Main_1 Main_2 Main_3 Main_4 Main_5 Main_6
563 591 549 410 3885 6841 Results Main Full
you will have the following survey rounds included:
Note: Estimation results may be based on different results. Information about the samples used for estimation is found in the respective sections of this document.
Meta data
[1] "Overview duration whole survey" Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
3.483 17.139 24.919 35.254 37.548 720.803 [1] "Overview duration mobiles" Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
4.202 16.672 24.314 36.909 38.410 620.045 
Call:
lm(formula = DURATION/60 ~ is_mobile + birthyear_mean + gender_male +
as.factor(uhh), data = complete_data)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-32.52 -17.96 -10.39 2.13 684.73
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 36.61209 0.72548 50.466 < 2e-16 ***
is_mobiletrue 1.56769 1.23562 1.269 0.204557
birthyear_mean -0.08164 0.02205 -3.702 0.000214 ***
gender_male -3.44771 0.70610 -4.883 1.06e-06 ***
as.factor(uhh)2 0.87437 0.85691 1.020 0.307568
as.factor(uhh)3 0.40341 0.85638 0.471 0.637602
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 39.2 on 12556 degrees of freedom
(277 observations deleted due to missingness)
Multiple R-squared: 0.002945, Adjusted R-squared: 0.002548
F-statistic: 7.416 on 5 and 12556 DF, p-value: 5.902e-07False ZIP codes
1654 1700 1995 1999 2005 2721 3223 5109 5509 8288 9567 9766 10231
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11362 12306 12345 15383 17380 18443 19426 19824 20012 20525 21148 22114 22377
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
22871 24608 25398 30301 33250 34118 35966 36071 37981 38309 40475 41523 42729
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
44220 44878 45689 47100 48238 49495 50339 50796 52034 53384 53959 57634 57908
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
60032 60179 60312 63527 63841 65230 65292 66315 67463 70113 71643 71722 74580
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
74993 75178 81248 81378 83027 83456 84025 86258 86268 88807 88935 90502 91075
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
93763 96633 97272 98085 98468
1 1 1 1 1 Device types/Mobile device
Quality checks
Randomizations
uhh dce_version equity arm block radius
uhh NA 0.7729289 0.5960693 0.1221862 0.1246197 0.2784347
dce_version 0.7729289 NA 0.8467262 0.8180583 0.0312305 0.6802080
equity 0.5960693 0.8467262 NA 0.3827767 0.7002855 0.1191598
arm 0.1221862 0.8180583 0.3827767 NA 0.3871687 0.2704976
block 0.1246197 0.0312305 0.7002855 0.3871687 NA 0.6912985
radius 0.2784347 0.6802080 0.1191598 0.2704976 0.6912985 NA
order 0.1260788 0.5507973 0.9696572 0.5031774 0.7387981 0.8627452
order
uhh 0.1260788
dce_version 0.5507973
equity 0.9696572
arm 0.5031774
block 0.7387981
radius 0.8627452
order NASocio-demografics
# A tibble: 8 × 3
educ n percentage
<dbl> <int> <dbl>
1 6 4399 34.3
2 4 4128 32.2
3 5 2666 20.8
4 3 1356 10.6
5 8 127 0.989
6 2 74 0.576
7 1 48 0.374
8 7 41 0.319
Federal States
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Baden-Württemberg Bayern Berlin
1472 1954 935
Brandenburg Bremen Hamburg
445 117 443
Hessen Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Niedersachsen
1041 306 1180
Nordrhein-Westfalen Rheinland-Pfalz Saarland
2656 908 184
Sachsen Sachsen-Anhalt Schleswig-Holstein
960 438 554
Thüringen
390 “Sonntagsfrage”
Attention questions
Access of Additional Information
Accessed Infos on Costs
1
1635 Accessed Infos on Property
1
1941 NSG and HNV Distribution
Forest Use
Private Forest Owner?
