library(tidymodels)
library(glmnet)Assignment 09
Go to the shared posit.cloud workspace for this class and open the assign09 project. Open the assign09.qmd file and complete the exercises.
We will be working the the diamonds dataset and tidymodels to predict the carat of a diamond based on other variables.
The Grading Rubric is available at the end of this document.
Exercises
We will start by loading our required packages.
Exercise 1
Create a histogram using geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.1), showing the distribution of carat in the diamonds dataset. Set the fill to “blue” and the color to “black”. In the narrative below describe what the distribution looks like.
data("diamonds")
ggplot(diamonds, aes(x = carat)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.1, fill = "blue", color = "black") +
labs(title = "The Distribution of the Carats of Diamonds ",
x = "Carat",
y = "Frequency") +
theme_minimal()
The histogram shows a right-skewed distribution, with most values concentrated on the left side. As the values increase, their frequency diminishes, creating a long tail to the right. This indicates that higher values are less common compared to the lower values, which appear more frequently.
Exercise 2
Repeat the histogram, but this time plot sqrt(carat) instead of carat. Describe if and how the distribution changed.
The new histogram also displays a right-skewed distribution, but with a higher concentration of values around a different central point. The frequency distribution shows more gradual changes, unlike the previous histogram’s sharp decline. This suggests a shift in dataset characteristics, with more evenly spread values across the range.
Exercise 3
Below set.seed(), split the data into two datasets: train_data will contain 80% of the data using stratified sampling on carat, test_data will contain the remaining 20% of the data.
library(tidyverse)── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ forcats 1.0.0 ✔ readr 2.1.5
✔ lubridate 1.9.3 ✔ stringr 1.5.1
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ readr::col_factor() masks scales::col_factor()
✖ purrr::discard() masks scales::discard()
✖ Matrix::expand() masks tidyr::expand()
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ stringr::fixed() masks recipes::fixed()
✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
✖ Matrix::pack() masks tidyr::pack()
✖ readr::spec() masks yardstick::spec()
✖ Matrix::unpack() masks tidyr::unpack()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errorslibrary(caret)Loading required package: lattice
Attaching package: 'caret'
The following objects are masked from 'package:yardstick':
precision, recall, sensitivity, specificity
The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
lift# set a seed for reproducibility
set.seed(1234)
split_index <- createDataPartition(diamonds$carat, p = 0.8, list = FALSE)
train_data <- diamonds[split_index, ]
test_data <- diamonds[-split_index, ]
nrow(train_data)[1] 43154nrow(test_data) [1] 10786Exercise 4
Exercise 4 is already completed for you. It creates a recipe called lm_all_recipe that uses carat as the target variable and all other variables as predictors. It creates dummy variables for all nominal predictors so we can use the recipe for reguralized regression.
library(recipes)
#| eval: FALSE
# recipe using all predictors
lm_all_recipe <- recipe(carat ~ ., data = train_data) |>
step_dummy(all_nominal_predictors())Exercise 5
Below is a model specified for reguralized regression model called lasso_spec. Add a second specification called lm_spec for just plain old linear regression using the “lm” engine.
library(tidymodels)
#| eval: FALSE
# Define the lasso model specification
lasso_spec <- linear_reg(penalty = 0.01, mixture = 1) |>
set_engine("glmnet")
# Define the linear regression model specification.
lasso_spec <- linear_reg(penalty = 0.01, mixture = 1) |>
set_engine("glmnet")
lm_spec <- linear_reg() |>
set_engine("lm")Exercise 6
Create two workflows. lm_all_workflow should use the lm_spec model specification and lm_all_recipe. lasso_all_workflow should use the lasso_spec model and lm_all_recipe.
library(tidymodels)
lm_all_recipe <- recipe(carat ~ ., data = train_data) |>
step_dummy(all_nominal_predictors()) |>
step_normalize(all_numeric_predictors())
lasso_spec <- linear_reg(penalty = 0.01, mixture = 1) |>
set_engine("glmnet")
lm_spec <- linear_reg() |>
set_engine("lm")
lm_all_workflow <- workflow() |>
add_model(lm_spec) |>
add_recipe(lm_all_recipe)
lasso_all_workflow <- workflow() |>
add_model(lasso_spec) |>
add_recipe(lm_all_recipe)
lm_all_workflow══ Workflow ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Preprocessor: Recipe
Model: linear_reg()
── Preprocessor ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
2 Recipe Steps
• step_dummy()
• step_normalize()
── Model ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Linear Regression Model Specification (regression)
Computational engine: lm Exercise 7
Fit two models. lm_all_fit should use the lm_all_workflow, and lasso_all_fit should use the lasso_all_workflow
lm_all_fit <- lm_all_workflow |>
fit(data = train_data)
lasso_all_fit <- lasso_all_workflow |>
fit(data = train_data)
