) changes in percent points from Nordic total (WJS2). Needs to be weighted to account for Nordic journalistic population.
8 Chapter: Demography
9 Chapter: Influences and autonomy
[1] "Number of components: 6"
9.1 (semi-automatic) Description of axes
9.1.1 Dimension 1
- Opposes individuals with high business and economic influences to those prioritizing journalistic autonomy and monitoring roles.
- Group 1 (Positive side):
- High values for Profit Expectations, Business Managers, Owners, Audience Research, and Advertising Considerations.
- Low values for weight (indicating those with more business-driven values have a lower overall presence in the sample).
- Related to Hanitzsch’s Economic and Organizational Influence: Emphasis on commercial pressures and financial considerations.
- Group 2 (Also Positive):
- High values for Business People, Government Officials, Politicians, and Police.
- Low values for Shining Light on Society’s Problems, Scrutiny, Counteracting Disinformation, and Providing Information.
- Related to Political and Organizational Influence: These journalists are more affected by external power structures and governmental interactions.
- Group 3 (Negative side):
- High values for weight, Monitor and Scrutinize, and Shine a Light on Society’s Problems.
- Low values for Business Managers, Government Officials, Politicians, and Profit Expectations.
- Related to Professional and Personal Influence: This group represents journalists who emphasize traditional watchdog roles and public service.
9.1.2 Dimension 2
- Distinguishes economic and business-driven values from ethical and social-driven journalism.
- Group 1 (Positive side):
- High values for Profit Expectations, Business Managers, Owners, and Audience Research.
- Related to Economic and Organizational Influence: Business-centered journalism.
- Group 2 (Negative side):
- High values for Monitor and Scrutinize, Shine a Light on Society’s Problems.
- Low values for Business Managers, Politicians, and Profit Expectations.
- Related to Professional and Personal Influence: These journalists prioritize scrutiny, ethics, and investigative reporting.
9.1.3 Dimension 3
- Distinguishes between journalists influenced by economic and business considerations and those emphasizing ethics, access to information, and personal beliefs.
- Group 1 (Positive side):
- High values for Journalism Ethics, Access to Information, and Counteracting Disinformation.
- Related to Professional Influence: This group aligns with traditional journalistic ideals of truth and integrity.
- Group 2 (Negative side):
- High values for Profit Expectations, Business Managers, Government Censorship, and Audience Research.
- Related to Economic and Political Influence: These journalists are shaped by economic and political constraints.
9.1.4 Dimension 4
- Distinguishes journalists with strong peer influence and audience feedback from those influenced by governmental and editorial policies.
- Group 1 (Positive side):
- High values for Colleagues in Other Media, Friends & Family, Feedback from Audience.
- Related to Personal and Organizational Influence: Stronger social networks and horizontal influence.
- Group 2 (Negative side):
- High values for Media Laws, Journalism Ethics, Government Censorship, and Editorial Policy.
- Related to Organizational and Political Influence: These journalists operate in a more controlled and regulated environment.
9.1.5 Conclusion
Each PCA dimension aligns with Hanitzsch’s typology of journalistic influences: 1. Economic Influence → Profit expectations, advertising, business managers. 2. Organizational Influence → Editorial policy, competition, access to information. 3. Political Influence → Government officials, censorship, politicians. 4. Professional Influence → Ethics, scrutiny, counteracting disinformation. 5. Personal Influence → Colleagues, audience feedback, relationships.