1 2 3 4
849 13043 36 55 Forest Yes and Size
FALSE TRUE
13423 560 Forest Yes and Use
FALSE TRUE
13441 542 Forest Size in ha
0 0.08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12
28 1 159 70 35 22 50 7 2 11 35 1 9
14 15 16 18 19 20 21 25 26 30 34 35 40
1 1 2 1 1 18 2 4 2 9 1 4 6
50 55 60 68 80 90 100 101 110 120 122 150 181
12 1 4 1 1 3 14 1 1 4 1 2 3
197 200 230 250 300 400 500 600 1111 1200 1500 2000 3000
1 5 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 2 2 1
4000 4157 4584 5000 7000 10000 30459 80939
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Forest Use in m3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
201 62 47 23 17 38 4 1 9 1 20 1 5
15 18 20 22 23 25 26 29 30 33 34 35 38
6 1 22 4 2 3 3 1 7 1 2 1 1
40 45 50 59 60 65 75 76 80 90 100 120 124
2 1 13 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 7 1 1
125 150 190 200 250 300 450 500 600 1000 1500 2500 4582
2 2 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 1 1
5000 7500 10115 20539
1 1 1 1 
NR-index
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
1.000 3.167 3.667 3.669 4.333 5.000 
Choice Experiment
Choices scope low
1 2
37299 26901 Choices scope_high
1 2
36288 27902 DCE Version
Choices 1 2 3 4
1 18306 18993 17731 18557
2 13794 13107 14369 13533 DCE Version
HNV Attributes 1 2 3 4
100 6424 6423 0 0
200 6400 6416 6426 6432
300 6410 6421 0 0
400 0 0 6399 6415
500 6421 6421 0 0
600 0 0 6418 6423
800 6445 6419 0 0
1000 0 0 6437 6405
1600 0 0 6420 6415 DCE Version
PA Attributes 1 2 3 4
100 6412 6434 0 0
200 6432 6427 6422 6410
300 6425 6407 0 0
400 0 0 6425 6417
500 6422 6421 0 0
600 0 0 6423 6410
800 6409 6411 0 0
1000 0 0 6419 6418
1600 0 0 6411 6435 DCE Version
Cost Attributes 1 2 3 4
5 3217 3211 3197 3212
10 3214 3213 3224 3214
20 3211 3200 3202 3199
40 3219 3197 3215 3215
60 3203 3224 3209 3204
80 3197 3218 3207 3210
120 3197 3198 3212 3203
150 3225 3203 3227 3207
200 3194 3211 3201 3207
250 3223 3225 3206 3219 DCE Version
HNV Visible Dummy 1 2 3 4
0 16048 16073 16051 16029
1 16052 16027 16049 16061 DCE Version
Pa Full Dummy 1 2 3 4
0 21409 21390 21417 21391
1 10691 10710 10683 10699 DCE Version
Pa Full Dummy 1 2 3 4
0 21394 21391 21391 21393
1 10706 10709 10709 10697
Choice Pattern Plots
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1600
5 257 519 1029 517 1293 512 1270 513 1278 510 771 517 511 767
10 252 519 1031 516 1285 518 1286 519 1291 515 766 510 514 770
20 255 516 1024 507 1283 513 1281 509 1293 508 774 516 514 769
40 257 515 1031 516 1283 517 1298 512 1288 509 767 505 513 766
60 259 513 1032 507 1279 513 1289 517 1286 514 769 516 509 765
80 254 520 1024 509 1284 512 1280 509 1286 516 765 513 515 773
120 259 513 1022 512 1274 513 1294 514 1278 507 765 515 511 776
150 257 515 1035 512 1283 515 1296 508 1279 518 765 515 512 770
200 255 513 1022 506 1279 513 1277 516 1276 516 775 516 510 771
250 258 517 1028 519 1279 514 1282 521 1294 515 770 513 513 777
1800 2000 2200 2600 3200
5 513 765 515 521 259
10 514 771 512 512 264
20 509 765 512 512 252
40 514 767 519 512 257
60 514 779 517 507 255
80 516 768 514 516 258
120 510 771 505 511 260
150 514 779 515 519 255
200 512 769 517 516 254
