Interpolacion IDW

Instalacion librerias

library(sf)
library(stars)
library(leaflet)
library(gstat)
library(automap)
library(raster)
library(RColorBrewer)

Verificacion y establecimiento ruta archivos

getwd()
    setwd("/Users/Geomatica/Juandag")

Añadir variables

ruta_aoi="./municipios_muestreo.shp"
ruta_puntos="./puntos_muestreo.shp" 
ruta_raster="./dem_srtm_9377.tif"

Visualizar los archivos de datos (shp y tif) (tablas atributos)

 raster_dem=read_stars(ruta_raster, RasterIO = list(bands = 1))
    raster_dem
stars object with 2 dimensions and 1 attribute
attribute(s), summary of first 1e+05 cells:
                   Min. 1st Qu. Median    Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
dem_srtm_9377.tif  -247       0      0 131.274       0 1673
dimension(s):
    plot(raster_dem)
downsample set to 2

puntos = st_read(ruta_puntos)
Reading layer `puntos_muestreo' from data source `/Users/carlitos/Documents/University/Geomatica/drive-download-20250223T004732Z-001/puntos_muestreo.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
Simple feature collection with 67 features and 16 fields
Geometry type: POINT
Dimension:     XY
Bounding box:  xmin: 4968206 ymin: 2257635 xmax: 5005157 ymax: 2292361
Projected CRS: MAGNA-SIRGAS_Origen-Nacional
    gs_crs = st_crs(raster_dem)
    puntos = st_transform(puntos, crs = gs_crs)
    (puntos)
Simple feature collection with 67 features and 16 fields
Geometry type: POINT
Dimension:     XY
Bounding box:  xmin: 4968206 ymin: 2257635 xmax: 5005157 ymax: 2292361
Projected CRS: MAGNA-SIRGAS 2018 / Origen-Nacional
First 10 features:
   Department Municipali Latitude.D Longitude. Altitude.m  pH EC.dSm NH4.ppm NO3.ppm K2O.ppm P2O5.ppm SOC.pct Sand.pct Silt.pct Clay.pct Slope.pct                geometry
1   Santander   Confines   6.331580  -73.25827       1533 4.8   0.08    10.3     8.4   173.5     10.1    2.46     40.7     32.6     26.6      10.5 POINT (4971447 2257635)
2   Santander   Confines   6.345463  -73.28759       1489 4.9   0.07    10.3     5.4   122.9      8.9    1.62     51.2     26.1     22.6       9.2 POINT (4968206 2259171)
3   Santander   Confines   6.357339  -73.28138       1482 4.8   0.08    18.2     0.9   119.3      6.2    2.95     51.9     35.4     12.7       7.4 POINT (4968893 2260483)
4   Santander   Confines   6.360368  -73.24903       1581 4.7   0.07     6.7     2.3   181.9     12.1    1.02     37.3     36.1     26.5      12.6 POINT (4972470 2260816)
5   Santander   Confines   6.340922  -73.20868       1878 4.8   0.15    24.0    12.3   130.1      7.3    2.48     65.6     30.3      4.1       8.5 POINT (4976930 2258665)
6   Santander   Confines   6.357226  -73.23005       1742 4.8   0.09    11.7     1.2   131.3      4.8    1.60     40.8     46.5     12.6       7.5 POINT (4974568 2260467)
7   Santander   Confines   6.339062  -73.23301       1752 4.9   0.09     9.4     2.0    73.5     11.5    3.65     55.0     42.5      2.5       5.6 POINT (4974240 2258460)
8   Santander   Confines   6.402768  -73.22524       1715 4.8   0.08     9.4     5.9   194.0      6.6    2.12     33.7     45.4     20.9      13.7 POINT (4975101 2265500)
9   Santander   Confines   6.365608  -73.21098       1878 4.8   0.10    19.3     0.3   273.5      3.4    3.81     64.4     24.9     10.6       1.5 POINT (4976677 2261393)
10  Santander     Paramo   6.384360  -73.19552       1912 4.9   0.12    19.1     0.1   128.9     18.8    3.14     39.1     50.7     10.3      15.8 POINT (4978386 2263464)