9.2
| Denmark (N=472) |
Finland (N=409) |
Iceland (N=239) |
Norway (N=982) |
Sweden (N=483) |
Overall (N=2585) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1=Not influential, 5=Extremely influential | ||||||
| Peers on the news staff | 3.44 (1.1) | 2.98 (1.2) | 3.77 (1.0) | 3.25 (0.9) | 3.32 (1.1) | 3.30 (1.1) |
| Editorial supervisors/higher editors | 3.74 (1.0) | 3.39 (1.2) | 3.72 (1.0) | 3.46 (1.0) | 3.74 (1.1) | 3.57 (1.1) |
| Business managers | 1.94 (1.1) | 2.20 (1.2) | 2.26 (1.2) | 1.63 (0.8) | 1.72 (1.0) | 1.85 (1.0) |
| Owners | 1.86 (1.1) | 1.98 (1.1) | 1.83 (1.1) | 1.66 (1.0) | 1.64 (1.0) | 1.76 (1.0) |
| Editorial policy | 3.58 (1.1) | 3.69 (1.1) | 3.49 (1.1) | 3.47 (0.9) | 3.34 (1.2) | 3.51 (1.1) |
| Advertising considerations | 1.40 (0.8) | 1.67 (0.9) | 1.57 (0.9) | 1.39 (0.8) | 1.24 (0.6) | 1.43 (0.8) |
| Profit expectations | 2.03 (1.2) | 2.25 (1.3) | 1.97 (1.2) | 2.06 (1.2) | 1.84 (1.1) | 2.04 (1.2) |
| Audience research | 2.91 (1.2) | 3.18 (1.2) | 2.56 (1.2) | 2.41 (1.1) | 2.91 (1.2) | 2.73 (1.2) |
| News-gathering resources | 3.66 (1.1) | 3.74 (1.2) | 3.67 (1.2) | 2.53 (1.1) | 3.00 (1.3) | 3.14 (1.3) |
| Time limits | 3.78 (1.1) | 3.74 (1.0) | 3.80 (1.2) | 3.48 (0.9) | 3.40 (1.1) | 3.59 (1.0) |
| Journalism ethics | 4.15 (0.9) | 4.00 (1.1) | 3.38 (1.3) | 3.96 (0.9) | 3.54 (1.2) | 3.88 (1.0) |
| Self-censorship | 1.92 (1.0) | 1.96 (0.8) | 2.79 (1.2) | 2.64 (1.1) | 1.72 (0.8) | 2.25 (1.1) |
| Personal values and beliefs | 2.89 (1.2) | 3.10 (1.0) | 3.44 (1.2) | 3.07 (1.0) | 2.96 (1.1) | 3.06 (1.1) |
| Colleagues in other media | 1.85 (0.9) | 2.27 (0.9) | 2.10 (1.0) | 2.16 (0.8) | 2.26 (0.9) | 2.13 (0.9) |
| Friends, acquaintances and family | 1.79 (0.9) | 2.07 (0.8) | 2.30 (1.0) | 2.09 (0.8) | 1.99 (0.8) | 2.03 (0.9) |
| Feedback from audience | 2.53 (1.0) | 2.65 (0.8) | 2.73 (1.0) | 2.80 (0.8) | 2.76 (0.9) | 2.71 (0.9) |
| Competing news organizations | 2.29 (0.9) | 2.60 (0.9) | 2.78 (1.1) | 2.62 (0.9) | 2.62 (1.0) | 2.57 (1.0) |
| Media laws and regulation | 3.19 (1.2) | 3.67 (1.1) | 2.64 (1.2) | 3.97 (0.9) | 2.33 (1.2) | 3.37 (1.2) |
| Access to information | 3.76 (1.0) | 3.69 (1.0) | 3.89 (1.1) | 3.70 (0.8) | 3.41 (1.1) | 3.67 (1.0) |
| Government censorship | 1.44 (0.9) | 1.74 (1.0) | 1.82 (1.2) | 1.47 (0.7) | 1.14 (0.5) | 1.48 (0.9) |
| Government officials | 1.64 (0.9) | 1.86 (1.0) | 1.80 (1.1) | 1.86 (0.9) | 1.30 (0.7) | 1.72 (0.9) |
| Politicians | 1.80 (1.0) | 1.80 (1.0) | 1.70 (1.0) | 1.89 (0.9) | 1.46 (0.8) | 1.77 (0.9) |
| Business people | 1.61 (0.9) | 1.75 (0.9) | 1.68 (1.0) | 1.66 (0.8) | 1.38 (0.7) | 1.62 (0.8) |
| Public relations | 2.10 (1.0) | 1.88 (0.9) | 1.94 (0.9) | 1.75 (0.8) | 1.52 (0.8) | 1.81 (0.9) |
