Code Along 1: SF Rental Market
Cam Paquette
2025-02-04
Goal: to predict the rental prices in the SF rental market Click here for the data
Import Data
rent <- readr::read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/main/data/2022/2022-07-05/rent.csv')## Rows: 200796 Columns: 17
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Delimiter: ","
## chr (8): post_id, nhood, city, county, address, title, descr, details
## dbl (9): date, year, price, beds, baths, sqft, room_in_apt, lat, lon
##
## ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.skimr::skim(rent)| Name | rent |
| Number of rows | 200796 |
| Number of columns | 17 |
| _______________________ | |
| Column type frequency: | |
| character | 8 |
| numeric | 9 |
| ________________________ | |
| Group variables | None |
Variable type: character
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | min | max | empty | n_unique | whitespace |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| post_id | 0 | 1.00 | 9 | 14 | 0 | 200796 | 0 |
| nhood | 0 | 1.00 | 4 | 43 | 0 | 167 | 0 |
| city | 0 | 1.00 | 5 | 19 | 0 | 104 | 0 |
| county | 1394 | 0.99 | 4 | 13 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| address | 196888 | 0.02 | 1 | 38 | 0 | 2869 | 0 |
| title | 2517 | 0.99 | 2 | 298 | 0 | 184961 | 0 |
| descr | 197542 | 0.02 | 13 | 16975 | 0 | 3025 | 0 |
| details | 192780 | 0.04 | 4 | 595 | 0 | 7667 | 0 |
Variable type: numeric
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | mean | sd | p0 | p25 | p50 | p75 | p100 | hist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| date | 0 | 1.00 | 20095718.38 | 44694.07 | 20000902.00 | 20050227.00 | 20110924.00 | 20120805.0 | 20180717.00 | ▁▇▁▆▃ |
| year | 0 | 1.00 | 2009.51 | 4.48 | 2000.00 | 2005.00 | 2011.00 | 2012.0 | 2018.00 | ▁▇▁▆▃ |
| price | 0 | 1.00 | 2135.36 | 1427.75 | 220.00 | 1295.00 | 1800.00 | 2505.0 | 40000.00 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| beds | 6608 | 0.97 | 1.89 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3.0 | 12.00 | ▇▂▁▁▁ |
| baths | 158121 | 0.21 | 1.68 | 0.69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 2.0 | 8.00 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| sqft | 136117 | 0.32 | 1201.83 | 5000.22 | 80.00 | 750.00 | 1000.00 | 1360.0 | 900000.00 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| room_in_apt | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 1.00 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| lat | 193145 | 0.04 | 37.67 | 0.35 | 33.57 | 37.40 | 37.76 | 37.8 | 40.43 | ▁▁▅▇▁ |
| lon | 196484 | 0.02 | -122.21 | 0.78 | -123.20 | -122.42 | -122.26 | -122.0 | -74.20 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
data <- rent %>%
# Treat missing values
select(-address, -descr, -details, -lat, -lon, -date, -year, -room_in_apt) %>%
na.omit() %>%
# log transform pos-skewed distributions
mutate(price = log(price))Explore Data
Identify good predictors.
sqft
data %>%
ggplot(aes(price, sqft)) +
scale_y_log10() +
geom_point()
beds
data %>%
ggplot(aes(price, as.factor(beds))) +
geom_boxplot()
title
data %>%
# tokenize title
unnest_tokens(output = word, input = title) %>%
# calculate avg rent per word
group_by(word) %>%
summarise(price = mean(price),
n =n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
filter(n > 10, !str_detect(word, "\\d")) %>%
slice_max(order_by = price, n = 20) %>%
#Plot
ggplot(aes(price, fct_reorder(word, price))) +
geom_point() +
labs(y = "Words in Title")
EDA Shortcut
#Step 1: Prepare Data
data_binarized_tbl <- data %>%
select(-post_id, -title) %>%
binarize()
data_binarized_tbl %>% glimpse()## Rows: 14,394
## Columns: 85
## $ nhood__campbell <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__concord_/_pleasant_hill_/_martinez` <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__cupertino <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__daly_city <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__danville_/_san_ramon` <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__dublin_/_pleasanton` <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__fairfield_/_vacaville` <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__foster_city <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__hayward_/_castro_valley` <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__milpitas <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__mountain_view <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__napa_county <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__palo_alto <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__petaluma <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__pittsburg_/_antioch` <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__rohnert_pk_/_cotati` <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__san_francisco <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__san_jose_central <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__san_jose_east <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__san_jose_north <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__san_jose_south <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__san_jose_west <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__san_mateo <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__san_rafael <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__santa_clara <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__santa_cruz <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__santa_rosa <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__SOMA_/_south_beach` <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__sunnyvale <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ nhood__union_city <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__vallejo_/_benicia` <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__willow_glen_/_cambrian` <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `nhood__-OTHER` <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,…
## $ city__cambrian <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__campbell <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__concord <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__cupertino <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__daly_city <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__dublin <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__fairfield <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__foster_city <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__hayward <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__milpitas <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__mountain_view <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__napa_county <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__oakland <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__palo_alto <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__petaluma <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__pittsburg <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__rohnert_park <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__san_francisco <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__san_jose <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__san_mateo <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__san_rafael <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__san_ramon <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__santa_clara <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__santa_cruz <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__santa_rosa <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__sunnyvale <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__union_city <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city__vallejo <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `city__-OTHER` <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,…
## $ county__alameda <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,…
## $ county__contra_costa <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county__marin <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county__napa <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county__san_francisco <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county__san_mateo <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county__santa_clara <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county__santa_cruz <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county__solano <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county__sonoma <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `price__-Inf_7.52294091807237` <dbl> 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,…
## $ price__7.52294091807237_7.80384330353877 <dbl> 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,…
## $ price__7.80384330353877_8.07868822922987 <dbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ price__8.07868822922987_Inf <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `beds__-Inf_2` <dbl> 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,…
## $ beds__2_3 <dbl> 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,…
## $ beds__3_Inf <dbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ `baths__-Inf_2` <dbl> 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,…
## $ baths__2_Inf <dbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,…
## $ `sqft__-Inf_887` <dbl> 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,…
## $ sqft__887_1100 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0,…
## $ sqft__1100_1500 <dbl> 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ sqft__1500_Inf <dbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,…# Step 2: Correlate
data_corr_tbl <- data_binarized_tbl %>%