Verificacion sistema de coordenadas puntos reproyectados

st_crs(puntos)
Coordinate Reference System:
  User input: MAGNA-SIRGAS 2018 / Origen-Nacional 
  wkt:
PROJCRS["MAGNA-SIRGAS 2018 / Origen-Nacional",
    BASEGEOGCRS["MAGNA-SIRGAS 2018",
        DATUM["Marco Geocentrico Nacional de Referencia 2018",
            ELLIPSOID["GRS 1980",6378137,298.257222101,
                LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
        PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
        ID["EPSG",20046]],
    CONVERSION["Colombia Transverse Mercator",
        METHOD["Transverse Mercator",
            ID["EPSG",9807]],
        PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",4,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
            ID["EPSG",8801]],
        PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",-73,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
            ID["EPSG",8802]],
        PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9992,
            SCALEUNIT["unity",1],
            ID["EPSG",8805]],
        PARAMETER["False easting",5000000,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
            ID["EPSG",8806]],
        PARAMETER["False northing",2000000,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
            ID["EPSG",8807]]],
    CS[Cartesian,2],
        AXIS["northing (N)",north,
            ORDER[1],
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
        AXIS["easting (E)",east,
            ORDER[2],
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
    USAGE[
        SCOPE["Cadastre, topographic mapping."],
        AREA["Colombia - onshore and offshore. Includes San Andres y Providencia, Malpelo Islands, Roncador Bank, Serrana Bank and Serranilla Bank."],
        BBOX[-4.23,-84.77,15.51,-66.87]],
    ID["EPSG",9377]]
    st_crs(raster_dem)
Coordinate Reference System:
  User input: MAGNA-SIRGAS 2018 / Origen-Nacional 
  wkt:
PROJCRS["MAGNA-SIRGAS 2018 / Origen-Nacional",
    BASEGEOGCRS["MAGNA-SIRGAS 2018",
        DATUM["Marco Geocentrico Nacional de Referencia 2018",
            ELLIPSOID["GRS 1980",6378137,298.257222101,
                LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
        PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
        ID["EPSG",20046]],
    CONVERSION["Colombia Transverse Mercator",
        METHOD["Transverse Mercator",
            ID["EPSG",9807]],
        PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",4,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
            ID["EPSG",8801]],
        PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",-73,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
            ID["EPSG",8802]],
        PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9992,
            SCALEUNIT["unity",1],
            ID["EPSG",8805]],
        PARAMETER["False easting",5000000,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
            ID["EPSG",8806]],
        PARAMETER["False northing",2000000,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
            ID["EPSG",8807]]],
    CS[Cartesian,2],
        AXIS["northing (N)",north,
            ORDER[1],
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
        AXIS["easting (E)",east,
            ORDER[2],
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
    USAGE[
        SCOPE["Cadastre, topographic mapping."],
        AREA["Colombia - onshore and offshore. Includes San Andres y Providencia, Malpelo Islands, Roncador Bank, Serrana Bank and Serranilla Bank."],
        BBOX[-4.23,-84.77,15.51,-66.87]],
    ID["EPSG",9377]]
    if (identical(crs_raster, crs_puntos)) {
      cat("El sistema de referencia de coordenadas del raster y de los puntos es el mismo:\n")
      print(crs_raster)
    } else {
      cat("Los sistemas de referencia de coordenadas son diferentes.\n")
      cat("Raster:\n")
      print(crs_raster)
      cat("Puntos:\n")
      print(crs_puntos)
    }
El sistema de referencia de coordenadas del raster y de los puntos es el mismo:
Coordinate Reference System:
  User input: MAGNA-SIRGAS / Origen-Nacional 
  wkt:
PROJCRS["MAGNA-SIRGAS / Origen-Nacional",
    BASEGEOGCRS["MAGNA-SIRGAS",
        DATUM["Marco Geocentrico Nacional de Referencia",
            ELLIPSOID["GRS 1980",6378137,298.257222101,
                LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
        PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
        ID["EPSG",4686]],
    CONVERSION["Colombia Transverse Mercator",
        METHOD["Transverse Mercator",
            ID["EPSG",9807]],
        PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",4,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
            ID["EPSG",8801]],
        PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",-73,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
            ID["EPSG",8802]],
        PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9992,
            SCALEUNIT["unity",1],
            ID["EPSG",8805]],
        PARAMETER["False easting",5000000,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
            ID["EPSG",8806]],
        PARAMETER["False northing",2000000,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
            ID["EPSG",8807]]],
    CS[Cartesian,2],
        AXIS["northing (N)",north,
            ORDER[1],
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
        AXIS["easting (E)",east,
            ORDER[2],
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
    USAGE[
        SCOPE["Cadastre."],
        AREA["Colombia - onshore and offshore. Includes San Andres y Providencia, Malpelo Islands, Roncador Bank, Serrana Bank and Serranilla Bank."],
        BBOX[-4.23,-84.77,15.51,-66.87]],
    ID["EPSG",9377]]
    puntos_reproj <- st_transform(puntos, crs_raster)
    
