Characteristic | Female, N = 381 | Male, N = 631 | Overall, N = 1011 |
---|---|---|---|
Race | |||
White | 30 (79%) | 49 (80%) | 79 (80%) |
Black | 2 (5.3%) | 5 (8.2%) | 7 (7.1%) |
Hispanic/Latino | 3 (7.9%) | 4 (6.6%) | 7 (7.1%) |
Asian | 2 (5.3%) | 2 (3.3%) | 4 (4.0%) |
Other | 1 (2.6%) | 1 (1.6%) | 2 (2.0%) |
Unknown | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Ethnicity | |||
Not Hispanic/Latino | 34 (89%) | 52 (83%) | 86 (85%) |
Hispanic/Latino | 4 (11%) | 11 (17%) | 15 (15%) |
Prematurity | 10 (26%) | 14 (22%) | 24 (24%) |
Age of patient (days) | 4 (2, 28) | 3 (1, 20) | 3 (1, 24) |
Echogenicity (right) | |||
None | 33 (87%) | 48 (76%) | 81 (80%) |
Mild | 3 (7.9%) | 8 (13%) | 11 (11%) |
Moderate | 1 (2.6%) | 4 (6.3%) | 5 (5.0%) |
Severe | 1 (2.6%) | 3 (4.8%) | 4 (4.0%) |
Echogenicity (left) | |||
None | 26 (81%) | 31 (70%) | 57 (75%) |
Mild | 4 (13%) | 7 (16%) | 11 (14%) |
Moderate | 1 (3.1%) | 3 (6.8%) | 4 (5.3%) |
Severe | 1 (3.1%) | 3 (6.8%) | 4 (5.3%) |
Unknown | 6 | 19 | 25 |
Echogenicity (overall) | |||
None | 31 (82%) | 46 (73%) | 77 (76%) |
Mild | 5 (13%) | 10 (16%) | 15 (15%) |
Moderate | 1 (2.6%) | 4 (6.3%) | 5 (5.0%) |
Severe | 1 (2.6%) | 3 (4.8%) | 4 (4.0%) |
Ultrasound probe | |||
9L | 5 (14%) | 13 (22%) | 18 (19%) |
C2-9 | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.7%) | 1 (1.1%) |
C3-10 | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.7%) | 1 (1.1%) |
L2-9 | 3 (8.6%) | 2 (3.4%) | 5 (5.3%) |
L8-18i | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) |
LA2-14A | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) |
M6-15 | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) |
ML4-20 | 3 (8.6%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.2%) |
ML6-15 | 20 (57%) | 41 (69%) | 61 (65%) |
S4-10 | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (1.7%) | 2 (2.1%) |
Unknown | 3 | 4 | 7 |
Congenital heart disease | 14 (37%) | 14 (22%) | 28 (28%) |
Exam type | |||
US Abdomen Complete | 27 (71%) | 40 (63%) | 67 (66%) |
US Abdomen - RUQ | 5 (13%) | 17 (27%) | 22 (22%) |
Other | 6 (16%) | 6 (9.5%) | 12 (12%) |
Follow-up ultrasound | 10 (26%) | 15 (24%) | 25 (25%) |
Echogenicity at follow-up | |||
No | 8 (80%) | 11 (73%) | 19 (76%) |
Mild | 2 (20%) | 2 (13%) | 4 (16%) |
Moderate | 0 (0%) | 2 (13%) | 2 (8.0%) |
Unknown | 28 | 48 | 76 |
1 n (%); Median (IQR) |
Transient echogenicity of neonatal renal papillae: updating normal age range with current ultrasound technology
Statistical analysis
Categorical variables are summarized using counts and percentages. Continuous variables are summarized using means and standard deviations. The distributions of factors like age of patient, prematurity, congenital heart disease, and ultrasound probe are summarized by degree of severity of echogenicity (right, left, and overall). The relationship between these factors and echogenicity is assessed using linear trend tests or Fisher exact tests. Statistical significance is defined as a two-sided p-value < 0.05. All analyses are performed using R version 4.1.1.
Patient characteristics
The study population included 101 patients. Their characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Overall echogenicity is defined as the maximum degree of severity between the right and left renal pyramids.