Class-Based Zero-Sum Beliefs
January 2025: Analysis
Background
The purpose of this study is to pilot a manipulation of threat to the working class, as a way to move around class-based zero-sum beliefs.
Demographics
Race
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(race) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| race | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 | 1 |
| Asian | 7 | 7 |
| Black or African American | 11 | 11 |
| Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 6 | 6 |
| Other (please specify) | 1 | 1 |
| White | 71 | 71 |
| multiracial | 2 | 2 |
| NA | 1 | 1 |
Gender
df_cbzs_elg %>%
mutate(gender = ifelse(is.na(gender) | gender == "","other",gender)) %>%
group_by(gender) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| gender | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| man | 45 | 45 |
| woman | 55 | 55 |
Age
df_cbzs_elg %>%
summarise(age_mean = round(mean(age,na.rm = T),2),
age_sd = round(sd(age,na.rm = T),2)) %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| age_mean | age_sd |
|---|---|
| 37.91 | 13.43 |
Education
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(edu) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| edu | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| GED | 33 | 33 |
| 2yearColl | 13 | 13 |
| 4yearColl | 37 | 37 |
| MA | 14 | 14 |
| PHD | 2 | 2 |
| NA | 1 | 1 |
Subjective SES
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(ses) %>%
summarise(N = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| ses | N | Perc |
|---|---|---|
| Lower Class | 11 | 11 |
| Lower Middle Class | 25 | 25 |
| Middle Class | 54 | 54 |
| Upper Middle Class | 10 | 10 |
Income
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = income)) +
geom_bar() +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_blank(),
axis.title.y = element_blank()) +
coord_flip()
Politics
Ideology
Participants were asked about the extent to which they subscribe to the following ideologies on a scale of 1-7 (select NA if unfamiliar): Conservatism, Liberalism, Democratic Socialism, Libertarianism, Progressivism.
means <- df_cbzs_elg %>%
dplyr::select(PID,ideo_con:ideo_prog) %>%
pivot_longer(-PID,
names_to = "ideo",
values_to = "score") %>%
filter(!is.na(score)) %>%
group_by(ideo) %>%
summarise(score = mean(score)) %>%
ungroup()
df_cbzs_elg %>%
dplyr::select(PID,ideo_con:ideo_prog) %>%
pivot_longer(-PID,
names_to = "ideo",
values_to = "score") %>%
filter(!is.na(score)) %>%
ggplot() +
geom_density(aes(x = score), fill = "lightblue") +
scale_x_continuous(limits = c(1,7),
breaks = seq(1,7,1)) +
geom_vline(data = means,mapping = aes(xintercept = score),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold")) +
facet_wrap(~ideo,nrow = 2)
Manipulation responses
Threat condition
| open_response |
|---|
| It looks like the richest people in the world continue to get richer and the poorest have stayed consistently poor over time. |
| The annual wage of Americans at the very top of the income distribution is rising much faster than the bottom 90%, or most Americans. This means that the super rich are continuing to get richer and richer, while average Americans are falling behind. This seems like a reason behind people noticing that it costs a lot more to live an average life, while traditional economic markers like corporate profits continue to rise. |
| It seems like as the years have gone by, the Top 1% earners have continued to increase their wages. They continued to improve while the bottom 90% stayed relatively the same. It could be because of many reasons, but they probably have habits that are keeping them there. |
| Well, the top 1% has been steadily increasing their wealth and it seems like a lot of normal people end up struggling. It seems like a lot of people feel like they are worse off compared to even 5 or 10 years ago in comparison, meanwhile the top 1% has never been doing better. |
| I believe that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. This is just how the world is nowadays. You work and work, and the people you are working for are getting more complacent with using the bottom 90% to make them earn more money. |
| It clearly depicts income disparity over time, the gap widening noticeably in the early ’90’s. As time continues, we can see that gap widening more and more. |
| This chart is not surprising to me. Those who have a lot of money and have invested it, are able to make a greater return and thus increase their wealth more rapidly than those with less money. |
| Unfortunately in America, the rich will always get richer while the poor will always struggle. The income gap is so absurdly substantial that it seems we will never find a middle ground here. It’s not a crime to be in the top 1%, but it should be a crime to make the bottom 90% struggle as much as they are. |
| This chart displays evidence of the growing wage gap between the top and bottom earners. Particularly, the gap between the top 1% and nearly everyone else. While technology has increased the amount of access to material possessions for everyone, advancement and the growing wage gap has created a large disparity in peoples’ abilities to gain assets, such as buying a home. This wage gap will continue to increase if nothing is done. |
| The chart highlights disparities in wealth accumulation, access to resources, and material conditions that have worsened economic divides over time. |