| Relationships with news sources | 3.24 (1.2) | 2.68 (1.1) | 3.17 (1.3) | 2.81 (1.1) | 2.47 (1.1) | 2.84 (1.1) |
| Police | 1.59 (0.9) | 1.74 (1.0) | 2.07 (1.2) | 1.72 (0.9) | 1.68 (1.0) | 1.72 (1.0) |
| Issue advocacy groups | 1.82 (1.0) | 1.72 (0.8) | 1.86 (1.0) | 2.01 (0.9) | 1.62 (0.8) | 1.84 (0.9) |
| Scientists or health experts | 2.39 (1.3) | 2.63 (1.2) | 2.39 (1.2) | 2.34 (1.0) | 2.11 (1.0) | 2.36 (1.1) |
9.3
[1] "Contributions"
========================================================================
Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Dim.4 Dim.5 Dim.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peers on the news staff 6.99 19.94
Editorial supervisors/higher editors 6.58 7.12 23.65
Business managers 3.74 3.81 7.54
Owners 4.1 10.08
Editorial policy 4.53 4.52 3.7
Advertising considerations 15.15 4.47
Profit expectations 12.79 7.67
Audience research 7.23 5.23
News-gathering resources 3.07 4.31 6.99
Time limits 4.69 3.72 3.68 7.71
Journalism ethics 9.65 6.7 3.83
Self-censorship
Personal values and beliefs 5.99 4.65
Colleagues in other media 3.58 4.14 9.32
Friends, acquaintances and family 3.44 16.75
Feedback from audience 5.99 14.58
Competing news organizations 5.43 7.81
Media laws and regulation 2.98 10.22
Access to information 10.59
Government censorship 4.87
Government officials 7.28
Politicians 7.24 4.16
Business people 7.1 4.48
Public relations 5.78 2.99
Relationships with news sources
Police 5.9 4
Issue advocacy groups 6.32 3.46
Scientists or health experts 4.86
weight 16.21 13.93
------------------------------------------------------------------------9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
[1] "V-test"
======================================================================
Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Dim.4 Dim.5 Dim.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------
edu3_No higher edu. 3.2 -2.2
edu3_Bachelor 2.7
edu3_Master -2.2 -4.2 -2.0
edu3_MISS
jouedu_Jou.edu -2.0 3.4 3.1 2.8
jouedu_No jou.edu 2.9 -5.1 -2.0 -4.2 -2.2
jouedu_MISS 3.1 3.1 2.5
backgrmedium_Newspaper -4.1 -4.6 6.6 2.4
backgrmedium_Magazine 2.2 2.3 -2.0 -3.0
backgrmedium_TV
backgrmedium_Radio 4.0 2.9 -2.6 3.0
backgrmedium_News agency
backgrmedium_Internet native 2.0 -4.5 -2.2 -2.8
backgrmedium_Other 3.1 -5.8
backgrmedium_no main employer 3.8 4.4 -4.9
backgrmedium_MISS 2.3 3.5
country_DENMARK -6.5 -5.2 8.9
country_FINLAND 2.6 -3.6 -8.9 3.4
country_ICELAND -5.5 -4.4 -3.8 -4.8
country_NORWAY 6.0 -19.3 -11.7 -3.3 -10.5 -6.9
country_SWEDEN -7.2 28.5 23.8 4.1 4.4 5.2
kjonn_F 4.2 3.8 2.4
kjonn_M -4.3 -4.8 -2.1
kjonn_MISS 2.4