250 512 778 512 516 255
arm
equity 5 10 20 Indefinitely
All same 0.4394994 0.4225806 0.4209554 0.4134663
Income tax 0.4300637 0.4249531 0.4341865 0.4285981
Protester
Utility Functions
Quadratic
\[ \begin{equation} U = \beta_{NC} \cdot \text{NC} + \beta_{NC_{sq}} \cdot \text{NC}^2 +\beta_{C} \cdot C + \beta_{Y} \cdot Y + \epsilon \label{mxl_base2} \end{equation} \]
with: \(NC = \{\text{PA}_{a}, \text{HNV}_{v}\}\) and \(a=\{1, 2, 3\}\) and \(v=\{1, 2\}\)
Linear Terms
\[ \begin{equation} U = \beta_{NC} \cdot \text{NC} + \beta_{C} \cdot C + \beta_{Y} \cdot Y + \epsilon \label{linear_model} \end{equation} \]
Logarithmic Terms
\[ \begin{equation} U = \beta_{NC} \cdot \log(\text{NC}) + \beta_{C} \cdot C + \beta_{Y} \cdot Y + \epsilon \label{log_nc_model} \end{equation} \]
Box-cox
\[ \begin{equation} U = \beta_{NC} \cdot \frac{\text{NC}^\lambda - 1}{\lambda} + \beta_{C} \cdot C + \beta_{Y} \cdot Y + \epsilon \quad \text{for } \lambda \neq 0 \label{box_cox_model} \end{equation} \]
Log-Linear
\[ \begin{equation} U = \beta_{NC} \cdot \text{NC} + \beta_{NC_{log}} \cdot \log(\text{NC}) + \beta_{C} \cdot C + \beta_{Y} \cdot Y + \epsilon \label{log_linear_model} \end{equation} \]
Conditional Logit Models
**************WARNING**************
You are seeing the model results based on: Main_1 + Main_2 + Main_3 + Main_4 + Main_5| Estimate | s.e. | t.rat.(0) | Rob.s.e. | Rob.t.rat.(0) | |
| beta_pa | 3.58 | 0.55 | 6.48 | 0.70 | 5.08 |
| beta_hnv | 2.78 | 0.43 | 6.43 | 0.58 | 4.83 |
| beta_pa_sq | -0.01 | 0.002 | -5.06 | 0.002 | -3.80 |
| beta_hnv_sq | -0.01 | 0.001 | -3.90 | 0.002 | -2.62 |
| pa_half_access | 3.61 | 0.56 | 6.47 | 0.73 | 4.97 |
| pa_full_access | 4.65 | 0.55 | 8.47 | 0.71 | 6.56 |
| pa_half_access_sq | -0.004 | 0.002 | -1.92 | 0.002 | -1.44 |
| pa_full_access_sq | -0.01 | 0.002 | -4.53 | 0.002 | -3.30 |
| hnv_visible | 3.58 | 0.43 | 8.25 | 0.59 | 6.04 |
| hnv_visible_sq | -0.01 | 0.001 | -4.64 | 0.002 | -3.09 |
| beta_cost | -0.01 | 0.0001 | -65.78 | 0.0002 | -45.45 |
| ASC_sq | -32.60 | 2.33 | -13.96 | 3.75 | -8.69 |
| Estimate | s.e. | t.rat.(0) | Rob.s.e. | Rob.t.rat.(0) | |
| beta_pa | 52.29 | 14.83 | 3.53 | 21.04 | 2.49 |
| beta_hnv | 57.02 | 13.64 | 4.18 | 22.79 | 2.50 |
| pa_half_access | 95.97 | 15.30 | 6.27 | 22.38 | 4.29 |
| pa_full_access | 108.79 | 14.92 | 7.29 | 22.16 | 4.91 |
| hnv_visible | 85.54 | 13.79 | 6.20 | 23.44 | 3.65 |
| beta_cost | -0.01 | 0.0001 | -65.70 | 0.0002 | -45.44 |
| ASC_sq | -43.10 | 1.79 | -24.09 | 3.40 | -12.69 |
| Estimate | s.e. | t.rat.(0) | Rob.s.e. | Rob.t.rat.(0) | |
| beta_pa | 1.37 | 0.34 | 3.98 | 0.40 | 3.46 |
| beta_hnv | 1.59 | 0.31 | 5.18 | 0.36 | 4.39 |
| pa_half_access | 2.75 | 0.34 | 7.99 | 0.40 | 6.93 |
| pa_full_access | 2.70 | 0.35 | 7.83 | 0.40 | 6.75 |
| hnv_visible | 2.16 | 0.31 | 7.06 | 0.36 | 6.03 |
| beta_cost | -0.01 | 0.0001 | -65.72 | 0.0002 | -45.44 |
| ASC_sq | -32.98 | 2.34 | -14.12 | 3.76 | -8.78 |
| Estimate | s.e. | t.rat.(0) | Rob.s.e. | Rob.t.rat.(0) | |
| beta_pa | 17.54 | 11.49 | 1.53 | 13.40 | 1.31 |
| beta_hnv | 9.34 | 4.97 | 1.88 | 5.61 | 1.67 |
| pa_half_access | 8.85 | 5.05 | 1.75 | 7.73 | 1.14 |
| pa_full_access | 18.55 | 7.50 | 2.47 | 9.28 | 2.00 |
