Results Country Level

ASC

	M1	M2	M3	M20
(Intercept)	−42.021*	−21.961	−42.269*	−21.763
	(19.789)	(25.619)	(19.894)	(25.586)
IR_CC.z	13.282		12.586
	(10.916)		(10.976)
pmi_z	−10.450***	−10.446***	−10.686***	−11.494***
	(0.517)	(0.517)	(0.982)	(1.238)
GDP	0.580	0.063	0.580	0.056
	(0.437)	(0.611)	(0.439)	(0.610)
EPI.z		12.084		12.430
		(15.364)		(15.344)
IR_CC.z × pmi_z			2.221***
			(0.549)
pmi_z × GDP			0.006	0.029
			(0.021)	(0.029)
EPI.z × pmi_z				−1.711*
				(0.737)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	57.183	58.070	57.492	57.994
SD (Observations)	65.050	65.050	65.021	65.042
Num.Obs.	17434	17434	17434	17434
R2 Marg.	0.064	0.060	0.065	0.060
R2 Cond.	0.472	0.477	0.475	0.477
ICC	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
RMSE	64.96	64.96	64.93	64.95
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

#| echo: false
#| output: true
table_asc_2

	M5	M6	M7
(Intercept)	−55.283	−54.975	−57.532
	(44.890)	(44.897)	(48.692)
Individualism.z	8.950	9.106	8.076
	(16.938)	(16.940)	(18.402)
pmi_z	−10.714***	−8.641***	−9.520***
	(0.613)	(1.982)	(2.078)
LTO.z	−32.159+	−32.035+	−31.881+
	(17.608)	(17.611)	(18.154)
TL.z	9.331	9.410	8.556
	(15.014)	(15.016)	(16.572)
Duty_Joy.z	−13.555	−13.413	−13.741
	(21.525)	(21.528)	(22.290)
GDP	1.015	0.999	1.091
	(1.368)	(1.368)	(1.516)
Individualism.z × pmi_z		−0.276	−0.604
		(0.744)	(0.780)
pmi_z × LTO.z		−0.415	−0.367
		(0.795)	(0.796)
pmi_z × TL.z		0.647	0.261
		(0.666)	(0.720)
pmi_z × Duty_Joy.z		−0.152	−0.304
		(0.958)	(0.964)
pmi_z × GDP		−0.066	−0.032
		(0.060)	(0.064)
Masculinity.z			2.825
			(17.894)
pmi_z × Masculinity.z			1.076
			(0.764)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	65.296	65.305	67.254
SD (Observations)	68.887	68.884	68.882
Num.Obs.	13879	13879	13879
R2 Marg.	0.122	0.122	0.120
R2 Cond.	0.538	0.538	0.549
ICC	0.5	0.5	0.5
RMSE	68.79	68.77	68.77
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

plot_M6_asc_a

plot_M6_asc_b

plot_M6_asc_c

plot_M6_asc_d

Estonia dropped:

	M1	M2	M3	M20
(Intercept)	−11.192*	−4.435	−11.253*	−4.254
	(5.648)	(6.466)	(5.668)	(6.492)
IR_CC.z	−2.959		−3.613
	(2.973)		(2.988)
pmi_z	−10.109***	−10.109***	−10.068***	−11.039***
	(0.419)	(0.419)	(0.813)	(0.991)
GDP	0.128	−0.058	0.126	−0.065
	(0.116)	(0.148)	(0.117)	(0.148)
EPI.z		7.919*		8.320*
		(3.717)		(3.735)
IR_CC.z × pmi_z			1.807***
			(0.457)
pmi_z × GDP			−0.003	0.028
			(0.017)	(0.023)
EPI.z × pmi_z				−1.876**
				(0.587)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	14.779	13.873	14.840	13.936
SD (Observations)	51.801	51.801	51.775	51.784
Num.Obs.	16829	16829	16829	16829
R2 Marg.	0.086	0.098	0.087	0.098
R2 Cond.	0.155	0.158	0.156	0.159
ICC	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
RMSE	51.73	51.73	51.70	51.71
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