empl_Full-time permanent contract -5.4 -5.2 5.4 4.0
empl_Part-time permanent contract
empl_Full-time fixed-term contract 2.5
empl_Part-time fixed-term contract 2.9
empl_Freelance or self-employed 4.9 6.6 -7.0 -4.0
empl_Other
empl_MISS 6.3 -3.0
T5_No management role -4.0 5.1 6.5 3.4 2.3
T5_Middle management role -2.7 -3.3 3.4
T5_Top management role -3.9 -3.3
T5_MISS 5.3 -4.3 -2.7 -3.5 -2.7
T7_Local -2.5 2.9 3.3 -2.5 3.1
T7_Regional -2.4
T7_National 2.4 -5.0 -5.9 -2.4 2.0 -2.1
T7_Transnational 3.5 3.0 -2.1
T7_No main medium 5.1 -4.5
T7_MISS 3.1
T8_Private/commercial media -2.7 -4.6 6.1
T8_Public Service Media 2.1 -3.4 3.2
T8_State-run media -2.3 -2.4 -2.5
T8_Community media -3.2
T8_Non-profit media -2.0 -2.7
T8_Other, specify -2.3
T8_No main medium 4.9 4.6 -4.4
T8_MISS 2.4 2.9 -2.2
age10_20-29 2.2
age10_30-39
age10_40-49
age10_50-59
age10_60+ -2.1 -3.6 2.1
age10_MISS
beat10_General News 3.8 2.4
beat10_Politics and Government -2.4 -3.3 2.2 2.9
beat10_Economy and Business
beat10_Culture and Lifestyle 2.1 -4.9
beat10_Science and Health
beat10_Sports
beat10_Crime and Justice -2.8
beat10_Other
----------------------------------------------------------------------9.7.1
10 Chapter: Roles
10.1
| Denmark (N=472) |
Finland (N=409) |
Iceland (N=239) |
Norway (N=982) |
Sweden (N=483) |
Overall (N=2585) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1=Not at all important, 5=Extremely important | ||||||
| Detached observer | 4.00 (1.0) | 4.06 (0.9) | 4.32 (0.8) | 3.81 (0.9) | 4.23 (0.8) | 4.01 (0.9) |
| Monitor and scrutinize | 4.23 (0.9) | 3.66 (1.1) | 4.17 (1.0) | 3.38 (1.2) | 4.21 (1.0) | 3.81 (1.2) |
| Shine a light on society’s problems | 4.58 (0.7) | 4.07 (1.0) | 4.15 (1.0) | 4.19 (1.0) | 4.31 (0.9) | 4.26 (0.9) |
| Motivate to participate in politics | 2.90 (1.2) | 2.67 (1.1) | 2.06 (1.1) | 2.71 (1.1) | 2.34 (1.1) | 2.61 (1.2) |
| Provide analysis | 3.80 (0.9) | 4.04 (0.9) | 4.57 (0.7) | 3.42 (1.1) | 3.88 (1.0) | 3.78 (1.1) |
| Let people express their views | 3.39 (1.1) | 3.75 (1.0) | 3.92 (1.0) | 3.88 (1.0) | 4.26 (0.9) | 3.84 (1.0) |
| Provide information | 4.19 (0.9) | 3.31 (1.3) | 3.53 (1.3) | 3.51 (1.2) | 3.52 (1.3) | 3.61 (1.2) |
| Advocate for social change | 2.50 (1.2) | 2.80 (1.1) | 2.80 (1.2) | 2.92 (1.1) | 2.68 (1.2) | 2.77 (1.2) |
| Influence public opinion | 2.44 (1.2) | 2.78 (1.1) | 2.29 (1.1) | 2.45 (1.1) | 2.28 (1.2) | 2.45 (1.1) |
| Set the political agenda | 2.95 (1.2) | 1.76 (0.8) | 1.48 (0.8) | 2.85 (1.2) | 2.00 (1.0) | 2.41 (1.2) |
| Promote peace and tolerance | 2.83 (1.3) | 3.56 (1.2) | 2.87 (1.2) | 3.07 (1.1) | 3.01 (1.2) | 3.08 (1.2) |
| Educate | 3.56 (1.2) | 3.77 (1.0) | 4.45 (0.8) | 4.46 (0.8) | 3.84 (1.0) | 4.07 (1.0) |
