Class-Based Zero-Sum Beliefs

December 2024: Analysis

Background

The purpose of this study is to pilot a manipulation of class zero-sum beliefs and test the effect on solidarity and, potentially, support for progressive policy. We tested five conditions: (1) class zero-sum (upper class gain at expense of working class); (2) flipped class zero-sum (working class gaining at expense of upper class); (3) class win-win (both classes gain); (4) class control; (5) neutral control. In all of these, participants were asked to write a short reflection. These were the prompts:

Class Zero-Sum (Normal)

For the first task, please reflect on the relationship between the economic conditions of the American upper class and the American working class.

In many ways, this is a zero-sum relationship, where one party’s gains come at the expense of another.

In your own words, please describe the ways in which you think the upper class benefits at the expense of the working class in the U.S. today. You can focus on housing, labor, education, healthcare, or any other aspect of day-to-day life.

Class Zero-Sum (Flipped)

For the first task, please reflect on the relationship between the economic conditions of the American upper class and the American working class.

In many ways, this is a zero-sum relationship, where one party’s gains come at the expense of another.

In your own words, please describe the ways in which you think the working class benefits at the expense of the upper class in the U.S. today. You can focus on housing, labor, education, healthcare, or any other aspect of day-to-day life.

Class Win-Win

For the first task, please reflect on the relationship between the economic conditions of the American upper class and the American working class.

In many ways, this is a win-win relationship, where one party’s gains also benefit the other party.

In your own words, please describe the ways in which you think that benefits to the upper class also benefit the working class in the U.S. today. You can focus on housing, labor, education, healthcare, or any other aspect of day-to-day life.

Class Control

We now ask you to reflect on the economic conditions of the American upper class and the American working class.

In your own words, please describe what you think are the day-to-day lives of the average working class American and the average upper class American. You can focus on housing, labor, education, healthcare, or any other aspect of day-to-day life.

Neutral Control

We now ask you to reflect on the relationship between pet owners and non-pet owners in the U.S. today.

In many ways, these groups face similar challenges, while in other ways, they experience distinct opportunities and difficulties.

In your own words, please describe the ways in which pet owners and non-pet owners navigate their daily lives in the U.S. today. You can focus on housing, routines, expenses, or any other aspect of day-to-day life.

Demographics

Race

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(race) %>% 
  summarise(N = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

race	N	Perc
American Indian or Alaska Native	1	0.4
Asian	16	6.4
Black or African American	51	20.4
Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin	8	3.2
Middle Eastern or North African	2	0.8
Other (please specify)	2	0.8
White	156	62.4
multiracial	13	5.2
NA	1	0.4

Gender

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  mutate(gender = ifelse(is.na(gender) | gender == "","other",gender)) %>% 
  group_by(gender) %>% 
  summarise(N = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

gender	N	Perc
man	150	60.0
other	3	1.2
woman	97	38.8

Age

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  summarise(age_mean = round(mean(age,na.rm = T),2),
            age_sd = round(sd(age,na.rm = T),2)) %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

age_mean	age_sd
37.66	12.15

Education

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(edu) %>% 
  summarise(N = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

edu	N	Perc
GED	49	19.6
2yearColl	27	10.8
4yearColl	124	49.6
MA	36	14.4
PHD	13	5.2
NA	1	0.4

Subjective SES

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(ses) %>% 
  summarise(N = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(Perc = round(100*(N/sum(N)),2)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

ses	N	Perc
Lower Class	26	10.4
Lower Middle Class	45	18.0
Middle Class	140	56.0
Upper Middle Class	36	14.4
Upper Class	3	1.2

Income

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = income)) +
  geom_bar() +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"),
        axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.title.y = element_blank()) +
  coord_flip()

Politics

Ideology

Participants were asked about the extent to which they subscribe to the following ideologies on a scale of 1-7 (select NA if unfamiliar): Conservatism, Liberalism, Democratic Socialism, Libertarianism, Progressivism.

means <- df_cbzs_elg %>%
  dplyr::select(PID,ideo_con:ideo_prog) %>% 
  pivot_longer(-PID,
               names_to = "ideo",
               values_to = "score") %>% 
  filter(!is.na(score)) %>% 
  group_by(ideo) %>% 
  summarise(score = mean(score)) %>% 
  ungroup()

df_cbzs_elg %>%
  dplyr::select(PID,ideo_con:ideo_prog) %>% 
  pivot_longer(-PID,
               names_to = "ideo",
               values_to = "score") %>% 
  filter(!is.na(score)) %>%  
  ggplot() +
  geom_density(aes(x = score), fill = "lightblue") +
  scale_x_continuous(limits = c(1,7),
                     breaks = seq(1,7,1)) +
  geom_vline(data = means,mapping = aes(xintercept = score),
             color = "black",
             linetype = "dashed",
             size = 1.1) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold")) +
  facet_wrap(~ideo,nrow = 2)