#| echo: false
#| output: true
table_asc_2_filter

	M5	M6	M7
(Intercept)	−27.403**	−27.203**	−22.951*
	(9.391)	(9.449)	(9.650)
Individualism.z	6.322+	6.435+	7.935*
	(3.417)	(3.440)	(3.506)
pmi_z	−10.285***	−8.086***	−8.765***
	(0.482)	(1.540)	(1.620)
LTO.z	−5.572	−5.472	−5.466
	(3.795)	(3.819)	(3.695)
TL.z	0.653	0.779	2.410
	(3.057)	(3.078)	(3.172)
Duty_Joy.z	−7.168+	−7.145	−6.426
	(4.348)	(4.377)	(4.261)
GDP	0.650*	0.639*	0.486+
	(0.276)	(0.278)	(0.290)
Individualism.z × pmi_z		−0.388	−0.618
		(0.573)	(0.600)
pmi_z × LTO.z		0.557	0.556
		(0.658)	(0.658)
pmi_z × TL.z		0.285	−0.005
		(0.519)	(0.557)
pmi_z × Duty_Joy.z		−0.021	−0.155
		(0.740)	(0.745)
pmi_z × GDP		−0.069	−0.043
		(0.046)	(0.050)
Masculinity.z			−4.921
			(3.433)
pmi_z × Masculinity.z			0.813
			(0.590)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	12.985	13.070	12.630
SD (Observations)	53.016	53.006	53.004
Num.Obs.	13274	13274	13274
R2 Marg.	0.131	0.132	0.137
R2 Cond.	0.180	0.182	0.184
ICC	0.1	0.1	0.1
RMSE	52.94	52.92	52.91
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

plot_M6_asc_a_filter

plot_M6_asc_b_filter

plot_M6_asc_c_filter

plot_M6_asc_d_filter

Location

	M1	M2	M3	M20
(Intercept)	−1.249	−0.571	−1.252	−0.560
	(1.030)	(1.302)	(1.030)	(1.302)
IR_CC.z	−0.483		−0.495
	(0.567)		(0.567)
pmi_z	−0.141***	−0.141***	−0.067	−0.165*
	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.058)	(0.072)
GDP	0.058*	0.040	0.058*	0.040
	(0.023)	(0.031)	(0.023)	(0.031)
EPI.z		0.842		0.864
		(0.780)		(0.780)
IR_CC.z × pmi_z			0.020
			(0.032)
pmi_z × GDP			−0.002	0.001
			(0.001)	(0.002)
EPI.z × pmi_z				−0.099*
				(0.043)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	2.970	2.946	2.971	2.947
SD (Observations)	3.810	3.810	3.810	3.810
Num.Obs.	17434	17434	17434	17434
R2 Marg.	0.120	0.124	0.120	0.125
R2 Cond.	0.452	0.452	0.453	0.452
ICC	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
RMSE	3.81	3.81	3.80	3.80
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

#| echo: false
#| output: true
table_loc_2

	M5	M6	M7
(Intercept)	−1.468	−1.482	−0.662
	(2.005)	(2.005)	(2.077)
Individualism.z	1.326+	1.337+	1.652*
	(0.756)	(0.756)	(0.785)
pmi_z	−0.114***	−0.402***	−0.390***
	(0.030)	(0.097)	(0.102)
LTO.z	−0.424	−0.411	−0.456
	(0.786)	(0.786)	(0.774)
TL.z	0.562	0.561	0.878
	(0.670)	(0.670)	(0.707)
Duty_Joy.z	−0.326	−0.330	−0.207
	(0.961)	(0.961)	(0.950)
GDP	0.069	0.069	0.039
	(0.061)	(0.061)	(0.065)
Individualism.z × pmi_z		−0.136***	−0.131***
		(0.036)	(0.038)
pmi_z × LTO.z		0.048	0.048
		(0.039)	(0.039)
pmi_z × TL.z		−0.109***	−0.104**
		(0.033)	(0.035)
pmi_z × Duty_Joy.z		−0.125**	−0.123**
		(0.047)	(0.047)
pmi_z × GDP		0.009**	0.008**
		(0.003)	(0.003)
Masculinity.z			−0.958
			(0.763)
pmi_z × Masculinity.z			−0.014
			(0.037)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	2.914	2.915	2.867
SD (Observations)	3.379	3.375	3.375
Num.Obs.	13879	13879	13879
R2 Marg.	0.190	0.192	0.212
R2 Cond.	0.536	0.537	0.542
ICC	0.4	0.4	0.4
RMSE	3.37	3.37	3.37
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

