Primary
Outcome Person Years Events HR Lower HR Est. HR Upper p Value Parameter Est. Std. Error
PM2.5 Death 7,687,414 132,205 1.019 1.028 1.038 <.0001 0.0093 0.0016
CVD Death 7,148,127 33,279 1.045 1.067 1.089 <.0001 0.0215 0.0035
CVD 7,257,889 70,623 1.036 1.049 1.062 <.0001 0.0159 0.0021
MI 6,428,266 30,639 1.037 1.057 1.077 <.0001 0.0185 0.0032
Stroke 6,370,430 27,376 1.007 1.026 1.046 0.0088 0.0087 0.0033
NO2 Death 7,687,414 132,205 1.022 1.031 1.040 <.0001 0.0051 0.0007
CVD Death 7,148,127 33,279 1.033 1.055 1.076 <.0001 0.0089 0.0017
CVD 7,257,889 70,623 1.008 1.020 1.033 0.0015 0.0033 0.0010
MI 6,428,266 30,639 1.019 1.038 1.058 <.0001 0.0063 0.0016
Stroke 6,370,430 27,376 0.979 0.997 1.017 0.7930 −0.0004 0.0016
O3 Death 7,687,414 132,205 0.983 0.991 1.000 0.0488 −0.0017 0.0009
CVD Death 6,342,847 33,085 0.977 0.995 1.014 0.6282 −0.0009 0.0019
CVD 7,257,889 70,623 0.978 0.989 1.001 0.0640 −0.0022 0.0012
MI 6,428,266 30,639 0.967 0.984 1.001 0.0672 −0.0032 0.0018
Stroke 6,370,430 27,376 0.950 0.967 0.985 0.0003 −0.0067 0.0019
Reduced
Outcome Person Years Events HR Lower HR Est. HR Upper p Value Parameter Est. Std. Error
PM2.5 Death 7,649,109 131,293 1.023 1.033 1.042 <.0001 0.0108 0.0016
CVD Death 7,106,288 32,982 1.051 1.073 1.095 <.0001 0.0236 0.0035
CVD 7,220,320 70,275 1.043 1.056 1.069 <.0001 0.0182 0.0021
MI 6,391,724 30,512 1.047 1.067 1.087 <.0001 0.0215 0.0032
Stroke 6,335,277 27,260 1.012 1.032 1.052 0.0014 0.0105 0.0033
NO2 Death 7,649,109 131,293 1.026 1.035 1.044 <.0001 0.0057 0.0007
CVD Death 7,106,288 32,982 1.038 1.059 1.081 <.0001 0.0096 0.0017
CVD 7,220,320 70,275 1.015 1.027 1.040 <.0001 0.0044 0.0010
MI 6,391,724 30,512 1.028 1.048 1.067 <.0001 0.0077 0.0016
Stroke 6,335,277 27,260 0.985 1.004 1.023 0.7128 0.0006 0.0016
O3 Death 7,649,109 131,293 0.980 0.988 0.997 0.0079 −0.0023 0.0009
CVD Death 6,305,845 32,788 0.974 0.993 1.012 0.4487 −0.0015 0.0019
CVD 7,220,320 70,275 0.973 0.985 0.996 0.0079 −0.0031 0.0012
MI 6,391,724 30,512 0.961 0.977 0.994 0.0092 −0.0046 0.0018
Stroke 6,335,277 27,260 0.945 0.962 0.980 <.0001 −0.0076 0.0019
Sensitivity 1
Outcome Person Years Events HR Lower HR Est. HR Upper p Value Parameter Est. Std. Error
PM2.5 Death 7,702,397 132,279 1.022 1.031 1.041 <.0001 0.0103 0.0016
CVD Death 7,157,762 33,297 1.050 1.072 1.094 <.0001 0.0232 0.0035
CVD 7,273,099 70,688 1.040 1.053 1.066 <.0001 0.0172 0.0021
MI 6,440,300 30,669 1.040 1.060 1.080 <.0001 0.0194 0.0032
Stroke 6,383,238 27,414 1.010 1.030 1.050 0.0032 0.0097 0.0033
NO2 Death 7,702,397 132,279 1.026 1.035 1.045 <.0001 0.0058 0.0007
CVD Death 7,355,807 34,365 1.039 1.060 1.082 <.0001 0.0097 0.0017