    (puntos_reproj)
Simple feature collection with 67 features and 16 fields
Geometry type: POINT
Dimension:     XY
Bounding box:  xmin: 4968206 ymin: 2257635 xmax: 5005157 ymax: 2292361
Projected CRS: MAGNA-SIRGAS / Origen-Nacional
First 10 features:
   Department Municipali Latitude.D Longitude. Altitude.m  pH EC.dSm NH4.ppm NO3.ppm K2O.ppm P2O5.ppm SOC.pct Sand.pct Silt.pct Clay.pct Slope.pct                geometry
1   Santander   Confines   6.331580  -73.25827       1533 4.8   0.08    10.3     8.4   173.5     10.1    2.46     40.7     32.6     26.6      10.5 POINT (4971447 2257635)
2   Santander   Confines   6.345463  -73.28759       1489 4.9   0.07    10.3     5.4   122.9      8.9    1.62     51.2     26.1     22.6       9.2 POINT (4968206 2259171)
3   Santander   Confines   6.357339  -73.28138       1482 4.8   0.08    18.2     0.9   119.3      6.2    2.95     51.9     35.4     12.7       7.4 POINT (4968893 2260483)
4   Santander   Confines   6.360368  -73.24903       1581 4.7   0.07     6.7     2.3   181.9     12.1    1.02     37.3     36.1     26.5      12.6 POINT (4972470 2260816)
5   Santander   Confines   6.340922  -73.20868       1878 4.8   0.15    24.0    12.3   130.1      7.3    2.48     65.6     30.3      4.1       8.5 POINT (4976930 2258665)
6   Santander   Confines   6.357226  -73.23005       1742 4.8   0.09    11.7     1.2   131.3      4.8    1.60     40.8     46.5     12.6       7.5 POINT (4974568 2260467)
7   Santander   Confines   6.339062  -73.23301       1752 4.9   0.09     9.4     2.0    73.5     11.5    3.65     55.0     42.5      2.5       5.6 POINT (4974240 2258460)
8   Santander   Confines   6.402768  -73.22524       1715 4.8   0.08     9.4     5.9   194.0      6.6    2.12     33.7     45.4     20.9      13.7 POINT (4975101 2265500)
9   Santander   Confines   6.365608  -73.21098       1878 4.8   0.10    19.3     0.3   273.5      3.4    3.81     64.4     24.9     10.6       1.5 POINT (4976677 2261393)
10  Santander     Paramo   6.384360  -73.19552       1912 4.9   0.12    19.1     0.1   128.9     18.8    3.14     39.1     50.7     10.3      15.8 POINT (4978386 2263464)

Interpolacion por IDW

var="pH"
    puntos[var]
Simple feature collection with 67 features and 1 field
Geometry type: POINT
Dimension:     XY
Bounding box:  xmin: 4968206 ymin: 2257635 xmax: 5005157 ymax: 2292361
Projected CRS: MAGNA-SIRGAS 2018 / Origen-Nacional
First 10 features:
    pH                geometry
1  4.8 POINT (4971447 2257635)
2  4.9 POINT (4968206 2259171)
3  4.8 POINT (4968893 2260483)
4  4.7 POINT (4972470 2260816)
5  4.8 POINT (4976930 2258665)
6  4.8 POINT (4974568 2260467)
7  4.9 POINT (4974240 2258460)
8  4.8 POINT (4975101 2265500)
9  4.8 POINT (4976677 2261393)
10 4.9 POINT (4978386 2263464)
  
    st_crs(puntos_reproj) 
Coordinate Reference System:
  User input: MAGNA-SIRGAS / Origen-Nacional 
  wkt:
PROJCRS["MAGNA-SIRGAS / Origen-Nacional",
    BASEGEOGCRS["MAGNA-SIRGAS",
        DATUM["Marco Geocentrico Nacional de Referencia",
            ELLIPSOID["GRS 1980",6378137,298.257222101,
                LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
        PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
        ID["EPSG",4686]],
    CONVERSION["Colombia Transverse Mercator",
        METHOD["Transverse Mercator",
            ID["EPSG",9807]],
        PARAMETER["Latitude of natural origin",4,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
            ID["EPSG",8801]],
        PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",-73,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
            ID["EPSG",8802]],
        PARAMETER["Scale factor at natural origin",0.9992,
            SCALEUNIT["unity",1],
            ID["EPSG",8805]],
        PARAMETER["False easting",5000000,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
            ID["EPSG",8806]],
        PARAMETER["False northing",2000000,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
            ID["EPSG",8807]]],
    CS[Cartesian,2],
        AXIS["northing (N)",north,
            ORDER[1],
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
        AXIS["easting (E)",east,
            ORDER[2],
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
    USAGE[
        SCOPE["Cadastre."],
        AREA["Colombia - onshore and offshore. Includes San Andres y Providencia, Malpelo Islands, Roncador Bank, Serrana Bank and Serranilla Bank."],
        BBOX[-4.23,-84.77,15.51,-66.87]],
    ID["EPSG",9377]]
    crs(raster_dem)
[1] NA
  