| hnv_visible | 12.36 | 5.80 | 2.13 | 7.63 | 1.62 |
| beta_cost | -0.01 | 0.0001 | -65.72 | 0.0002 | -45.40 |
| ASC_sq | -31.25 | 2.30 | -13.56 | 3.71 | -8.43 |
| lambda_pa | 0.45 | 0.17 | 2.65 | 0.19 | 2.38 |
| lambda_hnv | 0.61 | 0.13 | 4.75 | 0.13 | 4.58 |
| lambda_pa_half | 0.75 | 0.13 | 5.57 | 0.20 | 3.71 |
| lambda_pa_full | 0.58 | 0.10 | 5.76 | 0.12 | 4.84 |
| lambda_hnv_vis | 0.61 | 0.11 | 5.34 | 0.14 | 4.36 |
| Estimate | s.e. | t.rat.(0) | Rob.s.e. | Rob.t.rat.(0) | |
| beta_pa | 0.72 | 0.44 | 1.62 | 0.55 | 1.31 |
| beta_hnv | 1.28 | 0.42 | 3.08 | 0.59 | 2.19 |
| beta_pa_sq | 48.51 | 19.70 | 2.46 | 27.23 | 1.78 |
| beta_hnv_sq | 21.33 | 19.13 | 1.11 | 31.72 | 0.67 |
| pa_half_access | 2.38 | 0.45 | 5.30 | 0.56 | 4.29 |
| pa_full_access | 1.77 | 0.44 | 4.00 | 0.56 | 3.15 |
| pa_half_access_sq | 28.52 | 20.53 | 1.39 | 29.06 | 0.98 |
| pa_full_access_sq | 67.53 | 19.63 | 3.44 | 28.42 | 2.38 |
| hnv_visible | 1.70 | 0.42 | 4.08 | 0.57 | 2.97 |
| hnv_visible_sq | 32.29 | 19.31 | 1.67 | 32.13 | 1.00 |
| beta_cost | -0.01 | 0.0001 | -65.73 | 0.0002 | -45.44 |
| ASC_sq | -32.45 | 2.34 | -13.87 | 3.77 | -8.61 |
Mixed Logit Models
**************WARNING**************
You are seeing the model results based on: Main_1 + Main_2 + Main_3 + Main_4 + Main_5 + pilot_2.1 + pilot_3 + pilot_4| Estimate | s.e. | t.rat.(0) | Rob.s.e. | Rob.t.rat.(0) | |
| beta_pa | 31.929 | 3.377 | 9.454 | 1.537 | 20.774 |
| beta_hnv | 24.244 | 3.445 | 7.037 | 1.640 | 14.787 |
| beta_pa_sq | -0.399 | 0.110 | -3.640 | 0.052 | -7.625 |
| beta_hnv_sq | -0.056 | 0.106 | -0.525 | 0.037 | -1.510 |
| pa_half_access | 6.864 | 3.127 | 2.195 | 1.532 | 4.480 |
| pa_full_access | 1.063 | 0.322 | 3.301 | 0.178 | 5.977 |
| hnv_visible | 1.163 | 2.100 | 0.554 | 0.859 | 1.355 |
| beta_cost | -3.395 | 0.168 | -20.172 | 0.171 | -19.810 |
| ASC_sq | -27.274 | 1.995 | -13.668 | 1.010 | -26.999 |
| sig_pa | -11.753 | 1.457 | -8.064 | 0.586 | -20.071 |
| sig_hnv | 6.739 | 0.924 | 7.297 | 0.272 | 24.755 |
| sig_pa_sq | -1.139 | 0.053 | -21.566 | 0.014 | -79.033 |
| sig_hnv_sq | 1.131 | 0.060 | 18.753 | 0.016 | 69.024 |
| sig_pa_half_access | 26.670 | 3.071 | 8.685 | 1.173 | 22.746 |
| sig_pa_full_access | 1.949 | 0.211 | 9.259 | 0.083 | 23.493 |
| sig_hnv_visible | -1.906 | 2.520 | -0.756 | 0.557 | -3.419 |
| sig_cost | -2.236 | 0.285 | -7.847 | 0.287 | -7.780 |
| sig_ASC_sq | 145.214 | 2.490 | 58.309 | 1.116 | 130.113 |
| Estimate | s.e. | t.rat.(0) | Rob.s.e. | Rob.t.rat.(0) | |
| beta_pa | 12.667 | 1.167 | 10.858 | 0.769 | 16.482 |
| beta_hnv | 12.439 | 1.632 | 7.623 | 1.802 | 6.901 |
| beta_pa_sq | -0.144 | 0.045 | -3.182 | 0.033 | -4.317 |
| beta_hnv_sq | -0.065 | 0.047 | -1.393 | 0.046 | -1.409 |
| pa_half_access | 22.826 | 1.223 | 18.668 | 0.832 | 27.441 |
| pa_full_access | 26.430 | 1.413 | 18.708 | 1.066 | 24.792 |
| hnv_visible | 15.376 | 1.240 | 12.399 | 1.201 | 12.806 |
| pa_half_access_sq | -0.184 | 0.057 | -3.240 | 0.060 | -3.078 |
| pa_full_access_sq | -0.260 | 0.034 | -7.610 | 0.017 | -15.678 |
| hnv_visible_sq | -0.025 | 0.038 | -0.647 | 0.026 | -0.943 |
| beta_cost | -3.427 | 0.039 | -88.086 | 0.040 | -84.877 |