plot_M6_loc_a

plot_M6_loc_b

plot_M6_loc_c

plot_M6_loc_d

Holding Period

	M1	M2	M3	M20
(Intercept)	2.630***	2.701***	2.630***	2.707***
	(0.212)	(0.269)	(0.212)	(0.268)
IR_CC.z	−0.060		−0.061
	(0.116)		(0.116)
pmi_z	−0.083***	−0.083***	−0.057***	−0.116***
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.016)	(0.020)
GDP	−0.004	−0.006	−0.004	−0.006
	(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.006)
EPI.z		0.093		0.104
		(0.160)		(0.160)
IR_CC.z × pmi_z			−0.005
			(0.009)
pmi_z × GDP			−0.001+	0.001+
			(0.000)	(0.000)
EPI.z × pmi_z				−0.053***
				(0.012)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	0.606	0.605	0.606	0.603
SD (Observations)	1.053	1.053	1.053	1.053
Num.Obs.	17434	17434	17434	17434
R2 Marg.	0.042	0.043	0.042	0.044
R2 Cond.	0.280	0.280	0.280	0.280
ICC	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
RMSE	1.05	1.05	1.05	1.05
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

	M5	M6	M7
(Intercept)	2.857***	2.845***	2.797***
	(0.243)	(0.239)	(0.255)
Individualism.z	0.208*	0.211*	0.193*
	(0.090)	(0.089)	(0.095)
pmi_z	−0.090***	−0.029	−0.018
	(0.010)	(0.031)	(0.033)
LTO.z	−0.008	−0.007	−0.005
	(0.094)	(0.092)	(0.094)
TL.z	0.185*	0.192*	0.171*
	(0.080)	(0.078)	(0.085)
Duty_Joy.z	−0.087	−0.093	−0.101
	(0.115)	(0.112)	(0.115)
GDP	−0.008	−0.008	−0.006
	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.008)
Individualism.z × pmi_z		−0.019	−0.015
		(0.012)	(0.012)
pmi_z × LTO.z		0.015	0.014
		(0.013)	(0.013)
pmi_z × TL.z		−0.038***	−0.032**
		(0.011)	(0.011)
pmi_z × Duty_Joy.z		0.020	0.022
		(0.015)	(0.015)
pmi_z × GDP		−0.002*	−0.003*
		(0.001)	(0.001)
Masculinity.z			0.059
			(0.092)
pmi_z × Masculinity.z			−0.014
			(0.012)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	0.345	0.338	0.344
SD (Observations)	1.089	1.088	1.088
Num.Obs.	13879	13879	13879
R2 Marg.	0.090	0.092	0.093
R2 Cond.	0.173	0.172	0.175
ICC	0.1	0.1	0.1
RMSE	1.09	1.09	1.09
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Admin 1 (Community Group) vs Admin 2 (Electricity Provider)

	M1	M2	M3	M20
(Intercept)	−2.850***	−3.136***	−2.849***	−3.136***
	(0.724)	(0.930)	(0.724)	(0.930)
IR_CC.z	0.394		0.393
	(0.401)		(0.401)
pmi_z	−0.019*	−0.019*	−0.002	0.000
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.017)	(0.022)
GDP	−0.018	−0.010	−0.018	−0.010
	(0.016)	(0.022)	(0.016)	(0.022)
EPI.z		−0.444		−0.443
		(0.560)		(0.560)
IR_CC.z × pmi_z			−0.002
			(0.010)
pmi_z × GDP			0.000	−0.001
			(0.000)	(0.001)
EPI.z × pmi_z				0.004
				(0.013)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	2.104	2.117	2.105	2.117
SD (Observations)	1.153	1.153	1.153	1.153
Num.Obs.	17434	17434	17434	17434
R2 Marg.	0.077	0.070	0.077	0.070
R2 Cond.	0.787	0.787	0.787	0.787
ICC	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
RMSE	1.15	1.15	1.15	1.15
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