correlate(price__8.07868822922987_Inf)
data_corr_tbl## # A tibble: 85 × 3
## feature bin correlation
## <fct> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 price 8.07868822922987_Inf 1
## 2 city san_francisco 0.389
## 3 county san_francisco 0.389
## 4 price -Inf_7.52294091807237 -0.342
## 5 price 7.80384330353877_8.07868822922987 -0.330
## 6 price 7.52294091807237_7.80384330353877 -0.328
## 7 sqft 1500_Inf 0.324
## 8 beds -Inf_2 -0.254
## 9 beds 3_Inf 0.241
## 10 sqft -Inf_887 -0.240
## # ℹ 75 more rows#Step 3: Plot
data_corr_tbl %>%
plot_correlation_funnel()## Warning: ggrepel: 69 unlabeled data points (too many overlaps). Consider
## increasing max.overlaps
Build Models
Split data
data <- sample_n(data, 100)
# Split into train and test dataset
set.seed(1234)
data_split <- rsample::initial_split(data)
data_train <- training(data_split)
data_test <- testing(data_split)
# Further split training dataset for cross-validation
set.seed(2345)
data_cv <- rsample::vfold_cv(data_train)
data_cv## # 10-fold cross-validation
## # A tibble: 10 × 2
## splits id
## <list> <chr>
## 1 <split [67/8]> Fold01
## 2 <split [67/8]> Fold02
## 3 <split [67/8]> Fold03
## 4 <split [67/8]> Fold04
## 5 <split [67/8]> Fold05
## 6 <split [68/7]> Fold06
## 7 <split [68/7]> Fold07
## 8 <split [68/7]> Fold08
## 9 <split [68/7]> Fold09
## 10 <split [68/7]> Fold10library(usemodels)## Warning: package 'usemodels' was built under R version 4.4.2usemodels::use_xgboost(price ~ ., data = data_train)## xgboost_recipe <-
## recipe(formula = price ~ ., data = data_train) %>%
## step_zv(all_predictors())
##
## xgboost_spec <-
## boost_tree(trees = tune(), min_n = tune(), tree_depth = tune(), learn_rate = tune(),
## loss_reduction = tune(), sample_size = tune()) %>%
## set_mode("classification") %>%
## set_engine("xgboost")
##
## xgboost_workflow <-
## workflow() %>%
## add_recipe(xgboost_recipe) %>%
## add_model(xgboost_spec)
##
## set.seed(6804)
## xgboost_tune <-
## tune_grid(xgboost_workflow, resamples = stop("add your rsample object"), grid = stop("add number of candidate points"))# Specify Recipe
xgboost_recipe <-
recipe(formula = price ~ ., data = data_train) %>%
recipes::update_role(post_id, new_role = "id variable") %>%
step_tokenize(title) %>%
step_tokenfilter(max_tokens = 100) %>%
step_tfidf(title) %>%
step_other(nhood, city) %>%
step_dummy(nhood, city, county, one_hot = TRUE) %>%
step_YeoJohnson(sqft, beds, baths)
xgboost_recipe %>% prep() %>% juice() %>% glimpse()## Rows: 75
## Columns: 482
## $ post_id <fct> pre2013_22896, 5829392718, pre2013_53066, pr…
## $ beds <dbl> 3.7332442, 1.9134085, 2.8312217, 1.9134085, …
## $ baths <dbl> 1.3880123, 1.0996910, 1.0996910, 0.6935765, …
## $ sqft <dbl> 8.268138, 7.422845, 8.254889, 7.893885, 8.13…
## $ price <dbl> 7.781139, 7.693937, 8.242756, 7.882315, 8.07…
## $ tfidf_title_1 <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.000000…
## $ `tfidf_title_1,000sqft` <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1397011, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1.5 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_10 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1177632, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1000 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1000ft <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1000ft2 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1008ft <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_101 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1077ft2 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_11 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1100ft <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1100ft2 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1177632, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1165ft <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1180ft <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1187ft <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_12 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1250 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1250ft <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1259ft2 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1290 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1295 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_13 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1300ft <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1300ft2 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1322ft2 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1395 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_14 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1177632, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1400ft2 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1411ft2 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1425 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1480ft <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1485 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1490 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1495 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_15 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1525ft2 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1534ft2 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1566ft2 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1582ft <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_16 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1600 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1650 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1672ft <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.2887156, …
## $ tfidf_title_1695 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1700ft2 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1750ft <dbl> 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.00…
## $ tfidf_title_1772sqft <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1798ft <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_18 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1800 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1825 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1884 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1950 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1ba <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1bath <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1bd <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1bdrm <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1bed <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_1br <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1st <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_1x1 <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_2 <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.08781799, 0.000000…
## $ `tfidf_title_2,195` <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1397011, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
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## $ tfidf_title_grand <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_granite <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_great <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_green <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_half <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_har <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_hardwood <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_healdsburg <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_hercules <dbl> 0.3093381, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_hide <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.000000…
