Basic Statistics Lab

Load Libraries

# remember, you might need to install packages

library(psych) # for the describe() command
library(expss) # for the cross_cases() command

Load Data

d <- read.csv(file="Data/mydata.csv", header=T)

names(d)

[1] "education"   "sleep_hours" "brs"         "iou"         "mfq_state"  
[6] "phq"

Univariate Plots: Histograms & Tables

table(d$sleep_hours)


 1 < 5 hours  2 5-6 hours  3 7-8 hours 4 8-10 hours 5 > 10 hours 
          44          130          143           64           21

table(d$education)


             1 equivalent to not completing high school 
                                                     96 
                 2 equivalent to high school completion 
                                                    182 
3 equivalent to vocational/technical program completion 
                                                      3 
                       4 equivalent to AP/IB completion 
                                                     70 
                                 5 undergraduate degree 
                                                     15 
                            6 graduate degree or higher 
                                                      8 
                                      prefer not to say 
                                                     28

hist(d$brs)

hist(d$iou)

hist(d$phq)

hist(d$mfq_state)

Univariate Normality

Check skew and kurtosis. Cutoffs are -2 to 2, if skew or kurtosis are higher or lower than these values, I need to mention in it my write up.

describe(d)

             vars   n mean   sd median trimmed  mad  min max range  skew
education*      1 402 2.66 1.71   2.00    2.37 1.48 1.00   7  6.00  1.23
sleep_hours*    2 402 2.72 1.03   3.00    2.71 1.48 1.00   5  4.00  0.26
brs             3 402 2.70 0.88   2.67    2.69 0.99 1.00   5  4.00  0.10
iou             4 402 2.94 0.94   2.96    2.94 1.15 1.04   5  3.96  0.01
mfq_state       5 402 3.73 1.01   3.75    3.76 1.11 1.00   6  5.00 -0.26
phq             6 402 2.54 0.87   2.56    2.54 0.99 1.00   4  3.00 -0.01
             kurtosis   se
education*       0.63 0.09
sleep_hours*    -0.41 0.05
brs             -0.69 0.04
iou             -0.96 0.05
mfq_state       -0.28 0.05
phq             -1.08 0.04

Bivariate Plots

Crosstabs

cross_cases(d, education, sleep_hours)

	sleep_hours
	1 < 5 hours	2 5-6 hours	3 7-8 hours	4 8-10 hours	5 > 10 hours
education
1 equivalent to not completing high school	13	27	34	16	6
2 equivalent to high school completion	19	62	62	30	9
3 equivalent to vocational/technical program completion	1		2
4 equivalent to AP/IB completion	8	24	23	11	4
5 undergraduate degree		6	8	1
6 graduate degree or higher			7	1
prefer not to say	3	11	7	5	2
#Total cases	44	130	143	64	21

Scatterplots

plot(d$iou, d$brs,
     main="Scatterplot of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Resilience",
     xlab = "Intolerance of Uncertainty",
     ylab = "Resilience")

plot(d$iou, d$phq,
     main="Scatterplot of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Depression",
     xlab = "Intolerance of Uncertainty",
     ylab = "Depression")

plot(d$iou, d$mfq_state,
     main="Scatterplot of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Flexibility",
     xlab = "Intolerance of Uncertainty",
     ylab = "Mental Flexibility")

plot(d$brs, d$phq,
     main="Scatterplot of Resilience and Depression",
     xlab = "Resilience",
     ylab = "Depression")

plot(d$brs, d$mfq_state,
     main="Scatterplot of Resilience and Mental Flexibility",
     xlab = "Resilience",
     ylab = "Mental Flexibility")

plot(d$phq, d$mfq_state,
     main="Scatterplot of Depression and Mental Flexibility",
     xlab = "Depression",
     ylab = "Mental Flexibility")

Boxplots

boxplot(data=d, iou~education,
        main="Boxplot of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Education",
        xlab = "Education",
        ylab = "Intolerance of Uncertainty")

boxplot(data=d, iou~sleep_hours,
        main="Boxplot of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Hours of Sleep",
        xlab = "Hours of Sleep",
        ylab = "Intolerance of Uncertainty")

Write-Up

We reviewed plots and descriptive statistics for our six chosen variables: Educations, Hours of Sleep,iou, brs, phq, mfq_state. All four of our continuous variables, iou, brs, phq, and mfq_state, had skew and kurtosis within the accepted range (-2/+2).