    g = gstat(formula = pH ~ 1, data = puntos_reproj,set=list(idp=2))
    z = predict(g, raster_dem)
[inverse distance weighted interpolation]
    print(z)
stars object with 2 dimensions and 2 attributes
attribute(s), summary of first 1e+05 cells:
              Min.  1st Qu.   Median     Mean  3rd Qu.     Max.  NA's
var1.pred  5.04681 5.130046 5.162891 5.174822 5.238671 5.283381 0e+00
var1.var        NA       NA       NA      NaN       NA       NA 1e+05
dimension(s):

Formula para IDW

g = gstat(formula = pH ~ 1, data = puntos_reproj,set=list(idp=2))

Definicion parametros

z = predict(g, raster_dem)
[inverse distance weighted interpolation]
print(z)
stars object with 2 dimensions and 2 attributes
attribute(s), summary of first 1e+05 cells:
              Min.  1st Qu.   Median     Mean  3rd Qu.     Max.  NA's
var1.pred  5.04681 5.130046 5.162891 5.174822 5.238671 5.283381 0e+00
var1.var        NA       NA       NA      NaN       NA       NA 1e+05
dimension(s):
z = z["var1.pred",,]

Visualizacion de la interpolacion por IDW

names(z) = "pH"
  b = seq(4, 7.5, 0.1)
plot(z, breaks = b, col = hcl.colors(length(b)-1, "Spectral"), reset = FALSE)
downsample set to 2
       plot(st_geometry(puntos_reproj), pch = 3, add = TRUE) 
        contour(z, breaks = b, add = TRUE)

Designacion variables

interpolacion_idw="./ph_idw.tif"

Almacenar raster en geotiff

write_stars(z, dsn = interpolacion_idw)

Zonas aptas

 zona_optima = prediccion
    zona_optima[zona_optima < 6.0 | zona_optima > 6.8] <- NA
    plot(zona_optima, col = hcl.colors(10, "greens"), main = "Zonas óptimas para jitomate")
downsample set to 2

Interpolacion metodo kriging

Variograma desde empirico

   v_emp_ok = variogram(pH ~ 1, puntos_reproj)
plot(v_emp_ok)

Ajuste funcion en variograma

v_mod_ok = autofitVariogram(pH ~ 1, as(puntos_reproj, "Spatial"))
plot(v_mod_ok)

Formula interpolacion Kriging

g2 = gstat(formula = pH ~ 1, model = v_mod_ok$var_model, data = puntos_reproj)

Prediccion kriging

z = predict(g2, raster_dem)
[using ordinary kriging]
 print(z)
stars object with 2 dimensions and 2 attributes
attribute(s), summary of first 1e+05 cells:
               Min.   1st Qu.    Median      Mean 3rd Qu.     Max.
var1.pred  4.973535 5.0923192 5.1475910 5.1348409 5.18763 5.238132
var1.var   0.604284 0.7349258 0.8883815 0.9006311 1.04760 1.302663
dimension(s):

Visualizacion por kriging

prediccion = z["var1.pred",,]
  names(prediccion) = "pH"
  b_predict = seq(4, 7, 0.1) 
  plot(prediccion, breaks = b_predict, col = hcl.colors(length(b_predict)-1, "Spectral"), reset = FALSE)
downsample set to 2

Visualizacion varianza

varianza = z["var1.var",,]
  names(varianza) = "varianza pH"
  b_var = seq(0.1, 1.4, 0.1)

Distribucion puntos varianza

plot(varianza, breaks = b_var, col = hcl.colors(length(b_var)-1, "Spectral"), reset = FALSE)
downsample set to 2
  plot(st_geometry(puntos_reproj), pch = 3, add = TRUE)

Asignacion formulas IDW y Kriging (Grafico de burbujas)

 cv2 = gstat.cv(g2)