## $ tfidf_title_highway <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_hills <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_hm <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_home <dbl> 0.14688943, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.000000…
## $ tfidf_title_house <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_hse <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_huff <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_img <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_in <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.103876…
## $ tfidf_title_includes <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_ingleside <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_inner <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_into <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_is <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_jose <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_jr <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_july <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_keys <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_kitchen <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_lake <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_landing <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_large <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1050999, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_larkspur <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_leasing <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_lg <dbl> 0.3093381, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_life <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_livermore <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_located <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_location <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_loft <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_los <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_lovely <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_luna <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_luxury <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.2607613, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_maintained <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_mall <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_map <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_mar <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_marin <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_marina <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_mart <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_maticulously <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_mediterranean <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_millworks <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.2887156, …
## $ tfidf_title_milpitas <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_mints <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_modern <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_montgomery <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_month <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_monthly <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_most <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_mountain <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_move <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_napa <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_near <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_neighborhood <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_neighbourhood <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_new <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.09623076, 0.00000000, 0.000000…
## $ tfidf_title_newark <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1177632, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_next <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.2607613, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_nice <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_nicely <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_nis <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_north <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_novato <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.2433772, …
## $ tfidf_title_now <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_oca <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_of <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_off <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_one <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_open <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_over <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1397011, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_park <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.2327212, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_parking <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_pay <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_pet <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_pic <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_plan <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_pleasanton <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_pleasure <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_plex <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_plus <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_pm <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_point <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_posting <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_premier <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_private <dbl> 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.00…
## $ tfidf_title_promptly <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_quince <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_rafael <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_ready <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_reduced <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_remodeled <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_rent <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_rental <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_resim <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.000000…
## $ tfidf_title_restore <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.000000…
## $ tfidf_title_richmond <dbl> 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.00…
## $ tfidf_title_rinconada <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_rm <dbl> 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.00…
## $ tfidf_title_room <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_rosa <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_san <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_santa <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_sat <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_sausalito <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_schools <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_seacliff <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_seascape <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_sfh <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_sfr <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_sfsu <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_short <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_single <dbl> 0.2327212, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_size <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_sjsu <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_soma <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_soon <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_south <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_spacious <dbl> 0.1595423, 0.0000000, 0.1595423, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_special <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_splash <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_sq <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_sqft <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_story <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_studio <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_stunner <dbl> 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.00…
## $ tfidf_title_stunning <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_şub <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_suisun <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_summer <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_sun <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_sunnyvale <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_super <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_telegraph <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_term <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_terrabedro <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_the <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_this <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_three <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.2887156, …
## $ tfidf_title_to <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.17577208, 0.000000…
## $ tfidf_title_today <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_top <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.2887156, …
## $ tfidf_title_townhome <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_townhouse <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_tuscan <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_twnhs <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_two <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.2887156, …
## $ tfidf_title_union <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1177632, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_updated <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_upgraded <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_upper <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_utilities <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_vacaville <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_vallejo <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_valley <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_very <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_view <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_views <dbl> 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.00…
## $ tfidf_title_village <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_w <dbl> 0.2327212, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_walk <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_washer <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_waterfront <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_we <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_west <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_windsor <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_with <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.00000000, 0.000000…
## $ tfidf_title_wonderful <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_yard <dbl> 0.2607613, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_your <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ tfidf_title_yours <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_게시물 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.2355263, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_게시물을 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1177632, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_복구 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1177632, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_사진 <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.09623076, 0.00000000, 0.000000…
## $ tfidf_title_설정 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1177632, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_숨김 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1177632, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_월 <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.08943835, 0.00000000, 0.000000…
## $ tfidf_title_이 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.3532895, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_즐겨찾기로 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.1177632, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_지도 <dbl> 0.00000000, 0.08943835, 0.00000000, 0.000000…
## $ tfidf_title_图片 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_地图 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ tfidf_title_月 <dbl> 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, 0.0000000, …
## $ nhood_san.jose.west <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,…
## $ nhood_other <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,…
## $ city_san.francisco <dbl> 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ city_san.jose <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,…
## $ city_other <dbl> 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,…
## $ county_alameda <dbl> 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,…
## $ county_contra.costa <dbl> 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county_marin <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county_napa <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county_san.francisco <dbl> 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county_san.mateo <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0,…
## $ county_santa.clara <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,…
## $ county_santa.cruz <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county_solano <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…
## $ county_sonoma <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,…#Specify Model
xgboost_spec <-
boost_tree(trees = tune(), min_n = tune(), mtry = tune(), learn_rate = tune()) %>%
set_mode("regression") %>%
set_engine("xgboost")
#Combine recipe and model using workflow
xgboost_workflow <-
workflow() %>%
add_recipe(xgboost_recipe) %>%
add_model(xgboost_spec)
#Tune hyperparameters
set.seed(344)
xgboost_tune <-
tune_grid(xgboost_workflow,
resamples = data_cv,
grid = 5)## i Creating pre-processing data to finalize unknown parameter: mtry## → A | warning: A correlation computation is required, but `estimate` is constant and has 0
## standard deviation, resulting in a divide by 0 error. `NA` will be returned.## There were issues with some computations A: x1 → B | warning: ! There are new levels in `county`: "napa".
## ℹ Consider using step_novel() (`?recipes::step_novel()`) \ before
## `step_dummy()` to handle unseen values.
## There were issues with some computations A: x1There were issues with some computations A: x1 B: x1There were issues with some computations A: x1 B: x2There were issues with some computations A: x1 B: x3There were issues with some computations A: x1 B: x4There were issues with some computations A: x1 B: x5There were issues with some computations A: x3 B: x5There were issues with some computations A: x4 B: x5There were issues with some computations A: x5 B: x5There were issues with some computations A: x6 B: x5There were issues with some computations A: x7 B: x5There were issues with some computations A: x8 B: x5There were issues with some computations A: x9 B: x5There were issues with some computations A: x10 B: x5There were issues with some computations A: x10 B: x5Evaluate Models
tune::show_best(xgboost_tune, metric = "rmse") ## # A tibble: 5 × 10
## mtry trees min_n learn_rate .metric .estimator mean n std_err .config
## <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 151 1104 28 0.00484 rmse standard 0.344 10 0.0243 Preproces…
## 2 379 1524 23 0.0836 rmse standard 0.349 10 0.0266 Preproces…
## 3 28 1613 36 0.0290 rmse standard 0.356 10 0.0257 Preproces…
## 4 285 768 12 0.112 rmse standard 0.421 10 0.0231 Preproces…
## 5 429 162 7 0.00108 rmse standard 6.15 10 0.0461 Preproces…# Update the model by selecting the best hyperparameters
xgboost_fw <- tune::finalize_workflow(xgboost_workflow,
tune::select_best(xgboost_tune, metric = "rmse"))
# Fit the model on the entire training data and test it on the test data.
data_fit <- tune::last_fit(xgboost_fw, data_split)tune::collect_metrics(data_fit)## # A tibble: 2 × 4
## .metric .estimator .estimate .config
## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 rmse standard 0.345 Preprocessor1_Model1
## 2 rsq standard 0.123 Preprocessor1_Model1tune::collect_predictions(data_fit) %>%
ggplot(aes(price, .pred)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.3, fill = "midnightblue") +
geom_abline(lty = 2, color = "gray50") +
coord_fixed()