| The gap between the most wealthy Americans and the rest of the country has grown wider and wider. That means many are left behind in material comfort. I think it could lead to greater unrest over time. |
| Based on this chart I can see that the top earners have been drastically increasing in pay. But the regular people in the bottom 90% havent been increasing only very slowly. |
| It seems that over the past 2 decades wealthier people have been getting a higher increase while the bottom 90% of people have remained baseline. |
| Wages have been suppressed by illegal immigration and H1B visas. so the rich get richer and everybody else slowly gets poorer. |
| Wages for the upper class have steadily increased. Wages for the lower class haven’t changed very much over time. |
| Based on the chart, and taking into account for inflation over the past 70+ years, it seems as though the bottom 90% of income earners have been able to afford less and less and therefore, the quality of life for the bottom 90% has probably decreased, while the quality of life for the top 1% has increased. The wages for the bottom 90% have barely increased and the line almost looks flat. The top 1% increased exponentially and the gap between the two classes has increased significantly. In modern times, there are more things we are required to purchase to survive, such as computers and cell phones, so the cost of living has also gone up while wages have not gone up much. |
| The bottom 90% has seen their wages increase at a steady pace while the top 1% has seen their wages increase much faster. |
| the rich are getting richer (top 1%), while the bottom 90% are seeing very slow, almost stagnant growth. i think conditions are getting worse for middle and lower class americans while the upper class’s conditions are only getting better. |
| This doesn’t surprise me as the rich have obviously been getting richer. It’s obvious that the top one percent are pulling away from lower income earners and have been doing so at a rapid rate since the mid seventies. |
| This chart visualizes a major problem with wealth disparity in America. The gap continues to widen and those with money exponentially increase their position while those without fall further behind. |
| The gap used to not be noticeable. There was even a time there was no gap at all. As greed became overwhelming the gap began to grow and quickly too. |
| I think the information from the chart is very accurate. It’s so much easier for the top 1% to grow their income as compared to the bottom 90%. The rich get richer while the poor stay poor or get poorer. The inequality in earnings in America will keep getting worse if things don’t change. |
| It is a bit depressing. I am certainly not in that 1%, and I feel that this kind of widening gap between the top and the middle is a recipe for disaster, long term. One could look at this chart and assume that the working class is being taken advantage of. |
| The increase in income of the top 1% has grown drastically in the last 70 years, while the rest has grown a lot less drastically. |
| According to this graph, the wealthy have obtained more wealth, while the rest of the population has seen very limited growth in income. While materials that were once luxuries have now become necessities, it seems that the bottom 90% of Americans continue to pay for increases in pricing with the same income from the past century. The boost of the money coming in for the wealthy 1% of Americans is eye opening because the increase is huge and gap between the wealthy and the rest of the population has only become magnified. |
| This shows an alarmingly increase in the wealth gap in the US. This means that the rich are only getting richer and the rest of the population is left with what is leftover. |
| i think government should tax the top 1 percent more, at current pace top 1 percent would continue increasing their wealth at bottom 90 percent’s expense |
| Prior to the 1970s it appears that it was easier for people in the bottom class to be able to reach the top in regards of earning potential. Today the wage gap us so apart that it almost seems dauntingly impossible to move from the bottom to the top. |
| The rich get richer and the poorer get poorer is the only way to look at this. Consolidating powers through government regulations has made it impossible to start a new business and compete when few own everything. Also many are paid entirely to much for what they do, the least work creates the most money. I see why so many are intrigued by communism. |
| This chart shows that the top earners have been increasing their wages at a much higher rate then the rest of the population. I still think that the United States is the best country to have a chance to increasing wealth. Everyone has a much better chance here than in other countries that are not based on capitalism. |
| The majority of Americans (bottom 90%) have experienced a decline in their purchasing power over the last 6 decades. As companies and businesses consolidate is has become increasingly harder to get a stable source of decent income. The top 1% of Americans have been working hard to consolidate and gatekeep the means of financial mobility through lobbying and off shoring profits from the American economy. |