| Point toward possible solutions | 3.58 (1.0) | 3.48 (1.0) | 3.37 (1.1) | 3.50 (1.1) | 3.04 (1.1) | 3.41 (1.1) |
| Speak on behalf of the marginalized | 3.29 (1.2) | 3.22 (1.1) | 3.27 (1.2) | 3.45 (1.1) | 2.75 (1.2) | 3.24 (1.2) |
| Support national development | 2.66 (1.2) | 2.99 (1.1) | 2.82 (1.3) | 2.68 (1.1) | 1.96 (1.1) | 2.60 (1.2) |
| Support government policy | 1.05 (0.3) | 1.47 (0.7) | 1.24 (0.6) | 1.32 (0.6) | 1.12 (0.4) | 1.25 (0.6) |
| Convey a positive image | 1.11 (0.4) | 1.40 (0.7) | 1.23 (0.7) | 1.51 (0.7) | 1.33 (0.7) | 1.36 (0.7) |
| Provide entertainment | 2.15 (1.0) | 2.81 (1.1) | 3.16 (1.2) | 2.83 (1.1) | 2.68 (1.2) | 2.71 (1.2) |
| Attract the largest audience | 2.21 (1.0) | 2.98 (1.1) | 3.13 (1.2) | 2.83 (1.1) | 2.11 (1.0) | 2.64 (1.1) |
| Provide advice for daily life | 2.78 (1.0) | 3.02 (1.1) | 2.57 (1.1) | 2.67 (1.1) | 2.80 (1.1) | 2.76 (1.1) |
| Emotionally move the audience | 2.76 (1.1) | 3.15 (1.1) | 3.19 (1.1) | 3.82 (1.0) | 3.65 (1.0) | 3.43 (1.1) |
| Support efforts to protect public health | 2.33 (1.1) | 2.84 (1.1) | 2.94 (1.2) | 2.64 (1.1) | 2.43 (1.2) | 2.61 (1.1) |
| Counteract disinformation | 4.61 (0.7) | 4.21 (1.0) | 4.38 (0.9) | 4.17 (1.0) | 4.39 (0.9) | 4.32 (0.9) |
| Discuss future implications | NA (NA) | 3.64 (1.0) | NA (NA) | 3.64 (1.1) | NA (NA) | 3.64 (1.1) |
10.2 (semiautomated) Summary
10.2.1 Dimension 1: Autonomy vs. External Influence
- Opposes journalists emphasizing professional autonomy and watchdog roles to those influenced by external actors (politicians, business leaders).
- Positive side: Journalists prioritizing economic and political influences, aligning with Hanitzsch’s Economic and Political role dimensions (e.g., prioritizing profit motives, governmental and corporate stakeholders).
- Negative side: Journalists focusing on professional autonomy, investigative reporting, and critical scrutiny, aligning with Hanitzsch’s Monitorial role.
10.2.2 Dimension 2: Market-Driven vs. Public Service Orientation
- Distinguishes journalists emphasizing audience engagement and entertainment from those focusing on informing the public.
- Positive side: Journalists prioritizing market-driven roles, emphasizing attracting audiences, entertainment, and branding (related to Hanitzsch’s Populist Disseminator role).
- Negative side: Journalists oriented toward public service and traditional information roles, focusing on providing critical news and civic information (Hanitzsch’s Civic role).
10.2.3 Dimension 3: Advocacy vs. Detached Reporting
- Separates journalists who engage in advocacy journalism from those adhering to neutral, detached reporting.