Manipulation responses

Class Zero-Sum Condition

open_response
The upper class benefits at the expense of the working class by having better opportunities to get started. These opportunities can be for employment, finances, education, or upbringing. Having these better opportunities allows the upper class to have a strong foothold on life and get access to many things that the working class can only dream of.
The first thing that comes to mind is celebrity or influencer culture. These people literally make their fortune off the money of the middle and working class. They post their videos, sell their products, make their movies and music, which regular people spend hours working to be able to afford to buy/see/participate in. And the rich get crazy wealthy from all of the money basically given to them from the working class. Another way is through rich CEO or CFOs. They employ hundreds, sometimes thousands of regular people, who spend their time and energy producing wealth for the company, which goes into the pockets of the CEOs and CFOs.
The cost of living is so insane right now that just affording daily necessities like your housing, food, utilities are so high it’s a struggle on an average check to make ends meet. So they rack in the profit while you struggle more and more to make ends meet. So you work longer hours which then benefit them as well in labor
The wealth gap in the United States continues to grow, and the money is coming from the working poor and middle class. Every year you see studies that prove this information to be true and every year nothing is done about it.
I am not really sure there are many ways they benefit since our society is setup much more for the upper class to assist the working class through higher tax burden. If I have to come up with something I guess it would be that the working class has a tendency to spend beyond their means by using credit cards and taking loans. These types of financial decisions put more money in the pockets of the upper class.
The upper class benefits at the expense of the working class a monumental rate by exploiting everyday workers by paying them less than a fraction of the value they deserve, and removing a sense of loyalty from companies. Their attempts at becoming more profitable themselves serve only to hinder the efforts of the average working class citizen.
The upper class often has a lot of control over what the lower class pays for housing, clothing, food, etc. because they own the stores and housing and they set the prices. The upper class also has a lot more power to negotiate what they pay for the things they need, and they have more choices available to them due to their increased income.
The upper class benefits at the expense of the working class with all things, such as housing, labor, education and healthcare. The upper class is prone to better housing and communities, they have better jobs, getter chances at education and most definitely receive better healthcare.
The upper class profits on working class labor. For every worker doing the manual labor, there is an executive turning a profit on it. Also bankers and credit card companies will charge poor people more interest, also padding their own bank accounts.
Upper class has better advantage to education with connections to get in while the working class does not. It should be equal opportunity however the upper class will always get in compared to lower class.
The upper class have a nicer standard of living than the lower class. They have access to proper housing, food and education. They want for nothing. The working class struggles every day for just enough to get through the day. They can’t plan for the future.
The upper class benefits off of the working class as they don’t have to be in local/regional branches of stores or on the field providing services to clients. Not saying what the upper class does isn’t challenging within itself, however, customer service can be a real pain.
The economic conditions of the American upper class and the American working class is the working class manufactures goods from deprived resources and sells them the upper class has power over businesses and financially support businesses. The upper class benefits at the expense of the working class because the upper class basically collects the money while the working class spends their time and energy for the money.
The upper class, CEOs, etc earn way more than the average worker. In many cases the income disparity is much greater than it used to be. The regular employees work hard and the upper class reaps the benefits.
Business owners and CEOs extract the surplus labor value from the working class. Insurance companies lobby the government to prevent universal healthcare from being implemented, forcing Americans to overpay for healthcare and be tied to their jobs for insurance, which often still doesn’t pay for care. Billionaires interfere in elections by donating to candidates that promise to do away with regulations that protect consumers. Higher education is paywalled, forcing Americans to go into lifelong debt simply to get an education for a hope of climbing the social ladder enough to be able to buy a house, meanwhile teachers are notoriously underpaid.
The upper class tends to have more access to capital which allows them to be a first mover when taking advantage of opportunities. When resources are scarce, like with real estate, the working class can often not take advantage of opportunities as easily quickly or affordably as upper class
The upper class can afford to hire tax attorneys to lower their tax bill. The upper class has the ability to give more money to offset their taxes and giving them an advantage over lower wealth individuals.
I could go on a rant on this topic. The upper class does not have to deal with the mind numbing aspects of ust trying to live from day to day because their lifestyle is funded by the blood sweat and tears of folks in the lower classes like me. Everything is at their beck and call while folks like me have to take the cheapest options we can find in order to pay ever rising costs the upper class initiates because they are greedy. I mean right now my wife and I are looking at getting our own house because the landlord wont stop raising the rent. However, when we get into the market, anything in our range is quickly snapped up by the wealthy to use as more rental properties. Its never ending exploitation with these people.
The working class helps with paying rent for upper class property owners, provide cheap labor for their business projects, and pays lots of their % of their income to survive. Working class folks have less money to invest in their own projects, whereas upper class people can reinvest their money they obtain from working class people using their amenties to expand their empire.
The upper class pretty much gets everything from society that they need and sometimes for free (as in healthcare) I truly believe that the United States needs to focus more on how to help the working class and low income classes
I think the working class gets exploited out of necessity. They’re relied upon to do work for the upper class because it helps them afford things with a salary. If working class citizens need basic things like food, clothes and shelter, then they will work for the upper class.
The upper class benefits hugely by the tax structure set up by Republicans for their benefit. Dividends and capital gains are taxed at a low rate relative to regular income. The rich also have access to many tax shelters unavailable to the working class. Which means, of course, that the working class unfairly pays a much higher share of the tax burden.
The upper class benefits from the middle class because the middle class does everything to keep society in order. The middle class provides the labor to build houses, retail locations, cars, electronics, etc. The middle class are the teachers educating the children of the upper class, and they provide the healthcare support as well. The upper class benefits from all that the middle class does.
The upper class often benefits at the expense of the working class through higher wages, better education, and healthcare. While the wealthy accumulate more wealth, the working class faces lower wages, higher living costs and fewer opportunities. this creates a growing gap between the two groups.
Upper class americans have a little easier time with paying regular bills and the day to day life. Middle Class Americans have to worry about different things like just paying for groceries and how to fill their gas tank
Education is a clear area where there is a huge difference in the availability to the middle class and upper class. People who come from upper class may receive favoritism from education institutions because there parents went there, their family donates money to the institution or there are just friendships between the family and the students. The average middle class has none of these privileges afforded to them so they are at a clear disadvantage.
The upper class benefits at the expense of the working class in many ways. In housing, wealthy people drive up property values, pushing out lower-income residents. In labor, corporations pay low wages while executives profit. Healthcare also favors the wealthy, who can afford the best care, while working-class people struggle with expensive and inadequate options.
Most hospitals are private owned. The upper class owns hospitals and the number one debt Americans have is medical bills. The upper class can charge what ever they want at these hospitals. The upper class is taking advantage of the working class when it comes to healthcare. It is honestly very sad and happens all throughout the country.
The upper class benefits from the working class because they let their money work for them, while we have to work for our money. The time that we spend working for our money is the same time they upper class uses to come up with new ideas on how to exploit the working class. Many of these ideas are focused on the idea of selling us products we don’t actually need by making us believe they’re necessities.
I think the manner in which the upper class benefits at the expense of the working class is difficult to ascribe. I would argue that the upper class is still a working class, but works in a different way. With more financial opportunities, or security, they work to preserve holdings, wealth, property and time. Whereas the lower working class trades time and effort to attempt to attain wealth and property in an effort to join the upper class. So what is really exchanged is effort for time.
I do not believe that the economy is a zero-sum gain where some people benefit only when others lose out. In our capitalist economy all can have success and share in the bounty as they say a rising tide lifts all boats. This does not mean that all benefit equally, but all can benefit!
The upper class benefits at the expense of the working class by consistently increasing the cost of goods and services when minimum wage is increased. There are no laws or regulations in place to keep this from happening. Instead of accepting the decrease in profits, they increase prices to keep their profits the same. Then the minimum-wage working class people complain and minimum wage increases again. Minimum wage was designed for jobs meant for young kids/students. It was not designed to be a living wage. Yet it evolved into that and is the leading cause in the drive of costs.
the upper class definitely controls all the liquidity and they can use it for whatever they want almost all he time and they already control it and the lives of everyone under them,the lower class works for the upper class and the upper class want to keep it that way
The upper class is getting all the tax breaks and not having to put in the work. When the upper class makes more money, the working class is working more hours and making business money. Also, the working class is providing all the services to the upper class and they aren’t getting paid very well to handle all of the stress that comes/
The American upper class frequently reaps the benefits of economic policies the emphasize tax cuts and deregulation, primarily advantaging them. consequently this contributes to wage stagnation for the working class, making housing and healthcare increasingly inaccessible.
I believe that the people at the very top benefit from inflation because they maintain their share of the pie, while the rest of us have the same amount of money, but it is worth less so our “piece of the pie” gets smaller.
The upper class benefits at the expense of the working class through wage suppression, housing inequities and restricted access to quality education and health care. Low wages maximize profit for the wealthy while rising housing costs driven by investment properties and gentrification displace working class families.
Housing is owned and controlled by the upper class, and lower class people are often forced to rent. We have seen landlords jack up prices like crazy the past couple decades, and working class people can’t do anything about it. Higher class people often block new housing from being built as well. Upper class people also have more influence on politics, so legislation like tax policy benefits them. In terms of education, upper class people have better access to good education and don’t have to worry about loans. Lower class people have to take on loans, sometimes for the rest of their lives, to be able to get the education they want.
The working class works hard for the upper class to maximize their profits. Without the working class, the upper class won’t be able to thrive. Working class is beneficial as the cog in the machine technically. Everything is different as well, from bigger houses to the best benefits. Everything is as good as it gets.
Working class face low wages, limited resources and poor working condition while the upper class continue to enjoy. many working class struggle to gain access to affordable healthcare while the upper class have greater access to to high quality healthcare.
when it comes to Education and Healthcare, privatization of these sectors largely benefit the wealthy, creating barriers for working class families who cannot afford to pay for private services. Rising house rents also benefits the upper class which makes it more unaffordable for the working class.
The upper class more often than not, own and control major media corporations, which in turn can influence the public and political opinions and can benefit them in the end. Also, they set regulations that can harm working class workers and exploit them.
the way the tax system is designed heavily favors the upper class at the expense of the lower class. the disparity is clear and evident and allows for the ever widening gap between the rich and the poor
The upper-class benefits by having easier access to medical care, premium housing, and superior education. They also have first access to high quality jobs that have a lesser risk of injury, lay-offs, and other hazards.
The upper class benefits from systemic inequalities like rising housing costs that enrich property owners while burdening renters, stagnant wages that boost corporate profits, and unequal access to quality education and healthcare. These gaps often leave the working class struggling to build wealth or stability.
The relationship between the American upper class can indeed be characterized as a zero-sum game in various aspects of society. In modern America, the economic conditions that favor the upper class often lead to the diminishment of opportunities and resources available to the working class.
The U.S Upper class benefits at the expense of the working class through mechanisms like wage suppression, high accomodation costs, privitized healthcare. Also employers often prioritize profits, so they reduce wages
I am going to focus on Healthcare. Doctors and surgeons rely on the help of nurses and medical assistants too help them diagnose someone or complete a surgery. If medical assistants and nurses didn’t check the patients health whether it be monitoring their blood pressure, discussing current medications and current problems that need addressing surgeons and doctors wouldn’t be able to be as successful or prepared day to day.