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |                                                                                                                                                                           |   0%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===                                                                                                                                                                        |   2%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=====                                                                                                                                                                      |   3%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |========                                                                                                                                                                   |   5%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==========                                                                                                                                                                 |   6%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=============                                                                                                                                                              |   8%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |================                                                                                                                                                           |   9%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==================                                                                                                                                                         |  11%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=====================                                                                                                                                                      |  12%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=======================                                                                                                                                                    |  14%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==========================                                                                                                                                                 |  15%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |============================                                                                                                                                               |  17%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===============================                                                                                                                                            |  18%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==================================                                                                                                                                         |  20%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |====================================                                                                                                                                       |  21%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=======================================                                                                                                                                    |  23%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=========================================                                                                                                                                  |  24%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |============================================                                                                                                                               |  26%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===============================================                                                                                                                            |  27%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=================================================                                                                                                                          |  29%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |====================================================                                                                                                                       |  30%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |======================================================                                                                                                                     |  32%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=========================================================                                                                                                                  |  33%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |============================================================                                                                                                               |  35%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==============================================================                                                                                                             |  36%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=================================================================                                                                                                          |  38%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===================================================================                                                                                                        |  39%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |======================================================================                                                                                                     |  41%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=========================================================================                                                                                                  |  42%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===========================================================================                                                                                                |  44%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==============================================================================                                                                                             |  45%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |================================================================================                                                                                           |  47%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===================================================================================                                                                                        |  48%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |======================================================================================                                                                                     |  50%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |========================================================================================                                                                                   |  52%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===========================================================================================                                                                                |  53%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=============================================================================================                                                                              |  55%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |================================================================================================                                                                           |  56%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==================================================================================================                                                                         |  58%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=====================================================================================================                                                                      |  59%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |========================================================================================================                                                                   |  61%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==========================================================================================================                                                                 |  62%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=============================================================================================================                                                              |  64%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===============================================================================================================                                                            |  65%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==================================================================================================================                                                         |  67%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=====================================================================================================================                                                      |  68%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=======================================================================================================================                                                    |  70%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==========================================================================================================================                                                 |  71%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |============================================================================================================================                                               |  73%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===============================================================================================================================                                            |  74%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==================================================================================================================================                                         |  76%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |====================================================================================================================================                                       |  77%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=======================================================================================================================================                                    |  79%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=========================================================================================================================================                                  |  80%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |============================================================================================================================================                               |  82%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==============================================================================================================================================                             |  83%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=================================================================================================================================================                          |  85%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |====================================================================================================================================================                       |  86%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |======================================================================================================================================================                     |  88%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=========================================================================================================================================================                  |  89%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===========================================================================================================================================================                |  91%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==============================================================================================================================================================             |  92%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=================================================================================================================================================================          |  94%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===================================================================================================================================================================        |  95%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |======================================================================================================================================================================     |  97%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |========================================================================================================================================================================   |  98%[using ordinary kriging]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===========================================================================================================================================================================| 100%[using ordinary kriging]
  cv2 = st_as_sf(cv2)
  
  sp::bubble(as(cv2[, "residual"], "Spatial"))

 
  
  cv3 = gstat.cv(g)

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |                                                                                                                                                                           |   0%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===                                                                                                                                                                        |   2%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=====                                                                                                                                                                      |   3%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |========                                                                                                                                                                   |   5%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==========                                                                                                                                                                 |   6%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=============                                                                                                                                                              |   8%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |================                                                                                                                                                           |   9%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==================                                                                                                                                                         |  11%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=====================                                                                                                                                                      |  12%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=======================                                                                                                                                                    |  14%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==========================                                                                                                                                                 |  15%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |============================                                                                                                                                               |  17%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===============================                                                                                                                                            |  18%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==================================                                                                                                                                         |  20%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |====================================                                                                                                                                       |  21%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=======================================                                                                                                                                    |  23%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=========================================                                                                                                                                  |  24%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |============================================                                                                                                                               |  26%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===============================================                                                                                                                            |  27%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=================================================                                                                                                                          |  29%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |====================================================                                                                                                                       |  30%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |======================================================                                                                                                                     |  32%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=========================================================                                                                                                                  |  33%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |============================================================                                                                                                               |  35%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==============================================================                                                                                                             |  36%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=================================================================                                                                                                          |  38%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===================================================================                                                                                                        |  39%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |======================================================================                                                                                                     |  41%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=========================================================================                                                                                                  |  42%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===========================================================================                                                                                                |  44%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==============================================================================                                                                                             |  45%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |================================================================================                                                                                           |  47%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===================================================================================                                                                                        |  48%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |======================================================================================                                                                                     |  50%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |========================================================================================                                                                                   |  52%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===========================================================================================                                                                                |  53%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=============================================================================================                                                                              |  55%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |================================================================================================                                                                           |  56%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==================================================================================================                                                                         |  58%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=====================================================================================================                                                                      |  59%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |========================================================================================================                                                                   |  61%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==========================================================================================================                                                                 |  62%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=============================================================================================================                                                              |  64%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===============================================================================================================                                                            |  65%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==================================================================================================================                                                         |  67%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=====================================================================================================================                                                      |  68%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=======================================================================================================================                                                    |  70%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==========================================================================================================================                                                 |  71%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |============================================================================================================================                                               |  73%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===============================================================================================================================                                            |  74%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==================================================================================================================================                                         |  76%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |====================================================================================================================================                                       |  77%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=======================================================================================================================================                                    |  79%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=========================================================================================================================================                                  |  80%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |============================================================================================================================================                               |  82%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==============================================================================================================================================                             |  83%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=================================================================================================================================================                          |  85%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |====================================================================================================================================================                       |  86%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |======================================================================================================================================================                     |  88%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=========================================================================================================================================================                  |  89%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===========================================================================================================================================================                |  91%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |==============================================================================================================================================================             |  92%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |=================================================================================================================================================================          |  94%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===================================================================================================================================================================        |  95%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |======================================================================================================================================================================     |  97%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |========================================================================================================================================================================   |  98%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]