- Positive side: Journalists engaging in advocacy, social justice reporting, and issue-driven journalism (aligned with Hanitzsch’s Interventionist role).
- Negative side: Journalists committed to objectivity, neutrality, and detached reporting, favoring a minimal intervention approach (Hanitzsch’s Detached Observer role).
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
[1] "Contributions"
========================================================================
Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Dim.4 Dim.5 Dim.6
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peers on the news staff 6.99 19.94
Editorial supervisors/higher editors 6.58 7.12 23.65
Business managers 3.74 3.81 7.54
Owners 4.1 10.08
Editorial policy 4.53 4.52 3.7
Advertising considerations 15.15 4.47
Profit expectations 12.79 7.67
Audience research 7.23 5.23
News-gathering resources 3.07 4.31 6.99
Time limits 4.69 3.72 3.68 7.71
Journalism ethics 9.65 6.7 3.83
Self-censorship
Personal values and beliefs 5.99 4.65
Colleagues in other media 3.58 4.14 9.32
Friends, acquaintances and family 3.44 16.75
Feedback from audience 5.99 14.58
Competing news organizations 5.43 7.81
Media laws and regulation 2.98 10.22
Access to information 10.59
Government censorship 4.87
Government officials 7.28
Politicians 7.24 4.16
Business people 7.1 4.48
Public relations 5.78 2.99
Relationships with news sources
Police 5.9 4
Issue advocacy groups 6.32 3.46
Scientists or health experts 4.86
weight 16.21 13.93
------------------------------------------------------------------------10.7
[1] "V-test"
======================================================================
Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Dim.4 Dim.5 Dim.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------
edu3_No higher edu. 3.2 -2.2
edu3_Bachelor 2.7
edu3_Master -2.2 -4.2 -2.0
edu3_MISS
jouedu_Jou.edu -2.0 3.4 3.1 2.8
jouedu_No jou.edu 2.9 -5.1 -2.0 -4.2 -2.2
jouedu_MISS 3.1 3.1 2.5
backgrmedium_Newspaper -4.1 -4.6 6.6 2.4
backgrmedium_Magazine 2.2 2.3 -2.0 -3.0
backgrmedium_TV
backgrmedium_Radio 4.0 2.9 -2.6 3.0
backgrmedium_News agency
backgrmedium_Internet native 2.0 -4.5 -2.2 -2.8
backgrmedium_Other 3.1 -5.8
backgrmedium_no main employer 3.8 4.4 -4.9
backgrmedium_MISS 2.3 3.5
country_DENMARK -6.5 -5.2 8.9
country_FINLAND 2.6 -3.6 -8.9 3.4
country_ICELAND -5.5 -4.4 -3.8 -4.8
country_NORWAY 6.0 -19.3 -11.7 -3.3 -10.5 -6.9
country_SWEDEN -7.2 28.5 23.8 4.1 4.4 5.2
kjonn_F 4.2 3.8 2.4
kjonn_M -4.3 -4.8 -2.1
kjonn_MISS 2.4
empl_Full-time permanent contract -5.4 -5.2 5.4 4.0
empl_Part-time permanent contract
empl_Full-time fixed-term contract 2.5
empl_Part-time fixed-term contract 2.9
empl_Freelance or self-employed 4.9 6.6 -7.0 -4.0
empl_Other
empl_MISS 6.3 -3.0
T5_No management role -4.0 5.1 6.5 3.4 2.3
T5_Middle management role -2.7 -3.3 3.4
T5_Top management role -3.9 -3.3