Class Zero-Sum (Flipped) Condition

open_response
The working class only benefits from the wealthy through jobs they create. That’s it. We sell them our labor for cheap so the wealthy can make many more times the amount of profit than we take home. This has to change.
There are no real ways where the working class benefits at the expense of the upper class. The only thing you can think of would be individuals who are public benefits, but they aren’t at the expense of the upper class since the upper class does not pay their fair share in taxes. Those public benefits are paid by the middle and working class.
It would not be the same way as a benefit in that it’s equal to what the upper class would consider a benefit. But the working class can work and have jobs working for the upper class, so they can still be kept employed and get paid with hopefully health insurance
The working class does the labor and the investor class reaps the main benefits in terms of increased valuation of investments including stocks, funds, and real-estate. Essentially, if you have wealth, it’s rather easy to build upon it while the working class go paycheck to paycheck with little or nothing to spare.
Collective efforts: labor movements that push for higher wages and better workplace protections - can be at the expense of profit margins for the upper class. Affordable housing initiatives, pub edu, and healthcare subsidies funded through progressive taxation also redistribute resources to the working class comms.
the working class provides the hard labor while the upper class is the one benefiting largely from the gains and success of their efforts. often they are not compenstated accordingly for their work and efforts while those who “lead” often enrich themselves in the process
I cannot think of many ways the working class benefits at the expense of the upper class.The only thing can think of us government benefits for the poor like medicare and things like rent control that may hurt the landowners.
The working class in the US often benefits from the economic pressures faced by the upper class through lower housing prices in less affluent neighborhoods, which can make home ownership more accessible for some.
I do NOT believe that the working class benefits at the expense of the upper class at all. The upper class controls all the means of production, and uses the working class to produce more and more, driving them into the round and stepping on them to get acquire more and more wealth. Now private enterprise is buying up housing, making the American dream a distant memory.
The working class benefits from the upper class in terms of real estate and apartments. They help inspect renovate and improve living conditions of working people. An example is Sav affordable housing solutions.
They have control over housing costs and own a majority of the real estate. They depend on lower-class labor to fulfill jobs for their convenience. They have better connections to healthcare and experience better schools.
I don’t think either benefits from the other. They each have certain perks that go with their respective class level. The upper class may have access to certain physicians that middle class does, but it is up to the individuals to seek teh help they need.
I understand there is bias on my part as I am strictly in the working class but I am genuinely unaware of a benefit to the working class as the expense of the upper class. It is my belief that the upper class can only exist when the working class is present and there are currently no limits or checks and balances to the upper class. That being said I am happy to acknowledge my own ignorance and on a personal level would be happy to be educated in this area.
I don’t think the working class benefits at the expense of the upper class unless one takes the position that the working class should “just be glad to have a pot to piss in”. There is no believable concept where I see this occurring.
I think that the working class benefits from some of the welfare policies in the US at the expense of the upper class. Some people I know in the working class, will not work or will find ways to take advantage of systems to get access to resources that they could attain themselves. The majority of tax dollars are coming from the upper class who will not see the benefit from these dollars.
On an everyday level, the American upper class have it much better than the American working class. The upper class do not have to worry about paying bills, or how they will afford college or so many other things. The working class do have to worry about such things. However the upper class are much needed. They are quite often those who benefit the working class by providing jobs and they also benefit other people, working class or otherwise via other means. Take for example, one of my dad’s former doctor, Dr. R. This doctor ran a very successful private practice where he hired a number of working class people. In addition, this doctor just simply by virtue of being a doctor, benefitted many people. Here you have a case where the doctor benefitted all kinds of people, working class included. The working class benefitted by his employ of them.
The working class benefits from the upper class investments through job creation and philanthropy. Upper class investments also generate public program funding, and support for housing, education, and healthcare initiatives.
The relationship between the economic conditions of the American upper class and the working class and indeed be seen a zero-sum in some respects, where gains for one group can result in losses for the other.
I feel that they benefit the income while all the people at the bottom do the majority of the work i feel that it it not fair we should all get prayed for the equal work that we do we all can have all the same skills but some get pays more just because of who they are it not right it not ok because we are struggling to make ends meet and we also pitting a lot of hurt on our body
The prompt is asking for me to describe way in which i think the working class benefits at the expense of the upper class in the US. I honestly do not think I can come up with any real answers to this question because I don’t think the working class benefits at all at the expense of the upper class.
To be honest, I’m not too sure how the working class benefits at the expense of the upper class. I’m not familiar or aware of any scenarios where this is the case. Where in education, labor, housing, healthcare do the working people gain anything at the expense of the upper class? I’d like to know so I’m more knowledgeable but at this time I don’t know of anything.
Some of the working middle class are able to get benefits like Snap and Wic that the upper class probably can’t get. Working class could also get free medical. There is probably more free school and college for middle class than upper class.
The working class benefits at the expense of the upper class primarily through the redistribution mechanisms such as progressive taxation, public services, and labor protections. Progressive taxes fund programs like Medicaid, affordable housing initiatives, and public education, helping working-class individuals access resources often out of reach due to income disparity. Additionally, labor laws, like minimum wage increases or union protections, shift some financial burdens onto employers, many of whom belong to the upper class. These mechanisms aim to level economic opportunities but can also spark debates about fairness and efficiency within a capitalist system.
The working class does not benefit from the upper class, it is the opposite. The working class supports the world and caters to the upper class, makes their lives easier because most working class jobs are in the service industry. Working class citizens wake up early to get to coffee shops at 5am so upper class citizens can get their coffee by 6:15.
The working class benefits at the expense of the upper class in a number of ways. Many government programs are primarily funded by the taxes imposed on the upper class. These programs are mostly utilizing by working class citizens. Another way is the benefits paid out by upper class business owners to working class employees.
The working class benefits from the taxes that the upper class pays, even if these amounts are often disproportionate to benefits that the upper class gains from the working class. Outside of that, there is very little to any benefit that the working class gets from the upper class. Perhaps entertainment value or some false idols to follow.
The working class benefits at the expense of the upper class by better infrastructure and road work that gets funded by taxes. The upper class provide more money to the state when it comes to taxes and taxes are used to fund things like infrastructure and roadwork. So the more money the state gets from the upper class come tax season, the state will have more money to help the community that benefits all.
The working class benefit directly from the wealthy business owners - that provide stable well paying jobs and good healthcare. They also benefit from from tax dollars that go to fund things like parks, open spaces, libraries and good roads.
I have to be honest; I do not know much about this. I just know that I have been in the working class/middle class group all of my life. We work and make a living and try to live our lives the best way we know how. We are still able to take vacations and do things most people are able to do. We just might work a little harder to be able to do those things. I’m sure that healthcare plays a part in this discussion though. I guess the upper class helps subsidize these services. The healthcare programs are funded by taxes and provide healthcare services to low-income individuals.
They may have more benefits with government such as help for neccessities and/or help with certain expenses through government programs which are specifically designed for working class individuals in need of help.
There are very few ways the working class benefits at the expense of the upper class in the U.S. today. However, there are scenarios in which working class Americans are members of very strong unions that are able to negotiate increased benefits for their workers through their collective bargaining agreements. This obviously comes at the expense of the upper class because providing employees with increased benefits cuts into the profits of the upper class (C suite executives, hedge funds, private equity, etc.).
The working class benefits by being able to use the results of the research and innovation done by the upper class. New technologies and the jobs needed to support them are how the working class takes advantage of the upper class. The upper class will need to spend resources to get this research done and bring the innovations born of this research to the rest of the population.
Well, the working class benefits by the amount if taxes the upper class pays. The working class doesn’t have to foot the bill so much, so inbturn the working class can strive to get farther up the ladder. Also, the upper class grants the working class with jobs because many, if not all, excelling companies are owned by the upperclass.
The working class benefits at the expense of upper class because they pay lower taxes, they receive a certain minimum wage and they enjoy worker protections. they also receive healthcare and the social system security provides safety net for them.
The working class can benefit at the expense of the upper class when labor activism secures a better working condition, redistributing wealth from business profits to workers. In housing, i think shifts like gentrification can sometimes create opportunities for working class individuals to access previously unaffordable areas, though these benefits are often short lived. However, the system is not balance as it favors the upper class more on education, taxation, and healthcare.
The United States economic conditions between the upper class and the working class has become extremely imbalanced. The saying that the rich are getting richer and poor are getting poorer absolutely holds true. The upper class are making more and more money and the middle/working class is getting more and more difficult. The upper class has more money than they can spend in a lifetime, while the middle class can’t afford to put food on their table because their salaries haven’t kept up with the cost of inflation. Home prices are out of control and so are property taxes in my state. Young working class cannot afford starter homes that are $500,000 and up.
The working class benefits at the expense of the upper class by getting new technologies, new housing, more options for jobs from the businesses that are created or options to grow from the development of those businesses
The working class receives better healthcare because the higher taxes that the upper class pay go to help pay for safety net healthcare options. They also benefit in that they will often get certain kinds of tax breaks when they make less than a certain amount that the upper class doesn’t get.
Coming to the side of labor, employers are required to pay overtime to the working class thereby increasing earnings for the working-class individuals, and potentially reducing profits for the upper class. Also in terms of Tax policies, a progressive tax system whereby higher-income individuals are taxed at a higher rate, redistributing wealth from the upper class to the working class.
The working class benefits from the economic conditions of the upper class in subtle ways, such as the availability of affordable labor, which helps drive down costs for services and products that the wealthy consume. However, this often leads to lower wages, job insecurity, and lack of benefits for the working class. For example, the lower wages paid to workers in industries like fast food, retail, and service jobs allow the upper class to maintain their wealth. Meanwhile, these same workers often struggle with limited access to quality healthcare, housing, and education, further perpetuating the disparity between the classes.
I don’t think the working class benefits much from the upper class. The upper class takes as much as they can and give pennies to the working class in the guise of helping, but in the grand scheme of things, the working class barely benefits from this relationship
The working class benefits at the expense of the upper class because the workers preform tasks and produce goods and services for the upper class in turn creating revenue for them. In turn the working class receives compensation.
The relationship between the American upper class and the working class can indeed feel like a zero-sum game, although it’s more nuanced in practice. Housing, labor and wages, Education, Healthcare. social safety nets.
To the best of my opinion, we see that the US is characterized with income inequality in which there are policies that benefit the working class at the expense of upper class and a typical example is that of the progressive taxation, the Us has a progressive tax system in which higher income individuals are taxed higher rate. Which means the upper class pays a larger share of their income in taxes which funds public goods that benefits the working class.
Upper class investments in healthcare innovation, such as funding research or developing cutting edge treatments tat can lead to benefit of everyone. Charitable contributions may also support community health clinics and make it affordable for the lower class.
I believe that the working class benefits at the expense of the upper class because the working class qualifies for state benefits, housing benefits, food benefits and so on. The upper class pays taxes on these benefits
The upper Class versus the middle class is not a zero sum relationship. One person making more money does not mean another person makes less, there are not a finite amount of resources in America. More money for rich people could mean more jobs for middle class people in fact.
As affluent buyers drive up housing markets, working class families often find themselves unable to afford homes in desirable neighborhoods, consequently losing to quality schools and services access
I think that the working class does the labor that the upper class relies on to get ahead in life. They essentially are being lifted up by the working class. With the power they have in the upper class, they keep this dynamic in the government as well.
In industries where unions are very strong, workers get to secure higher wages, better working conditions at the cost of corporate profits. Programs like Medicaid has also made healthcare more accessible to the working class.

hmm, I don’t think people really answered this. I’d disregard anything we see from this condition. To be fair, it is a little hard to answer.