	M5	M6	M7
(Intercept)	−0.902	−0.906	−1.054
	(1.459)	(1.459)	(1.580)
Individualism.z	0.326	0.324	0.267
	(0.551)	(0.552)	(0.598)
pmi_z	−0.014*	0.009	0.009
	(0.006)	(0.019)	(0.020)
LTO.z	−0.163	−0.164	−0.156
	(0.573)	(0.574)	(0.590)
TL.z	−0.346	−0.344	−0.401
	(0.489)	(0.489)	(0.539)
Duty_Joy.z	1.127	1.123	1.100
	(0.701)	(0.701)	(0.725)
GDP	−0.080+	−0.080+	−0.075
	(0.045)	(0.045)	(0.049)
Individualism.z × pmi_z		0.006	0.006
		(0.007)	(0.008)
pmi_z × LTO.z		0.020**	0.020**
		(0.008)	(0.008)
pmi_z × TL.z		−0.014*	−0.014*
		(0.006)	(0.007)
pmi_z × Duty_Joy.z		0.009	0.009
		(0.009)	(0.009)
pmi_z × GDP		−0.001	−0.001
		(0.001)	(0.001)
Masculinity.z			0.173
			(0.582)
pmi_z × Masculinity.z			0.001
			(0.007)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	2.128	2.129	2.188
SD (Observations)	0.668	0.668	0.668
Num.Obs.	13879	13879	13879
R2 Marg.	0.174	0.174	0.169
R2 Cond.	0.926	0.926	0.929
ICC	0.9	0.9	0.9
RMSE	0.67	0.67	0.67
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Admin 3 (Natl. Gov.) vs Admin 2 (Electricity Provider)

	M1	M2	M3	M20
(Intercept)	−1.848*	−1.035	−1.852*	−1.046
	(0.922)	(1.145)	(0.923)	(1.143)
IR_CC.z	0.130		0.115
	(0.497)		(0.498)
pmi_z	−0.180***	−0.180***	−0.088	0.043
	(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.094)	(0.118)
GDP	−0.056**	−0.077**	−0.056**	−0.077**
	(0.020)	(0.027)	(0.020)	(0.027)
EPI.z		0.681		0.667
		(0.677)		(0.676)
IR_CC.z × pmi_z			0.025
			(0.052)
pmi_z × GDP			−0.002	−0.006*
			(0.002)	(0.003)
EPI.z × pmi_z				0.110
				(0.070)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	2.594	2.549	2.596	2.545
SD (Observations)	6.205	6.205	6.205	6.205
Num.Obs.	17434	17434	17434	17434
R2 Marg.	0.047	0.052	0.047	0.053
R2 Cond.	0.189	0.189	0.189	0.189
ICC	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
RMSE	6.20	6.20	6.20	6.20
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

	M5	M6	M7
(Intercept)	−3.594*	−3.634*	−4.073*
	(1.809)	(1.812)	(1.932)
Individualism.z	−0.462	−0.461	−0.631
	(0.676)	(0.677)	(0.724)
pmi_z	−0.147*	−0.170	−0.184
	(0.058)	(0.188)	(0.198)
LTO.z	−0.594	−0.605	−0.581
	(0.703)	(0.703)	(0.714)
TL.z	−0.371	−0.367	−0.536
	(0.599)	(0.600)	(0.652)
Duty_Joy.z	−0.118	−0.132	−0.198
	(0.859)	(0.860)	(0.877)
GDP	0.000	0.001	0.017
	(0.055)	(0.055)	(0.060)
Individualism.z × pmi_z		−0.088	−0.094
		(0.071)	(0.074)
pmi_z × LTO.z		0.058	0.059
		(0.076)	(0.076)
pmi_z × TL.z		−0.041	−0.047
		(0.063)	(0.069)
pmi_z × Duty_Joy.z		0.170+	0.168+
		(0.091)	(0.092)
pmi_z × GDP		0.001	0.001
		(0.006)	(0.006)
Masculinity.z			0.513
			(0.704)
pmi_z × Masculinity.z			0.016
			(0.073)
SD (Intercept country_sample)	2.594	2.597	2.634
SD (Observations)	6.553	6.553	6.553
Num.Obs.	13879	13879	13879
R2 Marg.	0.018	0.018	0.021
R2 Cond.	0.151	0.152	0.157
ICC	0.1	0.1	0.1
RMSE	6.54	6.54	6.54
+ p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001