T5_MISS 5.3 -4.3 -2.7 -3.5 -2.7
T7_Local -2.5 2.9 3.3 -2.5 3.1
T7_Regional -2.4
T7_National 2.4 -5.0 -5.9 -2.4 2.0 -2.1
T7_Transnational 3.5 3.0 -2.1
T7_No main medium 5.1 -4.5
T7_MISS 3.1
T8_Private/commercial media -2.7 -4.6 6.1
T8_Public Service Media 2.1 -3.4 3.2
T8_State-run media -2.3 -2.4 -2.5
T8_Community media -3.2
T8_Non-profit media -2.0 -2.7
T8_Other, specify -2.3
T8_No main medium 4.9 4.6 -4.4
T8_MISS 2.4 2.9 -2.2
age10_20-29 2.2
age10_30-39
age10_40-49
age10_50-59
age10_60+ -2.1 -3.6 2.1
age10_MISS
beat10_General News 3.8 2.4
beat10_Politics and Government -2.4 -3.3 2.2 2.9
beat10_Economy and Business
beat10_Culture and Lifestyle 2.1 -4.9
beat10_Science and Health
beat10_Sports
beat10_Crime and Justice -2.8
beat10_Other
----------------------------------------------------------------------10.7.1
11 Chapter: Ethics
11.1
| Denmark (N=472) |
Finland (N=409) |
Iceland (N=239) |
Norway (N=982) |
Sweden (N=483) |
Overall (N=2585) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1=Strongly disagree, 5=Strongly agree | ||||||
| Always by professional standards | 3.48 (1.2) | 3.97 (0.9) | 4.36 (0.8) | 4.19 (0.9) | 4.50 (0.7) | 4.11 (1.0) |
| Unless extraordinary circumstances | 3.80 (1.0) | 2.99 (1.1) | 3.60 (1.3) | 3.56 (1.2) | 4.23 (0.8) | 3.64 (1.1) |
| Depend on each specific situation | 2.84 (1.2) | 2.22 (1.0) | 2.45 (1.3) | 2.80 (1.3) | 2.69 (1.2) | 2.66 (1.2) |
| A matter of personal judgment | 2.22 (1.1) | 1.79 (0.9) | 2.46 (1.4) | 2.48 (1.3) | 2.42 (1.2) | 2.31 (1.2) |
11.2
| Denmark (N=472) |
Finland (N=409) |
Iceland (N=239) |
Norway (N=982) |
Sweden (N=483) |
Overall (N=2585) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1=Not at all acceptable, 5=Always acceptable | ||||||
| Claiming to be somebody else | 1.82 (0.4) | 1.60 (0.5) | 1.61 (0.5) | 1.75 (0.4) | 1.82 (0.4) | 1.74 (0.4) |
| Hidden recording devices | 2.00 (0.1) | 1.78 (0.4) | 1.81 (0.4) | 1.97 (0.2) | 1.97 (0.3) | 1.93 (0.3) |
| Confidential documents | 2.01 (0.3) | 1.78 (0.5) | 1.99 (0.5) | 1.98 (0.4) | 1.98 (0.4) | 1.95 (0.4) |
| Personal materials of powerful people | 1.92 (0.4) | 1.63 (0.5) | 1.86 (0.5) | 1.88 (0.4) | 1.91 (0.4) | 1.85 (0.5) |
| Personal materials of ordinary people | 1.56 (0.5) | 1.15 (0.4) | 1.50 (0.5) | 1.50 (0.5) | 1.37 (0.5) | 1.43 (0.5) |
| Paying for confidential information | 1.20 (0.4) | 1.22 (0.4) | 1.51 (0.5) | 1.25 (0.4) | 1.36 (0.5) | 1.28 (0.5) |
| Accepting money from sources | 1.03 (0.2) | 1.02 (0.2) | 1.03 (0.2) | 1.01 (0.1) | 1.02 (0.2) | 1.02 (0.2) |
| Accepting a free product or service | 1.24 (0.4) | 1.33 (0.5) | 1.19 (0.4) | 1.17 (0.4) | 1.08 (0.3) | 1.19 (0.4) |
| Producing promotional stories | 1.24 (0.5) | 1.06 (0.2) | 1.05 (0.2) | 1.03 (0.2) | 1.02 (0.2) | 1.07 (0.3) |
| Information not yet verified | 1.59 (0.5) | 1.50 (0.5) | 1.44 (0.5) | 1.24 (0.4) | 1.54 (0.5) | 1.42 (0.5) |