Class Win-Win Condition

open_response
I would say typically innovations and benefits from richer people eventually trickle down to more lower class, poorer people, a good example is Air conditioning everyone has it now, while in the 80s it was a luxury
I don’t see any way that both the working class and the upper class can benefit. The more they gain, the less the working class gains. There is not win-win situation. Just tax the rich and give more benefits to the working class.
In theory there could be a trickle down situation where the upper class getting benefits causes benefits for the working class. The upper class may purchase more items, creating jobs, or even higher people themselves. They may eat out more often and tip more generously. In this way it could be a win win.
Benefits of the upperclass work in the way that if they get new items or want a new experience, they can sink the research and development costs or initial supporting costs of a new product and advance the availability of that product over. The effect of the trickle down effect is minimal and in my opinion should not be seen as a win-win but they do still advance the availability of goods while exhibiting their greed and hoarding abilities.
I do not think that things that benefit the upper class also benefit the working class. Trickle down economics is a scam, and more often than not, we see money being squeezed out of the working class, and being put into the pockets of the upper class.
Upper class education can help create companies that employ that working class. For example, if someone from the upper class got enough education to make a CS startup and then employed people from the working class, that could help.
Anything that Benefits the the upper class in my opinion arent also going to benefit the working class. The rich just continue to get richer and the working class continues to work harder and struggle more.
The economic activity of the upper class often creates jobs and opportunities for the working class. This is done through investments, housing, and community projects. They also support education and healthcare programs for others.
I generally disagree with the above statement. I think the working class is being taken advantage of by our government that refuses to balance the budget, keep inflation low, and support unionization. People in the upper class benefit from inflation because it disproportionately benefits the stock market and real estate investments.
Nope not at all. The upper class wins stay in the upper class there is no such thing as trickle down or win win here. The upper class takes the lower class looses. It is a happy thought but instead of benefiting we pay and pay including via pollution and the horrors of climate change.
I actually think that the upper class doesn’t help the working class. They bring them down and do not know how the working class operates. The upper classes are spoon fed all their money and treated like kings.
I think the there is a beneficial relationship between the upper class and lower working class in American. I think the upper class is the risk takers, the inventors and the ones who have the ambition to start a company. The upper class provides jobs, healthcare, resources to lower working classes. I also think the lower class is the ones who provided the labor for the upper class and keeps these companies going. I also think they are the ones on the floor and bring in new insight that would not otherwise that been there.
When the economy is doing well both the upper and working class do well relative to when the economy is not good or in a recession. Otherwise, there aren’t many examples where the upper class does well and so does the working class.
Benefits to the upper class have no benefit to the working class. The upper class is hoarding wealth and resources and the working class are left to fight for what remains. Profits and shareholders supersede all corporate decency and the idea that any action would be taken for the community of people in which we reside, for the benefit of workers - when not required by force or enforced by the law - is abjectly false.
Upper class usually build more businesses and this creates a win-win because it creates jobs for the working class. The upper class also invest and donate a lot of money to organizations. For example Bill Gates providing a lot of funding to schools. This provides a win-win because the working class who will be receiving this education will be benefited from the education.
I think starting fundraisers/non-profits are a good way to help the working class while also helping the upper class. The upper class has the money to donate and start these organizations that are designed to help the good of humanity and society. This includes medical and resource related charities that can help those in the lower class. Due to the tax system of the US, the upper class are able to get some tax benefits while the lower class can also get some assistance both financially and in other ways like food, housing, medical, etc.
housing-it can lead to the development of new houses. labor and employment-the expansion of these businesses can lead to stable employment opportunities. education healthcare technology and innovation
Education benefits both classes. By that, I mean it benefits both the middle class, the upper class, and the working class.
The economic relationship between the American upper class and working class is complex. Benefits to the upper class can also benefit the working class. For examples: - Luxury real estate investments fund public services. While these benefits exist, the wealth gap remains a significant issue.
I think that improvements in education would help everyone make better life choices and begin their lives more confidently. Improvements to our healthcare system would improve equality and standards of living for everyone, as well as benefitting the economy.
Benefits to the Upper Class in society benefit the Working Class in obvious and non-obvious ways. Obviously, if the Upper Class has more money, they will spend it on goods and services made or provided for by the Working Class. An example of a non-obvious benefit is housing. If the Upper Class wants bigger and better lodgings, their former lodgings come on the market in a buyer’s market allowing the Working Class to improve their lodgings.
The upper class are generally the only ones financially able to bankroll the production of new technologies. They may be unattainable to the average working class person at the birth of the technology in question due to initial scarcity and costs related to production, but eventually, sometimes in the space of just a few years, new technologies can filter down and become common household objects that improve our everyday lives. Furthermore, the creation of new technologies can often create job and career opportunities for working class individuals.
The upper class more than likely have multiple businesses that they personally own. Within these companies is the working class, that the upper class pays. So, if the upper class people did not have these working class people, they would not be making money.
Ideally the benefits the upper class receives would trickle down to the lower class. The lower class are often the ones doing the work and helping the upper class become profitable. They would want to make sure that their workers are happy and stable to help them earn more money. A worker who is struggling isn’t going to be able to be able to be as productive at work
When there is more money available in the free market it will trickle down to the other classes. The upper class will invest money which will benefit the lower class. Everybody wins in this scenario…
When people make more money, they pay more taxes than those who don’t make as much. This benefits both groups in terms of government expenditure. This applies to infrastructure improvements especially. A lot of government spending benefits all American citizens.
When rich people invest in businesses, they create jobs that help the working class.If they build more houses, it can mean more places to live.They also donate money to schools, hospitals and community projects which can make life better for everyone.
I guess that when the rich get tax breaks it allows them to invest more in business which helps the working class by providing jobs. Possibly by the upper class having access to better higher education it allows them to work with others of their class to form bonds that help with charitable donations to the working class.
The upper class of society owns or is in charge of running just about any aspect of society. They own the manufacturing, selling, and marketing of just about everything. The working class of society is employed not only to work but be consumers of the system the upper class is in charge of. Housing, healthcare, education, retail, and anything else is a large part of a capitalist society we have in the US.
I believe that most benefits to the upper class do provide some benefits to the working class. When those benefits are applied specifically to the economy the economy itself is richer therefore making opportunities ripe for everyone to achieve more.
In the past, I believed that “A rising tide raises all boats”, but I don’t think that’s the case anymore. There is a significant disconnect in benefits between the working class and upper class, and I don’t think anything significant is being done to address it. Take the stock market, for example, we’re told that the stock market is up and people are making millions of dollars, but that only benefits people who can afford to invest. Working class people barely have enough money to afford basic necessities, and hardly enough to save for the future.
The upper class drives economic growth by creating jobs and investing in businesses, which benefits the working class through employment opportunities. Their investments in housing, education, and healthcare improves access and services for workers. When the upper class thrives, it boosts the economy, increasing wages, demand, and public resources for the working class.
The economi success of the upper class can indirectly benefit the working class in several ways. Job creation, driven by investments and business growth, provides employment opportunities. Wealthy investments in real estate can increase property values, benefitting homeowners.
One way economic benefits to the upper class benefit the working class is that the upper class has more discretionary income to spend, which means they are spending more on goods and services that are sold in locations that typically employ more members of the working class. This keeps those businesses afloat and thus provides more jobs to the working class.
I think that there are instances of benefits to the upper class also benefiting the working class. For example, if the working class pushes for better education in public schools, this benefits the middle class as well. Also, if they push for better public healthcare, it benefits the middle class. The upper-class tends to hold high jobs such as doctors and lawyers and they can provide services to the middle class. When someone who is considered upper-class starts a new company that did not exist before, members of the middle class are able to benefit from this person by obtaining the goods and services provided by the business that the person in the upper class has started.
The working class can benefit from the upper class because it provides opportunities that otherwise wouldn’t exist. If everyone was at the same level, there would be no one who could afford to hire workers. When employers are successful, it brings more variety of roles to be filled which can inspire the working class to become the best versions of themselves. When we see what is possible, others can followed that example of achievement.
When the upper class invest in the economy, it brings potential increased wages and job opportunities for the working class. The upper class also funds research and development in different sectors, which can lead to new technologies and services that benefit the working class. When the upper class is investing their money into different aspects of the economy, it will create jobs, supply and demand, and also possible housing. They can sponsor grants and scholarships for those looking for education for the working class, healthcare costs can go down by the upper class paying more taxes on their healthcare plans.
It is difficult to see the benefits of the huge difference in economic conditions between the upper and working classes, but I think I have a couple of benefits. 1. real estate, when the upper class buys real estate for housing it can improve infrastructure. 2. jobs, when the upper class invests in businesses it can create jobs for the working class. That is all I can really think of for mutual benefit.
When individuals of the upper class invest in businesses in order to make more money, it can sometimes lead to job creation, increase in productivity and even new economic opportunities. Investment by individuals in the upper class in businesses and technology can potentially lead to production of better or cheaper goods and services.
In health care, The upper class funds hospitals, medical research programs which eventually leads to innovations that improve access and care for the whole population. This shows that the economic gain of the upper class can positively affect the working class.
The relationship can create ripple effects where the success of one group benefits other. Businesses created by the upper class creates jobs for the working class and this is common in retail, real estate and the technological firms.
Ownership of companies provide jobs to the working class. Tax cuts benefit both parties. Cheaper products help both parties.Living in a world where products and services are chepaer, everyone will benefit.
The upperclass is investing into small and medium sized business and housing accomodations which trickles down into creating jobs and domiciles for the working class to participate in. Without these jobs a lot of the middle class would not be able to survive.
The upper class often invests in businesses and industries that create jobs for others. The entrepreneurs owned by wealthy people may establish factories, tech companies that employ thousands of workers.
The upper class sees economic growth, they often invest in businesses, which can lead to job creation for the working class. A thriving economic, driven by the upper class investment and success, can result in more job opportunities for lower income individuals.
In a perfect world the idea of trickle down economics works perfectly. But unfortunately the wealthy/upper class tend to hoard resources. If they don’t move the money abroad and funnel it into shell companies to avoid paying taxes, then they simple invest into stocks, Ira’s, and mutual funds. Thus allowing the rich to get richer. Greed is a natural human reaction to the end stage capitalism that we are currently dealing with so I can definitely emphasize with those who do that. But this is where the government comes in to provide some equity/justice. A small tax on trades of all stocks, bonds, and derivatives would raise enough money to really benefit the working class. If the money is allocated properly of course.
In theory and historically, American upper class business owners whose businesses were prosperous would employ more laborers and therefore in return the working class would benefit and do well as long as the upper class and it’s various businesses did well. I no longer agree that is necessarily always the case due to many factors, but in some cases , it is still true today.
When the upper class does well, it can help the working class too. For example, businesses that make a lot of money might hire more workers or raise wages. Investments in things like housing or healthcare can also create more jobs for the working class. So, when the rich succeed, it can lead to more opportunities and better conditions for everyone.
healthcare can benefit both the working class and upper class in such a way that every body require or need good health in order to get that health they make use of healthcare. it a win win relationship in such a way hat the upper class would have to pay the working class for their service
If the upper class is economically thriving there is the possibility that they will start more businesses that will allow for the working class to have more work opportunities. This could be influenced from factors like tax bracket reductions for higher earning individuals or incentives to start businesses. This can help to reduce unemployment and help the working class to have greater financial stability and possibly over time the opportunity to move up to a middle class income.