lm_all_fit══ Workflow [trained] ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Preprocessor: Recipe
Model: linear_reg()
── Preprocessor ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
2 Recipe Steps
• step_dummy()
• step_normalize()
── Model ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Call:
stats::lm(formula = ..y ~ ., data = data)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) depth table price x y
7.979e-01 1.688e-02 4.683e-03 1.781e-01 2.741e-01 4.398e-03
z cut_1 cut_2 cut_3 cut_4 color_1
2.433e-03 -8.050e-03 4.991e-03 -3.249e-03 7.505e-04 3.450e-02
color_2 color_3 color_4 color_5 color_6 clarity_1
1.387e-02 1.843e-03 -1.968e-03 2.501e-03 8.284e-04 -4.680e-02
clarity_2 clarity_3 clarity_4 clarity_5 clarity_6 clarity_7
2.703e-02 -1.851e-02 6.837e-03 -5.213e-03 -3.911e-04 -1.503e-05 lasso_all_fit══ Workflow [trained] ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Preprocessor: Recipe
Model: linear_reg()
── Preprocessor ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
2 Recipe Steps
• step_dummy()
• step_normalize()
── Model ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Call: glmnet::glmnet(x = maybe_matrix(x), y = y, family = "gaussian", alpha = ~1)
Df %Dev Lambda
1 0 0.00 0.46230
2 1 16.13 0.42120
3 1 29.52 0.38380
4 1 40.64 0.34970
5 1 49.87 0.31860
6 1 57.54 0.29030
7 1 63.90 0.26450
8 2 69.24 0.24100
9 2 73.89 0.21960
10 2 77.76 0.20010
11 2 80.97 0.18230
12 2 83.63 0.16610
13 2 85.84 0.15140
14 2 87.68 0.13790
15 2 89.20 0.12570
16 2 90.46 0.11450
17 2 91.51 0.10430
18 2 92.39 0.09507
19 2 93.11 0.08663
20 3 93.72 0.07893
21 3 94.22 0.07192
22 3 94.64 0.06553
23 3 94.99 0.05971
24 3 95.28 0.05440
25 3 95.52 0.04957
26 3 95.72 0.04517
27 3 95.89 0.04115
28 3 96.03 0.03750
29 3 96.14 0.03417
30 3 96.24 0.03113
31 3 96.32 0.02837
32 5 96.42 0.02585
33 5 96.56 0.02355
34 5 96.68 0.02146
35 5 96.78 0.01955
36 5 96.86 0.01781
37 7 96.96 0.01623
38 7 97.06 0.01479
39 7 97.14 0.01348
40 7 97.21 0.01228
41 8 97.26 0.01119
42 8 97.31 0.01019
43 9 97.36 0.00929
44 9 97.41 0.00846
45 9 97.44 0.00771
46 9 97.48 0.00703
...
and 28 more lines.Exercise 8
Make predictions into two new tibbles: lm_all_predictions and lasso_all_predictions
lm_all_predictions <- lm_all_fit |>
predict(new_data = test_data) |>
bind_cols(test_data)
lasso_all_predictions <- lasso_all_fit |>
predict(new_data = test_data) |>
bind_cols(test_data)
head(lm_all_predictions)# A tibble: 6 × 11
.pred carat cut color clarity depth table price x y z
<dbl> <dbl> <ord> <ord> <ord> <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 0.130 0.23 Good E VS1 56.9 65 327 4.05 4.07 2.31
2 0.300 0.29 Premium I VS2 62.4 58 334 4.2 4.23 2.63
3 0.218 0.24 Very Good I VVS1 62.3 57 336 3.95 3.98 2.47
4 0.249 0.26 Very Good H SI1 61.9 55 337 4.07 4.11 2.53
5 0.178 0.23 Very Good H VS1 59.4 61 338 4 4.05 2.39
6 0.398 0.3 Good J SI1 64 55 339 4.25 4.28 2.73head(lasso_all_predictions)# A tibble: 6 × 11
.pred carat cut color clarity depth table price x y z
<dbl> <dbl> <ord> <ord> <ord> <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 0.138 0.23 Good E VS1 56.9 65 327 4.05 4.07 2.31
2 0.270 0.29 Premium I VS2 62.4 58 334 4.2 4.23 2.63
3 0.178 0.24 Very Good I VVS1 62.3 57 336 3.95 3.98 2.47
4 0.239 0.26 Very Good H SI1 61.9 55 337 4.07 4.11 2.53
5 0.173 0.23 Very Good H VS1 59.4 61 338 4 4.05 2.39
6 0.325 0.3 Good J SI1 64 55 339 4.25 4.28 2.73Exercise 9
Compute and display the rmse for each model. Discuss which one performed better and why in the narrative below.
library(yardstick)
lm_rmse <- lm_all_predictions |>
metrics(truth = carat, estimate = .pred) |>
filter(.metric == "rmse")
lasso_rmse <- lasso_all_predictions |>
metrics(truth = carat, estimate = .pred) |>
filter(.metric == "rmse")
lm_rmse# A tibble: 1 × 3
.metric .estimator .estimate
<chr> <chr> <dbl>
1 rmse standard 0.0682lasso_rmse# A tibble: 1 × 3
.metric .estimator .estimate
<chr> <chr> <dbl>
1 rmse standard 0.0739The linear progression method performed better with an RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) of 0.06824469 compared to the Lasso method’s RMSE of 0.07387234. A lower RMSE indicates better model performance as it measures the differences between predicted and observed values. Thus, the linear progression method provided predictions closer to the actual values, resulting in higher accuracy.
Submission
To submit your assignment:
- Change the author name to your name in the YAML portion at the top of this document
- Render your document to html and publish it to RPubs.
- Submit the link to your Rpubs document in the Brightspace comments section for this assignment.
- Click on the “Add a File” button and upload your .qmd file for this assignment to Brightspace.
Grading Rubric
| Item (percent overall) |
100% - flawless | 67% - minor issues | 33% - moderate issues | 0% - major issues or not attempted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Document formatting: correctly implemented instructions (9%) |
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| Exercises - 9% each (81% ) |
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| Submitted properly to Brightspace (10%) |
NA | NA | You must submit according to instructions to receive any credit for this portion. |