| ASC_sq | -63.876 | 0.838 | -76.265 | 0.577 | -110.752 |
| beta_radius | -1.631 | 0.055 | -29.519 | 0.022 | -74.930 |
| beta_scope_high | 10.686 | 1.016 | 10.515 | 0.980 | 10.907 |
| sig_pa | 0.482 | 0.774 | 0.622 | 0.573 | 0.841 |
| sig_hnv | 5.952 | 0.625 | 9.517 | 0.323 | 18.437 |
| sig_pa_sq | -0.147 | 0.035 | -4.217 | 0.034 | -4.366 |
| sig_hnv_sq | -0.070 | 0.038 | -1.841 | 0.033 | -2.117 |
| sig_pa_half_access | 3.059 | 0.565 | 5.415 | 0.230 | 13.324 |
| sig_pa_full_access | -10.271 | 0.554 | -18.540 | 0.219 | -46.836 |
| sig_hnv_visible | -8.128 | 0.466 | -17.432 | 0.208 | -39.051 |
| sig_pa_half_access_sq | -0.127 | 0.034 | -3.711 | 0.020 | -6.354 |
| sig_pa_full_access_sq | 0.169 | 0.013 | 13.100 | 0.004 | 41.532 |
| sig_hnv_visible_sq | -0.086 | 0.026 | -3.349 | 0.013 | -6.770 |
| sig_cost | 2.101 | 0.062 | 34.128 | 0.064 | 32.848 |
| sig_ASC_sq | 119.247 | 0.717 | 166.249 | 0.603 | 197.790 |
| sig_radius | -4.366 | 0.047 | -93.461 | 0.039 | -110.614 |
| sig_scope_high | -99.162 | 0.694 | -142.979 | 0.369 | -269.002 |
| Model | AIC | BIC | LLout |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quadratic Utility Function | 77188.62 | 77296.64 | -38582.31 |
| Log Utility Function | 77308.98 | 77371.99 | -38647.49 |
| Linear Utility Function | 77268.21 | 77331.22 | -38627.11 |
| Box Cox Utility Function | 77231.68 | 77339.7 | -38603.84 |
| Log-Linear Utility Function | 77254.71 | 77362.73 | -38615.35 |
Plot and Map WTP
Plot WTP function for HNV.
Plot WTP for 100ha increase in HNV for all German counties. (based on MXL estimates)
Plot WTP function for PA.
Plot WTP for 100ha increase in Protected Areas for all German counties. (based on MXL estimates)
MXL Plots
CV
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
0.000e+00 5.000e+00 4.000e+01 2.044e+05 1.000e+02 1.000e+09 4697 
Travel Cost
Difference all visits and favourite visits
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
3585 287 266 143 110 228 64 56 67 34 225 21 88 21 31 113
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
19 18 31 9 236 6 26 5 15 64 27 15 22 5 107 3
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
20 4 3 25 7 8 8 1 84 13 3 6 13 2 6 11
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 64 65 68
5 123 1 12 2 4 9 4 2 1 30 1 1 2 14 2
70 71 73 74 75 76 78 79 80 81 84 85 86 88 90 92
40 1 1 1 7 3 2 1 27 1 1 2 1 5 25 4
93 95 96 98 100 102 104 105 110 111 112 113 115 116 120 124
1 2 2 6 58 1 28 2 9 1 3 1 5 1 9 1
125 130 131 138 140 143 145 146 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 160
7 5 1 2 3 1 3 1 25 1 1 2 3 4 1 7
164 165 170 175 180 185 188 190 191 195 198 200 205 209 210 215
1 3 2 1 5 1 2 3 1 1 1 26 2 2 1 5
221 225 230 236 240 245 248 250 255 260 265 270 274 280 285 288
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 5 2 1 1 1 2 2
300 305 310 312 313 315 320 330 335 346 348 349 350 364 365 399
4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
400 412 488 500 510 544 574 595 600 645 700 730 801 835 939 1004
2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1
1043 1104 1340 1685 2000 2119 3995
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 
[1] 704
[1] 137