Oh boy. People are not convinced. Even getting them to think of win-win is hard. Alright, let’s keep going.

Class Control Condition

open_response
I imagine most people live in a single family home with a few kids. They likely have white collar jobs that pay pretty well. The probably work Monday through Friday 40 hour workweeks. Their kids, if they are of age, likely have extra curricular activities that the adults take them to several days a week. They probably spend much of their free time on the weekends doing leisure activities.
They go to work. They have dinner with their families. They watch tv and go to bed. The upper class probably do the same thing. However, they do it with more money and in a better and more classy environment.
Housing is very expensive right now foe everyone. healthcare prices are enormous. They are trying to take away public education.Everything is so expensive and prople are barely living. Economy is so bad.
The average working class American is pretty stressed out between raising kids and working. They live with an elevated level of anxiety for the most part. Upper class Americans have it a little easier because they have a security blanket which is a protection against stress. So they have a more relaxed life.
the day to day life of upper class labor is they are harling maintain their class because they cant go to below lower class or go up to first class they are hardly the upper class they also facing he problems in everything
I believe the average working class and upper class Americans are cutting back on unnecessary expenses, due to inflation and high costs of living. They are probably even are to make ends meet, and concerned about being able to provide for themselves and their families.
Average American working class wakes up to a job they barely can stand and goes to work as much as they have to. The average upper class works when they want to, and chooses much more of their schedule then us.
In my opinion, I feel the life of an average upper-class American is less hectic than the life of an average working class American. I feel the upper-class individual may have meetings scheduled and work in a nice office setting. On the other hand, I feel the average working-class individual works harder and is constantly on the go. I feel the upper-class individual has better housing, healthcare, and more opportunities compared to the average working-class individual.
I think the day-to-day lives of the working class are more focused on meeting immediate needs and doing physical tasks. Going to work at a job that requires manual labor or is service-focused, caring for family, etc. There’s not much extra time or extra money for other things. For the average upper-class American there is much more focus on thought and relationships and abstract concepts in their work - doing business, law, medicine, etc. And much more extra time and money to spend on leisure activities and time with their families at home.
Upper class Americans do not have the same worry about healthcare - they can afford to pay for doctors and services outside of their plan if needed. They also can afford and absorb emergencies much better and not have to worry about ambulance fees, and if they lose their job due to illness it’s not as catastrophic.
The average working class is having a little difficulty with everyday life. Healthcare is not very affordable, and food prices are too high for the average person. Housing is also more expensive and harder to come by. The upper class on the other hand seems to be doing well. Wealthy people have gotten wealthier off the work of lower-class people. Corporate greed is high and the upper class that benefits from it is doing quite well.
Working to feed his or her family andd just enjoying the normal standard of living. For both the upper and average working class, Both education and healthcare are very significant no matter how hard and easy it do be for some
working class most likely is stuck with renting and on a strict budget while living paycheck to paycheck. Upper class have more job security with build up funds and owned property. They will be able to put money to the side and save for the future.
I think the average working class is struggling on a daily basis, I think they can’t save for retirement, can’t do fun things, are worried about rent or a mortgage, and constantly feeling the need to make more money so they can breathe. I think the average upper class American never has to worry about those things. Money does not solve everything, and I am sure it brings its own struggles, but when you’re not struggling to pay your bills or save for your kids college, you don’t understand what it is like. Knowing that you can retire at a good age and enjoy yourself is wonderful, knowing you will need to work until you die is terrible.
The average working class American likely works long hours at a physically demanding job or a job that involves a lot of exposure to the general public in service-related positions. Their feet hurt at the end of the day but maybe they can leave work at work when they get home. Their childcare takes a huge percentage of their income, going on vacation or out to eat is rare, and there’s constant worry about how to pay bills, whether they can afford to fix up their home or even buy a home and whether they will ever be able to retire. The average upper class American shares very few of these worries. Their jobs may be more mentally demanding but they have better health outcomes, better homes, more free time, more disposable income, and more opportunities for leisure and fulfilling their interests.
The working class can range from anyone that is living paychack to paycheck to someone who needs to budget for there wants and needs. Upper class americans don’t necessarily NEED to budget. They are capable of making huge purchases without worry, such as a luxurious vacation or a fancy materialistic item. But a working class does not have the luxury of making big purchases, they’re focused on working to survive.
The American working class has high expenses, and lack of affordable housing. They do have access to public Healthcare mostly. The American upper class is over taxed. Also, there is a lack of white collar jobs in today’s economy to support an upper class.
If you want to know the working class American’s thoughts on healthcare look no further than the recent news of the UnitedHealthcare CEO and the public response to it. If you want to know how insulated the American upper class is, look no further than UnitedHealthcare’s stock rise after their CEO was killed. The day to day life of the working class is to see tomorrow and hope to catch some wins on the way. The day to day life of the upper class, people who already have all their basic needs met for the long-term, is to see their numbers go up and the working class is unconvinced the people above them have any purpose in life beyond that.
The working-class American is struggling right now. Between the high cost of groceries, energy, and gas it is extremely taxing on the average working American. In contrast to this is the day-to-day life of upper-class Americans. While they have to contend with the same issues, their resources are more plentiful leading to a less stressful lifestyle.
The average working class American lives paycheck to paycheck and has a harder time in life. The average upper class American doesn’t live paycheck to paycheck and can life more comfortably without as much stress compared to the working class American. The working class American does more manual labor than the average upper class American.
The day-to-day life of an upper-class citizen is better than that of a working-class citizen because, unlike the upper class, working has to sit down and calculate how much he spends in a day based on the bad economy.
I think the average lives of a working class American and an upper class American are largely the same. I do not think that there are major differences. The housing, labor, education, healthcare on average will be better though if you are upper class.
The American working class gets up fairly early in order to get to work early. They work hard for eight hours (or more), then come home exhausted. They are often too busy and tired to prepare food at home, so they eat unhealthy prepared foods. Other household tasks are often postponed due to exhaustion, so chores pile up, and are often left undone. The working class generally “vegs out,” watching TV at night as a way to unwind. The upper class, on the other hand, works less and has more time. Not only that, but they typically have hired help, so that there are fewer tasks to be done around the house. They rarely cook for themselves, but they have fantastic food anyway; laundry and cleaning are done by others.
I think that the working class is more concerned with the basics, meaning everyday struggles like housing, prices of daily goods and services, healthcare, and access to a means for advancement. Upper class Americans may have some of the same concerns, but the basics are less of a burden. They are also concerned with taxes, elite level advancements.
The average working-class American often faces financial strain, living in modest housing, dealing with challenging jobs, and managing healthcare costs. Education and healthcare can be significant burdens. Meanwhile, the upper class enjoys luxury housing, higher-paying jobs with more flexibility, and access to private healthcare and elite education. The working class typically prioritizes making ends meet, while the upper class focuses on maintaining wealth and securing opportunities for future generations. These disparities shape daily experiences and long-term prospects.
The average working-class American often faces financial stress, balancing multiple jobs or long hours to cover basic needs like rent, healthcare, and education, with limited access to upward mobility. In contrast, the average upper-class American enjoys financial security, residing in affluent neighborhoods, accessing premium healthcare and elite education, and having more leisure time. These disparities highlight systemic inequities in opportunities and quality of life across class lines.
I think the cost of living is higher than what most are making. Everything keeps going up and it’s getting harder to afford the basic things. A lot are putting of things like healthcare or matinee on cars.
Life is very difficult for the average working class American these days due to the high prices of goods and services, including healthcare. For upper class Americans, life is pretty good given the recent performance of the stock market.
I think overall the average American upper class and the working class is too different. I think both of them need to work in order to pay their bills. In terms of education and healthcare I think the upper class have better access to these than the lower class. In terms of labor this is mostly done by the average working class to a much higher degree than an upper class American.
I think that most of the working-class struggle to pay their bills and afford their groceries as of late. I think that the upper class has an easier time managing their monthly budget and usually have extra spending money at the end of the month. I think that the working class has trouble managing unexpected bills like healthcare related expenses.
I think nowadays the life of working class had beeing hard about the prices, inflation in every products, you have to hork hard and more to pay exactly the same things that you payed in the past with less money, for the upper class I think they don t feel too much, that is the big difference.
The average working class American spends the majority of their time working to pay the bills and their debt. They live paycheck-to-paycheck and are usually one emergency away from not being able to pay their rent/mortgage/car payment, etc. They have been groomed for generations to be consumers above all, and that is exactly what they are. Money is the most important thing, because it has to be, it is survival. The average upper class American is removed from reality. Money is the most important thing to them as well, but there is no concept of not having it. They take what they want, blame the poor for the problems they cause, and have little to no empathy. They will be the root-cause of the inevitable extinction of the human race.
The economic conditions of the upper class is clearly better than that of the working class. That is why it’s called the upper class. They have more money, more ability to move freely and do what they want.
The average working class American often faces financial constraints, juggling multiple jobs and long hours to cover basic needs like rent, food and healthcare. The housing may be modest and they prioritize affordability over comfort. Access to education and healthcare can be limited by cost and saving for the future is challenging due to tight budgets. In contrast the average upper class American has access to financial security and high quality health care, housing and prestigious education services. Their day to day life includes investments, leisure and the ability to focus on long term planning rather than focusing on the stress of meeting basic needs of the present.
THE AMERICAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IS AWESOME AND GOOD,THE HOSPITALS THERE HAVE CAPABLE HANDS. THEIR DOCTOR AND NURSES ARE WELL EXPERIENCED AND GOOD AT WHAT THEY DO. I ALSO THIS IT IS QUITE AFFORDABLE EXPECIALLY IF YOU HAVE HEALTH INSURANCE
The upper class is often isolated from the cost of living impacts of poor policy making decisions. They have the ability to absorb financial impacts without altering their activities and behaviors. This often illustrates how they tend to have recreational political views that are detached from actual reality. The working class tends to suffer as negative economic conditions make it more difficult to save and advance their living situation.
The upper class go to distinguished healthcare services and schools. Compared to the working class they use little labor but have better housing facilities. The working class day to day life is pretty hectic.
The typical working class American usually deals with money problems. They live in basic home, often work more than one job, and depends on government services for health care and education. the wealthy American lives in large house, send their children to private school, get excellent health care and enjoy traveling.
An average working class struggles to make ends meet, after they receive their salary it all gets consumed on housing, education and other family expenses not to add on the choking tax. For an average upper class they atleast have some to spare after covering all the expences.
Your average working class American is waking up for work expected to arrive to work on time and do extra duties that require some overtime. They have enough money to get buy and have some extra things but not as many luxuries as they desire. The upper class American can casually get to work and have others do jobs they may not have time to, whether at work or home. They have the funds to purchase luxury items.
As a single working class American my normal day is waking up about 1pm. I work nights and have a one hour commute to work. I work my 8 hours,drive back home for a hour. When I get home,I unwind from the day,go to bed,get up the next day and do it again. My former stepdad is wealthy. He retired at 52. He pretty much does whatever he wants all day and goes to bed when he wants.
The average working-class day is trying to figure out how to get by and make it to the next bill.An upper-Class American can go about their day without that worry and be able to focus on other things that will give them more freedom.
I feel that the working class american has it very hard now and days. The economy is very bad and they are extremely affected. Some working class people even have to work 2 jobs. The upper class of Americans do not have to worry about that and I think it is not fair.
I think the majority of working class American wake up happy with their life but also have worries about making ends meet and providing for their family. Most are hard working people who are hoping the lives of their children will be better than theirs and consistently try to put their children first. As for the upper class, although they do have a high degree of income they also have many responsibilities and other people counting on them. They may be business who employ 100’s of people and without these upper class people providing them a job would be out of work. They care about their family and community and often donate to important causes. As a group they typically pay 80% of all income taxes and are the persons that largely support the government’s ability to pay for services and entiltlements.
Working class Americans face a life of insecurity and uncertainty, with only rare interludes of peaceful life free of worries about housing, medical expenses, children’s health and education, fears of loss of income and other job-related threats, lack of savings and personal, spouse, co-workers conflicts, and never seeming to get ahead financially. On the other hand, in today’s Trumpish world of greed, grifting, cheating, manipulating, avoiding and lying, Upper class Americans are thriving, accumulating wealth at astounding rates, avoiding taxes, and living relaxed lifestyles without worries about the cost of food or healthcare. The chasm between working class and upper class is becoming vulgar and anti-American. Wealth is no longer admirable.
Working class Americans often juggle long hours to cover basic needs, relying on public services, while upper class Americans enjoy financial security, private resources, and more leisure and career flexibility.
The working-class may live in more affordable homes than the upper-class do, and tend to work manual labor jobs. The upper-class is more likely to go to private schools, whereas the working-class typically go to public schools.

I hope this isn’t too strong of a control. Many people are comparing struggles of the working class with the nice lives of the upper class. Feels similar to zero-sum responses.