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
[1] "Variable contributions above average"
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Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Dim.4 Dim.5
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Always by professional standards 19.16 25.44 11.84 26.82
Unless extraordinary circumstances 9.76 52.32 12.85 16.14
Depend on each specific situation 24.83 12.93 14.89 32.09
Claiming to be somebody else 8.83
Hidden recording devices 11.67
Confidential documents 13.22
Personal materials of powerful people 12.58
Personal materials of ordinary people 8.94
Paying for confidential information 10.26 7.92
Accepting money from sources 21.32
Accepting a free product or service 13.15
Producing promotional stories 13.43
Information not yet verified 9.25
-------------------------------------------------------------------11.7
[1] "V-test for supplementary variables"
================================================================
Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Dim.4 Dim.5
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edu3_No higher edu. -3.1 -5.0 -2.9
edu3_Bachelor 3.4 4.3 -2.8
edu3_Master -3.4 -2.2 6.2 -2.1
edu3_MISS 2.6
jouedu_Jou.edu 2.6 2.1 -3.2
jouedu_No jou.edu -4.5 -4.2 2.1
jouedu_MISS 2.9 3.2 -3.2 2.0
backgrmedium_Newspaper
backgrmedium_Magazine -3.4 3.5 -2.2
backgrmedium_TV 2.8
backgrmedium_Radio 3.0 -3.2
backgrmedium_News agency
backgrmedium_Internet native 4.1 2.2 -5.0
backgrmedium_Other
backgrmedium_no main employer -3.6 2.3 3.5
backgrmedium_MISS 2.0 3.2
DENMARK 12.6 -5.9 7.1 -2.5 -10.5
FINLAND -13.0 -13.5 10.6 -3.4
ICELAND
NORWAY -8.4 10.3
SWEDEN 13.6 -14.6 8.8
kjonn_F -3.9 -4.5 -3.7 -7.3
kjonn_M 2.5 3.9 4.4 -2.2 6.4
kjonn_MISS 2.6
empl_Full-time permanent contract 7.0 -2.8 2.7
empl_Part-time permanent contract -3.1
empl_Full-time fixed-term contract 4.0 -3.6 2.8
empl_Part-time fixed-term contract 2.8 -2.3 2.1
empl_Freelance or self-employed -4.9 2.4 -2.6
empl_Other 2.1
empl_MISS -2.9
T5_No management role 4.2 2.5 -6.4
T5_Middle management role -2.0 3.2
T5_Top management role -4.0 -3.2 5.0
T5_MISS
T7_Local -2.1 -2.2 -2.7
T7_Regional
T7_National 2.7
T7_Transnational -2.2 2.8 2.2
T7_No main medium 2.3 -2.1 2.7 3.5 -2.4
T7_MISS 2.1 2.2 -2.4
T8_Private/commercial media -3.7
T8_Public Service Media 4.7
T8_State-run media
T8_Community media
T8_Non-profit media -2.1
T8_Other, specify
T8_No main medium -4.0 3.1 2.9 -2.6
T8_MISS 2.2 -2.2 2.5
age10_20-29 8.7 -5.6 -2.6
age10_30-39 7.6 -2.9
age10_40-49 2.2
age10_50-59 -6.5 2.4
age10_60+ -9.2 3.2
age10_MISS
beat10_General News 2.0
beat10_Politics and Government 2.7
beat10_Economy and Business 2.3 2.1
beat10_Culture and Lifestyle -3.7
beat10_Science and Health -3.7
beat10_Sports -4.2
beat10_Crime and Justice
beat10_Other -2.9 2.0 2.1
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