| I believe this looks acurate! I do think the wealthy are growing and making more not only but due to online business growth. Sadly, the lower sit still because corporations are greedy. |
| Looking at the chart it appears that sometime between 1971 and 1976 the annual wage increases for the top 1% of income earners began to surpass that of the bottom 90%. It also appears to have continued to increase at a relatively steep rate while the wages of the bottom 90% have remained stagnant for all intents and purposes. I think as the disparity has grown it has impacted the living conditions of the bottom 90% quite a lot. They often have to make extreme sacrifices just to meet their basic needs; while the top 1% continue to gain wealth and live their lives without knowing what want is or how it feels to wonder if you will be able to meet your basic needs. |
| Based on the graph presented, both classes have consisted increased but the 1970s seem to have been a peak period for the top 1% |
| Rich people get rich by being selfish. There is a very small amount of rich people who have gotten wealthy by fair means. Along the way, the top 1% they have been taking advantage of the bottom 90% |
| Shows the hardwork of people in country that motivate others to work ore hard with trust and love towards job and work passionally |
| The bottom 90% of income earners have not been able to increase their wages in any satisfactory way. The top 10% of income earners have continuously increased their income. The bottom 90% is likely worse off than their parents were. |
| I think the biggest influence in this is cost of living and inflation, which influences the job market, hiring, and wages. The top 1% are not working in jobs that are affected by these conditions, and they have similar options if they happen to lose/change jobs. |
| This gap indicates that social mobility might be decreasing as structural obstacles to advancement become increasingly significant for the bottom 90 percent . The striking disparities in material conditions underscore systemic economic issues that favor wealth accumulations among the rich while leaving most people struggling to maintain stability. |
| Its saddening that the rich get richer, but its not unexpected. Election campaigns run on money, and the rich have no problem giving more money to get who will better help them. Lower class Americans focus more on social issues than economic issues when it comes to elections. Those with money parrot the social issues, but all they care about are the economic policies that best benefit them. This leads to 1% getting over on the 99%. |
| This trend indicates to me that the income (and highly likely wealth) gap will widen over time. This puts pressure on the bottom 90% as material conditions are concerned. As inflation stands to be high, the bottom 90% will be struggling even for day-to-day commodities. |
| It seems that since the 1970s there has been an incredible increase in the income growth gap that has never stopped. I imagine that those who succeeded earned a lot by continuing to invest and making the gap grow more and more |
| THe change was slow at first where the bottom 90% earned more than the top 1%. Bur as the years progressed the change happed inbetween 1971-1976 in approximately 1973. Where the top 1% saw an increse in their annual wages and it rose ever since as shown in the chat.Albeit their were curves or rise and fall in the Top 1% the bottom 90% curve seemed to be unchanging or rather the vhange was so minimal to note down, that a barely any change. |
| The rich do keep getting richer because they tend to have access to better jobs and are more “savvy” when it comes to how to find better jobs that pay well. They are better educated and qualify for more higher wage jobs. Because of this, they can afford better homes, food, and can educate their children better. It is difficult for the bottom 90% to improve things for themselves. The jobs they can do tend to not pay well, and when there are wage increases for them it’s never as much as an existing higher earner gets. Lower earners also tend to have more debt and less savings. |
| The bottom 90 percent of the population simply don’t have access to the proper education to understand how the economy works. People who have money i the first place are also already in a much better place to make more money through investments. The lower 90 percent have to actually spend their money on necessities which takes up all their money and they have none left to grow. |
| I think the top 1 percent should be taxed a lot more and it’s sad that the rich are getting richer and the average person is staying the same. |
| Ultimately the bottom 90% of income earners has drastically stagnated in the last 50 years while the top 1% has drastically increased. It has caused a lot of problems for the working class, which has increased poverty and struggles throughout. |
| it just seems like the rich get richer and the poor stay poor although it seems to be adjusting to inflation. |
| The rich keep getting richer because they have the wealth to risk heavier and higher. They are able to invest higher and heavier. |
No Threat Condition
| open_response |
|---|
| I think I’m looking at the chart that it is kind of bad how little the bottom owners have increased by you I feel like it should be more considering it’s been almost 40 years but I don’t know. |