Nauteral Control Condition

open_response
I think pet owners and not pet owners act in a very similar manner throughout the day. They both work, enjoy hobbies, and have a home. The difference is that pet owners likely spend more on food/toys for their pets (although non-pet owners might use that money on personal luxuries instead). Pet owners likely have to come home sporadically to take care of their pet, and if they have a dog, they need to set up care before leaving somewhere for a long period of time. It’s easier for non-pet owners to up and leave their home for longer periods of time and not have anything to worry about at home.
Non-pet owners seem to have it easier than pet owners when it comes to finding a place to live. If you can somehow find a place that accepts pets, you have to pay a large amount for a pet deposit usually.
These groups face similar challenges in that inflation knows no bounds and treat everyone equally-pets or no pets. Everything is more expensive and these groups both struggle with expenses, juggling their work and home life balance. Pet owners have distinct challenges in having to spend more money to care for their pet as well as make sure they are more available to take care of their pet and it’s another thing added to their plate that they have to think about.
Pet Owners and non pet owners get along well in the United States. I have been both in my life but I have to say you need to have structure in your life to care for a indoor pet especially a dog. Dogs take a lot of your time up during the day.
Pet owners have a lot of extra expenses and time spent on pets. I don’t have pets, so I feel like I have extra time not having to let the dog in or out or feed, bathe or clean up after them. There are a lot of extra vet bills, food bills, treat bills, toys bills, etc.
Pet owners have more responsibility to be home more of the time, or to be able to travel with their pets. People who do not have pets are more free to vacation or be away from home for long, extended periods of time. Some apartments or housing units do not accept pets, so there is a difference there. Pets are very expensive with food and medical care and often the owners do not carry or can not afford health insurance. Having a pet is similar to having a child in a lot of ways as the owners have a responsibility that non pet owners do not carry.
Pet owners in the United States are now a varied bunch, ranging from the genuine animal lovers to couples who cannot afford children in such an economically unequal system with such bleak prospects for the future and become “cat moms” and “dog dads” as a substitute. Although their empathy for animals is high, the dog owners in particular seem oddly comfortable with fecal matter being smeared all over the sidewalk due to the shocking number of of dog walkers that are not picking up after their animals.
I own a 4 lb dog. She requires all the needs met: Feeding, warmth, housing, companionship. She requires my time to constantly play with her and sleep with her. She interrupts my yoga and is absolutely adorable. I wouldn’t trade the time I spend with her for the world. A non pet owner for one, is freed up. They don’t have to worry about their pet if they travel. Don’t have to worry about it running into the street, not to mention high vet bills. They are pet expense free. But they don’t have a tiny companion to talk to.
they are very similar, with the express difference being that some own pets. Everyone needs someone to love, and for some people that is an animal. other people wander through life with no one to love.
Pet owners may have more considerations in every day life as opposed to non-pet owners. Pet owners may be more constrained with their free time as they have to consider their pets who are most likely staying at home. Pets often require frequent feedings, bathroom breaks, and attention. This may make it more difficult for pet owners to be able to be away from their homes for extended periods of time. Pet owners have to make sure their home is comfortable and safe for their pets, while non-pet owners do not have to worry about this.
Pet owner is tied to their pets emotionally, economically, and physically. They do not have the freedom other non-pet owners do in their lives. I feel free not having the responsibility of a pet. The ownership is to fill a void in most people I meet who own pets. We try to make them part of the family.
Most pet owners live their lives with their pets occupying a great space in their lives. They budget and renovate their homes with their pets in mind unlike non-pet owners who plan their live with only them n mind.
I find that pet owners are aware that they have additional responsibilities to keep their animals safe and healthy. Non-pet owners do not fully understand the costs of vet visits, food, and medication. However pet owners are rewarded by loving animals and having the honor of taking care of a living being.
I think they face similar challenges. The only difference id that oet owners have a new responsibility for caring and feeding their pet which can be expensive . Ranging from specialized diet to veterinary care
Just like parents of kids, parents of pets are similar however they never grow up and you keep taking care of them forever. They will have a schedule that is consistent so their pet can develop habits
In terms of housing, these two groups would face similar challenges. However, pet owners also deal with trying to find housing that will allow their pets (e.g., type of pet, size of pet, etc.). As far as routines, non-pet owners have slightly more freedom. Depending on the type of pet they own, pet owners have to ensure they get home in time to care for the pet. Or they can take certain type of vacations without taking care of pets. They have to put aside funds for pet care. It’s a major responsibility.
Both pet owners and not go through daily lives with experiences that can be both shared and radically different. Once of the differences would be housing as pet owners face more housing difficulties while renting since a certain number of rentals/landlords prevent pets. Having a pet means also a bigger strain on one’s budget, for example for pet food and mainly veterinary costs that can be astronomical. But there is a silver lining since pet owners can always get a sort of emotional support and reaction from their pets, minimizing depression and anxiety.
Pet owners plan their day around dfeeding walking and caring for animals, non pet owners do not have these tasks so they have more free time for hobbies and socializing,but thye get less love when they get home,
Pet owners include their pets in daily routines, like walk schedules and vet visits, may pay more for housing that allows animals, Non pet owners have more freedom with where live and travel but miss out on the companionship of having a pet.
Pet owners face unique challenges in day-to-day life than non-pet owners don’t. It can be difficult to find a house or apartment that rents to pet owners. Pet owners face expenses of pet food, veterinary bills, monthly pet medications, boarding fees, etc. Pet owners also have unique experiences that provide benefits. For example, dogs need daily walks and this forces dog owners to incorporate exercise into their routine.
Pet owners have many responsibilities, which include, taking the pet out, cleaning their wastes, playing with them, feeding them, etc. Additionally, there are expenses such as pet food/toys, time used, vet visits, etc. Non-pet people do not face these tasks.
Right, pet owners and non pet owneser both have their own challenges for instance pet owners of ten face restrictions when looking for house becaue some places don’t allow pets while non pet owners don’t have this problem. Pet owners have higher expenses having to pay for vet and food while non pet owners don’t. Pet owners get an animal companion that can help with stress and lonelyness while non pet owners just endure or rely on family if they have it.
Pet owners must have a routine that gives care to their pets. Feeding, walking, playing and sleeping. Non-pet owners do not have to think about or do any of that. In addition, pet owners must pay for food, boarding, grooming and vets. Non-pet owners do not have those expenses. But, pet owners get the pleasure and love from thier pets. Pets can be part of the family. Non-pet owners miss out on this.
Regardless of whether someone owns a pet there are common threads. In order to support all aspects of life we must work to provide an income so we can buy housing, food, clothing, transportation and other necessities. Pet owners add a layer of expenses that non-owners don’t have but their finances are prioritized in other ways.
Pet owners and non pet owners have many similarities but they also have differences as well. The main one being that without pets people can live impulsively and not have to worry about their animals. Sometimes having pets are just like having children.
The main difference between pet owners and non-pet owners is money. Pet owners need to account for additional cost for the pet, this includes a bigger space for the pet, potential pet deposit or rent, also vet bills, food cost, etc. Non-pet owners do not need to set aside extra income for another living being.
Pet owners and non-pet owners in the U.S. navigate their daily lives with both shared and distinct experiences. Pet owners often face added responsibilities like walking , feeding, and vet visits, which influence their routines and housing choices. Many opt for pet-friendly housing, which can be more limited or expensive. Pet care also impacts finanaces, with costs for food, grooming, and healthcare.
Pet owners have to put their pets into their daily life routines. Dog owners often walk their dogs as this routine exercises them. Pets also provide companionship for their owners giving them emotional support. Non-pet owners have more time on their hands since they have no pets to worry about. So they can take on more activities with no attachment issues to any animal.
The major difference is how pet owners have to include walking periods for their dogs and also when to feed them and also periodic vet visits for vaccine and checkups. in details, the expenses for dog food and dog accessories, like shower items and brushes
Pet owners often have attachment issues with their pets as they have grown with each other, so they have more emotional bonding with their pets whereas non-pet owners are more spontaneous in their lifestyle as they have no attachment with any animal.