  |                                                                                                                                                                                 
  |===========================================================================================================================================================================| 100%[inverse distance weighted interpolation]
  cv3 = st_as_sf(cv3)
  
  sp::bubble(as(cv3[, "residual"], "Spatial"))

NA

Calculo de error medio cuadratico

sqrt(sum((cv2$var1.pred - cv2$observed)^2) / nrow(cv2))
[1] 0.7066087
sqrt(sum((cv3$var1.pred - cv3$observed)^2) / nrow(cv3))
[1] 0.7196336

LS0tCnRpdGxlOiAiVGFsbGVyIHBhcmNpYWwganVhbiBEIEdhaXRhbiIKb3V0cHV0OiBodG1sX25vdGVib29rCi0tLQoKIyAqKkludGVycG9sYWNpb24gSURXKioKCkluc3RhbGFjaW9uIGxpYnJlcmlhcwoKYGBge3J9CmxpYnJhcnkoc2YpCmxpYnJhcnkoc3RhcnMpCmxpYnJhcnkobGVhZmxldCkKbGlicmFyeShnc3RhdCkKbGlicmFyeShhdXRvbWFwKQpsaWJyYXJ5KHJhc3RlcikKbGlicmFyeShSQ29sb3JCcmV3ZXIpCmBgYAoKVmVyaWZpY2FjaW9uIHkgZXN0YWJsZWNpbWllbnRvIHJ1dGEgYXJjaGl2b3MKCmBgYHtyfQpnZXR3ZCgpCiAgICBzZXR3ZCgiL1VzZXJzL0dlb21hdGljYS9KdWFuZGFnIikKYGBgCgpBw7FhZGlyIHZhcmlhYmxlcwoKYGBge3IgbWVzc2FnZT1UUlVFfQpydXRhX2FvaT0iLi9tdW5pY2lwaW9zX211ZXN0cmVvLnNocCIKcnV0YV9wdW50b3M9Ii4vcHVudG9zX211ZXN0cmVvLnNocCIgCnJ1dGFfcmFzdGVyPSIuL2RlbV9zcnRtXzkzNzcudGlmIgpgYGAKClZpc3VhbGl6YXIgbG9zIGFyY2hpdm9zIGRlIGRhdG9zIChzaHAgeSB0aWYpICh0YWJsYXMgYXRyaWJ1dG9zKQoKYGBge3J9CiByYXN0ZXJfZGVtPXJlYWRfc3RhcnMocnV0YV9yYXN0ZXIsIFJhc3RlcklPID0gbGlzdChiYW5kcyA9IDEpKQogICAgcmFzdGVyX2RlbQogICAgcGxvdChyYXN0ZXJfZGVtKQpgYGAKCmBgYHtyfQpwdW50b3MgPSBzdF9yZWFkKHJ1dGFfcHVudG9zKQogICAgZ3NfY3JzID0gc3RfY3JzKHJhc3Rlcl9kZW0pCiAgICBwdW50b3MgPSBzdF90cmFuc2Zvcm0ocHVudG9zLCBjcnMgPSBnc19jcnMpCiAgICAocHVudG9zKQpgYGAKClZlcmlmaWNhY2lvbiBzaXN0ZW1hIGRlIGNvb3JkZW5hZGFzIHB1bnRvcyByZXByb3llY3RhZG9zCgpgYGB7cn0Kc3RfY3JzKHB1bnRvcykKICAgIHN0X2NycyhyYXN0ZXJfZGVtKQogICAgaWYgKGlkZW50aWNhbChjcnNfcmFzdGVyLCBjcnNfcHVudG9zKSkgewogICAgICBjYXQoIkVsIHNpc3RlbWEgZGUgcmVmZXJlbmNpYSBkZSBjb29yZGVuYWRhcyBkZWwgcmFzdGVyIHkgZGUgbG9zIHB1bnRvcyBlcyBlbCBtaXNtbzpcbiIpCiAgICAgIHByaW50KGNyc19yYXN0ZXIpCiAgICB9IGVsc2UgewogICAgICBjYXQoIkxvcyBzaXN0ZW1hcyBkZSByZWZlcmVuY2lhIGRlIGNvb3JkZW5hZGFzIHNvbiBkaWZlcmVudGVzLlxuIikKICAgICAgY2F0KCJSYXN0ZXI6XG4iKQogICAgICBwcmludChjcnNfcmFzdGVyKQogICAgICBjYXQoIlB1bnRvczpcbiIpCiAgICAgIHByaW50KGNyc19wdW50b3MpCiAgICB9CiAgICBwdW50b3NfcmVwcm9qIDwtIHN0X3RyYW5zZm9ybShwdW50b3MsIGNyc19yYXN0ZXIpCiAgICAKICAgIChwdW50b3NfcmVwcm9qKQpgYGAKCkludGVycG9sYWNpb24gcG9yIElEVwoKYGBge3J9CnZhcj0icEgiCiAgICBwdW50b3NbdmFyXQogIAogICAgc3RfY3JzKHB1bnRvc19yZXByb2opIAogICAgY3JzKHJhc3Rlcl9kZW0pCiAgCiAgICBnID0gZ3N0YXQoZm9ybXVsYSA9IHBIIH4gMSwgZGF0YSA9IHB1bnRvc19yZXByb2osc2V0PWxpc3QoaWRwPTIpKQogICAgeiA9IHByZWRpY3QoZywgcmFzdGVyX2RlbSkKICAgIHByaW50KHopCmBgYAoKRm9ybXVsYSBwYXJhIElEVwoKYGBge3J9CmcgPSBnc3RhdChmb3JtdWxhID0gcEggfiAxLCBkYXRhID0gcHVudG9zX3JlcHJvaixzZXQ9bGlzdChpZHA9MikpCmBgYAoKRGVmaW5pY2lvbiBwYXJhbWV0cm9zCgpgYGB7cn0KeiA9IHByZWRpY3QoZywgcmFzdGVyX2RlbSkKcHJpbnQoeikKeiA9IHpbInZhcjEucHJlZCIsLF0KCmBgYAoKVmlzdWFsaXphY2lvbiBkZSBsYSBpbnRlcnBvbGFjaW9uIHBvciBJRFcKCmBgYHtyfQpuYW1lcyh6KSA9ICJwSCIKICBiID0gc2VxKDQsIDcuNSwgMC4xKQpgYGAKCmBgYHtyfQpwbG90KHosIGJyZWFrcyA9IGIsIGNvbCA9IGhjbC5jb2xvcnMobGVuZ3RoKGIpLTEsICJTcGVjdHJhbCIpLCByZXNldCA9IEZBTFNFKQogICAgICAgcGxvdChzdF9nZW9tZXRyeShwdW50b3NfcmVwcm9qKSwgcGNoID0gMywgYWRkID0gVFJVRSkgCiAgICAgICAgY29udG91cih6LCBicmVha3MgPSBiLCBhZGQgPSBUUlVFKQpgYGAKCkRlc2lnbmFjaW9uIHZhcmlhYmxlcwoKYGBge3J9CmludGVycG9sYWNpb25faWR3PSIuL3BoX2lkdy50aWYiCmBgYAoKQWxtYWNlbmFyIHJhc3RlciBlbiBnZW90aWZmCgpgYGB7cn0Kd3JpdGVfc3RhcnMoeiwgZHNuID0gaW50ZXJwb2xhY2lvbl9pZHcpCmBgYAoKWm9uYXMgYXB0YXMKCmBgYHtyfQogem9uYV9vcHRpbWEgPSBwcmVkaWNjaW9uCiAgICB6b25hX29wdGltYVt6b25hX29wdGltYSA8IDYuMCB8IHpvbmFfb3B0aW1hID4gNi44XSA8LSBOQQogICAgcGxvdCh6b25hX29wdGltYSwgY29sID0gaGNsLmNvbG9ycygxMCwgImdyZWVucyIpLCBtYWluID0gIlpvbmFzIMOzcHRpbWFzIHBhcmEgaml0b21