| The bottom 90% have been steadily increasing their incomes over time. The chart shows steady growth. I doubt that this is true when you factor in inflation. |
| Americans have become more material over time largely due to technological and social advancements. Even for people of lower social classes, materialness trickles down, and there aren’t really slum like conditions there are for other poorer countries. |
| This does represent an increase in real wage dollars relative to the 1950s. However, this only shows a 60% increase, adjusted for inflation which isn’t really all that much. I don’t even think that represents much of an increase above inflation. |
| It is nice to see that the bottom of income earners have increased over time. I bet they still struggle because of inflation. |
| What is the increase in cost of living? I don’t think this increase in wages has kept up with cost of living, inflation, and increase in taxes. |
| I am skeptical of this chart, it does not square with what I have been reading in the news. Real wages have not been increasing for most Americans, only the rich. |
| I think that the lower income earners in America have had to adapt to the growing prices of everything around them. As such, it is a necessity to earn more so that they can afford the basics, like rent, groceries, gas, utilities, etc. Even though people are richer now compared to how the low income earners were in the 1950s, I don’t think that this is a signifier that Americans are so much well off. Everything has gotten more expensive. |
| It looks pretty steady to me. There are no sharp increases or decreases, it’s a pretty stable slow growth upwards. |
| Over the past decades, income earners incomes have increased. This can indicate that, on average, people are earning more money over time than they had in the 50’s. |
| This chart shows that the bottom 90% of workers have increased their average annual wages since the 1950s. |
| Over the last 70 years we have had continual growth in wages. It’s been steady going up but has been slowly going up in the last 10 years. |
| I eel that as American has grown and advanced, there are more opportunities for employment in higher paying jobs. There are more jobs available with more competition, in general. |
| The chart clashes with the overall perception people have. The chart also shows that it is a gradual enough change that it is possible for people to have feelings that don’t mesh well with the reality. |
| Over time, lower income earners have been able to steadily increase what they make every year since 1951. |
| I think the wages of the bottom 90% have obviously increased but with the current level of inflation their quality of life has decreased |
| The bottom 90% of Americans have been doing well financially since 1951 and have been growing their income if you adjust for inflation. Overall, things look to be getting better for the majority of Americans. |
| This may be a true fact, however, the bottom class is not doing better. The prices of things have risen as well. This includes housing, food, and just about everything else. So yes, income has improved, but I would argue that the quality of life has not. |
| It’s not surprising that most people are out-earning previous generations. The minimum wage keeps rising and working multiple jobs seems to be the norm these days in order to pay the bills. |
| This seems rather surprising to me. I do not feel that this chart provides the whole picture. Inflation was so much lower back then, as well as the gap between wages and cost of living. The gap between cost of living and wages has gone up exponentially, and this graph is almost misleading. |
| The annual wage of workers should definitely increase because the cost of living has changed over those years. |
| People working hard to become rich through their consistency ,dedication and smartness. women empowerment reflected well and good |
| The chart shows that while the bottom 90% of income earners have seen real income growth since the 1950s, their gains have likely been outpaced by those at the top. This uneven distribution suggests that material conditions for most Americans have improved, but economic inequality has continued to grow. |
| I’m not sure if I’m supposed to feel warm and fuzzy about this picture, but the cost of living has also risen. The two are not growing at the same rate and the bottom 90% of income earners are, more than likely, still struggling. |
| I’m not sure about whether to believe this data. If this is true I think this is because wages have been increased to keep up with the increasing consumption habits. The use of technology has made it necessary for everyone to have a cell phone and for most people/households to have at least one computer. Also people think they need to buy the expensive items they see in the world and it’s in the best interest of businesses to pay them enough so they can put money back into the economy. |
| This chart describes the annual wage increase for income earners in the united states adjusted for inflation. Wages have steadily increased over time, even when adjusting for inflation. |
| Americans have a better way of life today in comparison to 70 years ago. Previously, your social class would hold you back from financial success but today that is not the case. Wages have increased across the board, even when adjusting for inflation. Americans have an improved ability to enjoy the finer things in life. |