Pet owners need to ensure they live in a pet-friendly place - this could mean an owned home with a yard, or an apartment that allows pets and a park nearby. Depending on what pet you have, it could take up a portion of your day, or not much time at all. For example, a dog can take up a lot of time with walks, feeding, play time, etc. Comparatively, a cat takes up less time as they require less attention, and a fish takes up almost no time at all. Expenses also depend on the type of pet - horses are known to have high expenses for medical care and food, dogs and cats fall below this, and fish are pretty low in terms of expenses once you are past the initial set up costs.
Animal parents are beset with several issues non are. First, they are generally sneered at, because “it’s just an animal”. Healthcare and food are sometimes prohibitively expensive; giving rise to impossible decisions sometimes. If your child was sick, and the treatment beyond your budget; would you choose to let them suffer or die?
I think that in some cases, non-pet owners may struggle a little more from loneliness compared to pet owners. However, pet owners have many higher costs associated with maintaining a pet, as well as needing to devote a lot of their time and energy. In most other cases, these groups do not differ much in their issues.
People with pets have a responsibility to care for their animals , feed, cleaning, vet care ,walks, exercise on a daily basis it takes time away from their life to care for a animal. People without pets just have themselves to care for so 100 percent of their time is for only themselves.
i think they wake up like normal human beings and while one does not feel responsible for another extra living creature,the other does,one has more needs to tend to and as one might seem stressful,it usually does come with extra laughter and personal bond experience
Pet owners and non-pet owners in the U.S. face unique challenges. Pet owners handle housing limits, added costs, and responsibilities but gain connection. Non-pet owners enjoy more freedom and fewer expenses but may miss the support pets provide. Both experience lifestyles shaped by these contrasts.
Pet owners navigate their daily lives in the U.S. through feeding there pets in the morning, walking there pets, playing with there pets, and going to work. Pet owners have to the vet to make sure there pets are healthy and pay the bills. Non-pet owners have to worry about rent, food, going to there jobs, and cleaning. Pet owners have to clean up for there pets, wash there pets, and grooming there pets.
as a pet owner, finding housing is more difficult than non-[pet owners. The availability of places to live is significantly less, as well as the extra fees that come with having a pet. When looking to take trips as well it is more costly as you need to find a pet sitter or housing.
Pet owners have to manage housing stability for their pets sometimes paying fees or if they own a home making sure that its pet friendly while non pet owners do not have to worry about that. as a pet owner you have to be mindful about having a routine for your pet because they deserve love, care and attentiveness. Having pets is not generally expensive but they can be if you like buying your pets a lot of extra things such as treats, toys and clothing.
I have spent most of my life as a pet-owner, though at the moment I am not because of living in an apartment. When I was a pet-owner, I feel my life was more fulfilled, and I miss having a dog(s) that are hugely capable of giving that unconditional love most of us crave. Sure, there were expenses involved – food, vet bills, etc., but every penny spent was worth it. Currently, being a non-pet owner, is okay . . . but I don’t think a day goes by that I don’t think about there being another time in my future in which having a dog again will be a major part of my life.
There are several differences between pet owners and non-pet owners as far as daily life goes. If you own a pet, you must consider a space for the pet, extra money for food and supplies and taking the pet outside for bathroom breaks if it’s a dog. Cleaning up after the pet is also a consideration. As far as housing goes, if you do not own a home, you often must pay extra with your rent to own a pet. When it comes to traveling, there are many extra considerations if you own a pet. Will you take your pet with you, have it boarded or have a pet sitter take care of it. If you bring it with you, there are additional costs for air travel and only some accommodations allow pets. Pets can bring a lot of joy to your life, so these additional considerations may be worth it.
Almost all housing except perhaps apartments are allowing pets. I do believe it is much easier to rent an apartment if no pets. And deposits are usually expensive. If you own your home or purchasing a home you can have pets..whatever they are. Location is important too tho.
Having a pet such as a dog is like having a small child. You are responsible every day for ensuring it is well taken care of with food, water, exercise, and comfort. It becomes part of your family and when it gets sick or passes away, you feel a tremendous void and sorrow.
Well for one , both of these groups have to deal with the crazy rising costs of inflation here in America. They both have to budget accordingly to even be able to pay the bills on time and perhaps have some bread to participate in their hobbies. Raising a pet is a huge responsibility so the non pet owners may have extra money to spend if they are not having to place a significant amount of their money towards raising a pet or two. All in all the two groups get along with each other more than ever because they both that this once great country is now going to shambles
Pet owners and non-pet owners in the US navigate daily life in both similar and unique ways. Both groups deal with common challenges like managing work-life balance, budgeting, and maintaining a health living environment. However, pet owners have additional considerations. For example, housing can be more complicated for pet owners due to pet restrictions and fees in rentals, whereas non-pet owners generally have fewer constraints. Routines also differ - pet owners need to accommodate feeding, exercise, and care schedules for their pets which adds structure but can limit spontaneity. Financially, pet owners have to budget for pet-related expenses like food, vet visits, and grooming, while non-pet owners can use those funds elsewhere.
I think pet owners face serious challengers sometimes; example when they need a new apartment, most times it’s tough as they need to find out whether they can even bring their pets. If they have to go out to certain public places like restaurants, sometimes it’s hard as they aren’t able to bring their pets; or they have to find a new place. On the other hand, non-pet owners also face difficulties as most times they may have to be in an apartment complex with pet-owners and deal with noise from pets. Sometimes, they have to adjust themselves, including fears of certain pets, in order to be or go to certain places that allow pets.
Pet owners often face additional housing costs and restrictions, while non-pet owners enjoy more flexibility. Their routines are shaped by pet care, requiring time for feeding, walks, and appointments.
Pet owners often structure their daily routine around feeding, walking and caring for their animals, influencing their schedule and lifestyle choices. They may prioritize pet-friendly houses and face additional expenses for food, grooming and healthcare.Non-pet owners on the other hand has more flexibility in their routine and housing decisions with fewer daily obligations related to animals.
it is easy for non pet owners to to have more flexibility in their housing choice because they do not have to worry about pet restrictions while pet owners need to find a place that i pet friendly, and this will limit their choice none pet owner tends to enjoy more freedom in their daily routine while pet owner must include their pets in their daily routine pets owner spend more money on taking care of the care of the pet while non pet owner have less expenses
I think pet owners always have to plan in advance to make accommodations for their animals. It is not usually the case of being able to go on a trip without arranging pet care for example and guiding someone through your pets feeding schedule and overall routine. There is also the cost element of always having money on hand to take your pet to the vet, give them dewormer, flea meds and of course their food. There is also the expense of toys and various types of care such as grooming, nail trimming etc. It is a time commitment too, you must allocate time to play with your pet or walk them and make sure all of their needs are met. Obviously non-pet owners will not have these specific responsibilities
i do not really think there is much difference between pet owners and non-pet owners in how they live their day-to-day lives in th U.S. today asides the extra cost of living and responsibility for the pet owners
Pet owners often structure their routines around feeding, walking, and caring for their pets, with added expenses for food, vet visits, and supplies. Housing decisions may also be influenced by pet policies. Non pet owners typically have more flexibility in their schedules, fewer recurring costs, and face fewer restrictions when choosing housing, but they may miss the companionship pets provide.
Pet owners face added costs, limited housing and routine adjustments for pet care while non-pet owners enjoy more flexibility. Both groups share common challenges but differ in responsibilities and benefits.
pet owners have added stressors, such as the health of their pets, suppies and expenses, that non pet owners dont deal with. Both have to co exist with the other in regards to saftey and cleanliness. pets can be a stressor on the lives of non pet owners due to proximity.
i think pet owners owners spend a lot of taking care of their animals, like waking up early to feed them, cleaning up after them, and making sure they get enough exercise. Their daily routine often revolves around their pets needs . On the other hand, non-pet owners have more freedom with their time and living choices. They don’t have to worry about adjusting their schedule to take of animals