CVD 7,460,965 72,416 1.011 1.024 1.036 0.0002 0.0039 0.0010
MI 6,440,300 30,669 1.022 1.041 1.060 <.0001 0.0067 0.0016
Stroke 6,383,238 27,414 0.982 1.000 1.019 0.9777 0.0000 0.0016
O3 Death 7,702,397 132,279 0.979 0.988 0.996 0.0056 −0.0024 0.0009
CVD Death 6,352,482 33,103 0.971 0.990 1.009 0.2980 −0.0020 0.0019
CVD 7,273,099 70,688 0.975 0.986 0.998 0.0197 −0.0027 0.0012
MI 6,440,300 30,669 0.965 0.982 0.999 0.0372 −0.0037 0.0018
Stroke 6,383,238 27,414 0.947 0.965 0.983 0.0001 −0.0072 0.0019
Sensitivity 2
Outcome Person Years Events HR Lower HR Est. HR Upper p Value Parameter Est. Std. Error
PM2.5 Death 2,220,456 21,500 1.001 1.025 1.049 0.0401 0.0082 0.0040
CVD Death 1,397,593 4,471 1.013 1.063 1.115 0.0125 0.0203 0.0081
CVD 2,117,617 10,798 0.985 1.016 1.047 0.3123 0.0053 0.0052
MI 1,823,711 4,673 0.949 0.993 1.038 0.7445 −0.0025 0.0076
Stroke 1,638,552 5,364 0.956 0.999 1.043 0.9564 −0.0004 0.0074
NO2 Death 4,140,847 36,272 1.040 1.061 1.082 <.0001 0.0098 0.0017
CVD Death 1,458,383 4,739 1.038 1.083 1.130 0.0002 0.0133 0.0036
CVD 2,195,400 11,186 0.997 1.024 1.053 0.0852 0.0040 0.0023
MI 1,823,711 4,673 0.966 1.006 1.048 0.7803 0.0010 0.0035
Stroke 1,638,552 5,364 0.960 0.998 1.038 0.9188 −0.0003 0.0033
O3 Death 2,220,456 21,500 0.934 0.957 0.980 0.0003 −0.0088 0.0025
CVD Death 1,397,593 4,471 0.896 0.942 0.991 0.0218 −0.0119 0.0052
CVD 2,117,617 10,798 0.926 0.957 0.989 0.0096 −0.0087 0.0034
MI 1,823,711 4,673 0.918 0.966 1.016 0.1781 −0.0070 0.0052
Stroke 1,638,552 5,364 0.913 0.957 1.002 0.0612 −0.0089 0.0047
Sensitivity 3
Outcome Person Years Events HR Lower HR Est. HR Upper p Value Parameter Est. Std. Error
PM2.5 Death 2,235,439 21,574 1.004 1.028 1.052 0.0201 0.0092 0.0040
CVD Death 1,402,410 4,480 1.020 1.069 1.121 0.0056 0.0224 0.0081
CVD 2,132,828 10,863 0.990 1.020 1.052 0.1932 0.0067 0.0052
MI 1,835,745 4,703 0.954 0.998 1.044 0.9188 −0.0008 0.0076
Stroke 1,651,360 5,402 0.960 1.003 1.048 0.8897 0.0010 0.0074
NO2 Death 2,334,849 22,826 1.044 1.064 1.084 <.0001 0.0103 0.0016
CVD Death 1,463,200 4,748 1.045 1.088 1.133 <.0001 0.0141 0.0034
CVD 2,210,611 11,251 1.005 1.031 1.058 0.0205 0.0051 0.0022
MI 1,892,030 4,858 0.975 1.014 1.055 0.4811 0.0023 0.0033
Stroke 1,708,569 5,563 0.971 1.008 1.046 0.6837 0.0013 0.0032
O3 Death 2,235,439 21,574 0.927 0.949 0.972 <.0001 −0.0104 0.0025
CVD Death 1,402,410 4,480 0.888 0.934 0.983 0.0083 −0.0137 0.0052
CVD 2,132,828 10,863 0.922 0.953 0.984 0.0039 −0.0097 0.0034
MI 1,835,745 4,703 0.913 0.960 1.010 0.1132 −0.0082 0.0052
Stroke 1,651,360 5,402 0.911 0.954 0.999 0.0461 −0.0094 0.0047