| Even with wages adjusted for inflation it does nothing to help lower income people. Prices are essentially the same just look as a larger number. |
| As inflation goes up, then minimum wage must also increase but I do not think it increases at a rate that would reflect the rate of inflation. |
| people are no longer just settling. they are striving for higher incomes. they are advancing themselves and no being a company man, they are switching jobs when it benefits them. |
| While people have been increasing their incomes since the 1950s, I feel that these people have been buying more material things when they should be trying to save money and prepare for hardships and disasters, as well as save for their futures. |
| I believer there is much more transparency in wages in modern times, which has led to an increase in wages overall. More people are college educated which also leads to higher paying jobs, even fresh out of college. Also due to more college education, there are less people willing and/or wanting to work the lower paying jobs, so companies have had to increase the pay for those lower jobs. |
| According to this chart the bottom 90% of income earners have been increasing their incomes nearly every year since 1951. From this I assume that they have greatly increased the material conditions over time. |
| I think it is a good thing that wages have increased, however, I would be interested to see the inflation rates and cost of living compared. In my opinion, those factors have higher rates of growth than the wage increase. It appears that wage increases had a time of higher growth at some points and then have been on a slow but steady incline since. The wage increases don’t lead to a higher social class since goods and living cost is so much higher now. I would also be interested to see the top 10% of income earners growth chart. |
| I do not have enough information to really respond to this. The poverty rate has increased and in many states the minimum wage has not so I’m curious what numbers are being aggregated to come to this conclusion. |
| Over the last 70 years, the bottom 90% of US workers have increased their income slowly over time. This is adjusted for inflation when compared to each previous year back to the 1950s. |
| I think this chart shows that incomes have increased steadily. This could be possible due to more access to higher education, inflation, etc. |
| The material conditions of the bottom 90% of income earners should logically have improved over time, which seems to be reflected on the chart provided. |
| When looking at this chart I have observed that it is about the slow growth of wage for the bottom 90 percent of income earners. I also see that although the increase in wages improves slightly, I can see that it is not enough to match the rising costs of inflation. |
| Based on this chart, the bottom 90% of income earners in the US have had improvements in their material conditions in the last 60 years. This may reflect the technological advances that are available to the average American today. |
| there is a gradual improvement, and consistent increase in wages which indicates economic progress and better economy but there may be rising costs of living which might impact negatively the bottom 10 percent which also suggests income inequality. |
| The world has changed a lot since the 1950s. Technology has advanced a lot and people are expected to work until they drive themselves crazy. There’s not really any downtime. People are forced to take on multiple jobs just to stay alive, and even then they are living paycheck to paycheck. |
| Im bot sure what is meant by material conditions. As for owning homes I know more lower - middle class own them now. As far as other material conditions, I know there is a lot more martialism and need to “have things” than ever. |
| The economists found that the annual wages of the bottom 90% has risen from 1961 to 2022 by almost 80% |
| Well, the material conditions for Americans have increased since the 50s because material possession have also increased. During most of the 50s a television, automobile, home and a couple of appliances were all that families could strived for. Wages have also gone up slightly due to our access to credit cards, which is how most people acquire material possessions. |
| The conditions overtime seem to have a gradual and constant increase which means that income continually increased in a way that benefited americans daily living irrespective of the time period. |
| over time, 90 percent of low income earners have diligently been able to consistently increase their income |
| Based upon the chart, it appears that the lower levels of income earners are continuously increasing their wages. They are not stagnant although it it appears to be a slow increase - no major leaps in income. In the past that has enabled them to keep up and even increase their standard of living. Unfortunately, in the last 4 years inflation has put the standard wage earner in a deep hole as far as being able to afford the more basic needs of life. |