Measures

Class-based Zero-Sum Beliefs

1. If the upper class becomes richer, this comes at the expense of the working class
   
2. If the upper class makes more money, then the working class makes less money
   
3. If the upper class does better economically, this does NOT come at the expense of the working class [R]
   
   alpha = 0.86

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = zs_class)) +
  geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
                 color = "black") +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
                     limits = c(1,7)) +
  ylab("density") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$zs_class,na.rm = T),
             color = "black",
             linetype = "dashed",
             size = 1.1) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"),
        axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"))

Working class solidarity

1. I feel a bond with the working class
   
2. I feel solidarity with the working class
   
3. I feel committed to the working class
   
   alpha = 0.94

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = soli)) +
  geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
                 color = "black") +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
                     limits = c(1,7)) +
  ylab("density") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$soli,na.rm = T),
             color = "black",
             linetype = "dashed",
             size = 1.1) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"),
        axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"))

Support for progressive policy

1. Declare a climate emergency and enact a Green New Deal.
   
2. Raise the federal minimum wage to $15/hour.
   
3. Forgive $50,000 in student debt, per borrower.
   
4. Enact legislation that guarantees housing as a right to all Americans.
   
   alpha = 0.89

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = policy)) +
  geom_density(fill = "lightblue",
                 color = "black") +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1,7,1),
                     limits = c(1,7)) +
  ylab("density") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df_cbzs_elg$policy,na.rm = T),
             color = "black",
             linetype = "dashed",
             size = 1.1) +
  theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
        panel.background = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = element_blank(),
        axis.line = element_line(color = "grey66"),
        axis.text.y = element_text(color = "black"),
        axis.text.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"),
        axis.title.x = element_text(color = "black",
                                   face = "bold"))

Analysis

We’re under-powered for any adjustments for multiple comparisons. And actually, we’re also underpowered for any stats at all. But still, I’ll run some t-tests to see effect sizes, and that might give us a sense of a sample size we’ll need in a replication attempt.

Class-Based Zero-Sum Beliefs

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = mean(zs_class,na.rm = T),
            SD = sd(zs_class,na.rm = T)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

cond	N	Mean	SD
ctrl_class	47	4.404255	1.414105
ctrl_neut	55	4.672727	1.608223
ww_norm	50	4.526667	1.617773
zs_flip	50	4.940000	1.484141
zs_norm	48	4.951389	1.546734

zs_norm vs. ctrl_neut:
t(100.03) = -0.9, p = 0.373, Lower CI = -0.9, Upper CI = 0.34, d = -0.18.

zs_norm vs. ctrl_class:
t(92.57) = -1.8, p = 0.075, Lower CI = -1.15, Upper CI = 0.06, d = -0.37.

zs_norm vs. ww_norm:
t(96) = -1.33, p = 0.187, Lower CI = -1.06, Upper CI = 0.21, d = -0.27.

Solidarity

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = mean(soli,na.rm = T),
            SD = sd(soli,na.rm = T)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

cond	N	Mean	SD
ctrl_class	47	5.106383	1.3425522
ctrl_neut	55	5.296970	1.1788128
ww_norm	50	5.453333	1.1601079
zs_flip	50	5.633333	0.9041351
zs_norm	48	5.277778	1.2171612

zs_norm vs. ctrl_neut:
t(98.18) = 0.08, p = 0.936, Lower CI = -0.45, Upper CI = 0.49, d = 0.02.

zs_norm vs. ctrl_class:
t(91.7) = -0.65, p = 0.516, Lower CI = -0.69, Upper CI = 0.35, d = -0.14.

zs_norm vs. ww_norm:
t(95.24) = 0.73, p = 0.467, Lower CI = -0.3, Upper CI = 0.65, d = 0.15.

Support for policy

df_cbzs_elg %>% 
  group_by(cond) %>% 
  summarise(N = n(),
            Mean = mean(policy,na.rm = T),
            SD = sd(policy,na.rm = T)) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  kbl() %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "hover",
                full_width = F,
                position = "left")

cond	N	Mean	SD
ctrl_class	47	4.888298	1.742849
ctrl_neut	55	4.968182	1.886879
ww_norm	50	4.870000	1.682169
zs_flip	50	5.245000	1.773882
zs_norm	48	4.718750	2.051611

zs_norm vs. ctrl_neut:
t(96.32) = 0.64, p = 0.524, Lower CI = -0.53, Upper CI = 1.02, d = 0.13.

zs_norm vs. ctrl_class:
t(91.2) = 0.43, p = 0.665, Lower CI = -0.61, Upper CI = 0.94, d = 0.09.

zs_norm vs. ww_norm:
t(90.92) = 0.4, p = 0.691, Lower CI = -0.6, Upper CI = 0.91, d = 0.08.