hdGUiKQpgYGAKCiMgSW50ZXJwb2xhY2lvbiBtZXRvZG8ga3JpZ2luZwoKVmFyaW9ncmFtYSBkZXNkZSBlbXBpcmljbwoKYGBge3J9CiAgIHZfZW1wX29rID0gdmFyaW9ncmFtKHBIIH4gMSwgcHVudG9zX3JlcHJvaikKcGxvdCh2X2VtcF9vaykKYGBgCgpBanVzdGUgZnVuY2lvbiBlbiB2YXJpb2dyYW1hCgpgYGB7cn0Kdl9tb2Rfb2sgPSBhdXRvZml0VmFyaW9ncmFtKHBIIH4gMSwgYXMocHVudG9zX3JlcHJvaiwgIlNwYXRpYWwiKSkKcGxvdCh2X21vZF9vaykKYGBgCgpGb3JtdWxhIGludGVycG9sYWNpb24gS3JpZ2luZwoKYGBge3J9CmcyID0gZ3N0YXQoZm9ybXVsYSA9IHBIIH4gMSwgbW9kZWwgPSB2X21vZF9vayR2YXJfbW9kZWwsIGRhdGEgPSBwdW50b3NfcmVwcm9qKQpgYGAKClByZWRpY2Npb24ga3JpZ2luZwoKYGBge3J9CnogPSBwcmVkaWN0KGcyLCByYXN0ZXJfZGVtKQogcHJpbnQoeikKYGBgCgpWaXN1YWxpemFjaW9uIHBvciBrcmlnaW5nCgpgYGB7cn0KcHJlZGljY2lvbiA9IHpbInZhcjEucHJlZCIsLF0KICBuYW1lcyhwcmVkaWNjaW9uKSA9ICJwSCIKICBiX3ByZWRpY3QgPSBzZXEoNCwgNywgMC4xKSAKICBwbG90KHByZWRpY2Npb24sIGJyZWFrcyA9IGJfcHJlZGljdCwgY29sID0gaGNsLmNvbG9ycyhsZW5ndGgoYl9wcmVkaWN0KS0xLCAiU3BlY3RyYWwiKSwgcmVzZXQgPSBGQUxTRSkKYGBgCgpWaXN1YWxpemFjaW9uIHZhcmlhbnphCgpgYGB7cn0KdmFyaWFuemEgPSB6WyJ2YXIxLnZhciIsLF0KICBuYW1lcyh2YXJpYW56YSkgPSAidmFyaWFuemEgcEgiCiAgYl92YXIgPSBzZXEoMC4xLCAxLjQsIDAuMSkKYGBgCgpEaXN0cmlidWNpb24gcHVudG9zIHZhcmlhbnphCgpgYGB7cn0KcGxvdCh2YXJpYW56YSwgYnJlYWtzID0gYl92YXIsIGNvbCA9IGhjbC5jb2xvcnMobGVuZ3RoKGJfdmFyKS0xLCAiU3BlY3RyYWwiKSwgcmVzZXQgPSBGQUxTRSkKICBwbG90KHN0X2dlb21ldHJ5KHB1bnRvc19yZXByb2opLCBwY2ggPSAzLCBhZGQgPSBUUlVFKQpgYGAKCkFzaWduYWNpb24gZm9ybXVsYXMgSURXIHkgS3JpZ2luZyAoR3JhZmljbyBkZSBidXJidWphcykKCmBgYHtyfQogY3YyID0gZ3N0YXQuY3YoZzIpCiAgY3YyID0gc3RfYXNfc2YoY3YyKQogIAogIHNwOjpidWJibGUoYXMoY3YyWywgInJlc2lkdWFsIl0sICJTcGF0aWFsIikpCiAKICAKICBjdjMgPSBnc3RhdC5jdihnKQogIGN2MyA9IHN0X2FzX3NmKGN2MykKICAKICBzcDo6YnViYmxlKGFzKGN2M1ssICJyZXNpZHVhbCJdLCAiU3BhdGlhbCIpKQogIApgYGAKCkNhbGN1bG8gZGUgZXJyb3IgbWVkaW8gY3VhZHJhdGljbwoKYGBge3J9CnNxcnQoc3VtKChjdjIkdmFyMS5wcmVkIC0gY3YyJG9ic2VydmVkKV4yKSAvIG5yb3coY3YyKSkKYGBgCgpgYGB7cn0Kc3FydChzdW0oKGN2MyR2YXIxLnByZWQgLSBjdjMkb2JzZXJ2ZWQpXjIpIC8gbnJvdyhjdjMpKQpgYGAKCiMgCg==