| The chart shows a constant growth in income level without been influenced by either time period or position of the recipients in the society, I feel like it means no matter what point in life you are born as an american you are bound to receive good wages as long as you work hard |
| The chart shows that the bottom 90% of income earners in the U.S. have steadily increased their annual wages since 1951, even when adjusted for inflation. This suggests some level of improvement in material conditions over time, allowing for modest economic gains within this social class. However, the pace of this wage growth raises questions about whether it has been sufficient to keep up with rising costs of growing inequality. |
| The chart shows that wages have increased over the years. I do think this is true, but I also know that over time cost-of-living has increased a crazy amount. Despite the increase in wages, the bottom 90% of earners in America still have a large chunk of people who struggle to get by. Some even face homelessness. |
Measures
Threat
As a member of your social class, how threatened does this chart make you feel? (1 = Not at All Threatened to 5 = Extremely Threatened)
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = threat)) +
geom_histogram(fill = "lightblue",
color = "black",
binwidth = 1) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,5,1),
limits = c(0,6)) +
ylab("frequency") +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$threat,na.rm = T),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"))
Class-based Zero-Sum Beliefs
- If the upper class becomes richer, this comes at the expense of the
working class
- If the upper class makes more money, then the working class makes
less money
- If the upper class does better economically, this does NOT come at
the expense of the working class [R]
alpha = 0.93
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = zs_class)) +
geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
color = "black") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
limits = c(1,7)) +
ylab("density") +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$zs_class,na.rm = T),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"))
Working class solidarity
- I feel a sense of solidarity with the working class
- I support policy that helps the working class
- I stand united with the working class
- Policies negatively affecting the working class should be
changed
- More people should know about how the working class is negatively
affected by economic issues
- It’s important to challenge the power structures that disadvantage
the working class
alpha = 0.91
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = soli)) +
geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
color = "black") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
limits = c(1,7)) +
ylab("density") +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$soli,na.rm = T),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"))
System Justification
- In general, I find society to be fair
- In general, the American political system operates as it
should
- American society needs to be radically restructured [R]
- The United States is the best country in the world to live in
- Most policies serve the greater good
- Everyone has a fair shot at wealth and happiness
- Our society is getting worse every year [R]
- Society is set up so that people usually get what they deserve
alpha = 0.89
df_cbzs_elg %>%
ggplot(aes(x = sj)) +
geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
color = "black") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
limits = c(1,7)) +
ylab("density") +
geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$sj,na.rm = T),
color = "black",
linetype = "dashed",
size = 1.1) +
theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"),
axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
face = "bold"))
Analysis
Threat
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(cond) %>%
summarise(N = n(),
Mean = mean(threat,na.rm = T),
SD = sd(threat,na.rm = T)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| cond_nothreat | 51 | 1.705882 | 1.044875 |
| cond_threat | 49 | 2.979592 | 1.298874 |
t(92.07) = -5.39, p = 0, Lower CI = -1.74,
Upper CI = -0.8, d = -1.12.
Class-Based Zero-Sum Beliefs
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(cond) %>%
summarise(N = n(),
Mean = mean(zs_class,na.rm = T),
SD = sd(zs_class,na.rm = T)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| cond_nothreat | 51 | 4.607843 | 1.747005 |
| cond_threat | 49 | 5.013605 | 1.673540 |
t(98) = -1.19, p = 0.238, Lower CI =
-1.08, Upper CI = 0.27, d = -0.24.
Solidarity
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(cond) %>%
summarise(N = n(),
Mean = mean(soli,na.rm = T),
SD = sd(soli,na.rm = T)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| cond_nothreat | 51 | 5.839869 | 0.8931597 |
| cond_threat | 49 | 6.091837 | 0.8416675 |
t(97.96) = -1.45, p = 0.15, Lower CI =
-0.6, Upper CI = 0.09, d = -0.29.
System Justification
df_cbzs_elg %>%
group_by(cond) %>%
summarise(N = n(),
Mean = mean(sj,na.rm = T),
SD = sd(sj,na.rm = T)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
kbl() %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
full_width = F,
position = "left")| cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| cond_nothreat | 51 | 3.340686 | 1.339095 |
| cond_threat | 49 | 3.293367 | 1.192028 |
t(97.44) = 0.19, p = 0.852, Lower CI =
-0.46, Upper CI = 0.55, d = 0.04.
