Descriptive Statistics: Demographics

Demographic Statistics
Total
(N=175)

Age (years)
Mean (SD) 32.9 (5.51)
Median [Min, Max] 32.0 [22.0, 48.0]
Race
White 93 (53.1%)
Black 66 (37.7%)
Native American 3 (1.7%)
Asian 13 (7.4%)
Pacific Islander 0 (0%)
Other 0 (0%)
Identifies as Hispanic
Yes 152 (86.9%)
No 23 (13.1%)
Gender
Male 104 (59.4%)
Female 71 (40.6%)
Self-Describe 0 (0%)
Years in EMS
Mean (SD) 6.33 (3.74)
Median [Min, Max] 5.60 [1.40, 22.0]
EMS Certification Level
EMR 43 (24.6%)
EMT 46 (26.3%)
AEMT 40 (22.9%)
EMT-P 46 (26.3%)
Works for Fire Department
Yes 98 (56.0%)
No 77 (44.0%)
Works as Fire Fighter
Yes 44 (25.1%)
No 54 (30.9%)
Not Applicable 77 (44.0%)

Descriptive Statistics: Stressors and Outcomes

Stressors and Outcomes
Total
(N=175)

Quantitative Demand (0 - 100)
Mean (SD) 58.5 (19.8)
Median [Min, Max] 62.5 [6.25, 100]
Quantitative Demand (Low < 33.33, Medium 33.33 - 66.67, High > 66.67)
Low 26 (14.9%)
Medium 78 (44.6%)
High 71 (40.6%)
Work Pace (0 - 100)
Mean (SD) 58.1 (21.2)
Median [Min, Max] 58.3 [0, 100]
Work Pace (Low < 33.33, Medium 33.33 - 66.67, High > 66.67)
Low 21 (12.0%)
Medium 75 (42.9%)
High 79 (45.1%)
Effected by Workplace Violence (0 - 100)
Mean (SD) 47.6 (22.7)
Median [Min, Max] 50.0 [0, 100]
Effected by Workplace Violence (Low < 33.33, Medium 33.33 - 66.67, High > 66.67)
Low 48 (27.4%)
Medium 98 (56.0%)
High 29 (16.6%)
Anxiety (0 - 63)
Mean (SD) 16.8 (8.95)
Median [Min, Max] 13.0 [5.00, 46.0]
Anxiety (Low < 21, Medium 21-36, High > 36)
Low 127 (72.6%)
Medium 36 (20.6%)
High 12 (6.9%)

Statistics by Anxiety Level

Beck Inventory Scores: Low = 0-21, Medium = 22-35, High = 36-63

Variable Low
N = 1271		 Medium
N = 361		 High
N = 121		 p-value2
Age 32.0 (29.0, 37.0) 33.0 (29.0, 37.0) 34.5 (30.0, 36.0) 0.7
Race


0.5
    White 68 (73%) 16 (17%) 9 (9.7%)
    Black 48 (73%) 16 (24%) 2 (3.0%)
    Native American 2 (67%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%)
    Asian 9 (69%) 3 (23%) 1 (7.7%)
    Pacific Islander 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
    Other 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
Identifies as Hispanic 111 (73%) 29 (19%) 12 (7.9%) 0.2
Gender


0.010
    Male 84 (81%) 14 (13%) 6 (5.8%)
    Female 43 (61%) 22 (31%) 6 (8.5%)
    Self-Describe 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
Years in EMS 5.6 (4.3, 7.0) 6.0 (4.6, 8.2) 5.7 (3.9, 6.6) 0.4
EMS Certification Level


0.002
    EMR 30 (70%) 8 (19%) 5 (12%)
    EMT 33 (72%) 12 (26%) 1 (2.2%)
    AEMT 22 (55%) 14 (35%) 4 (10%)
    EMT-P 42 (91%) 2 (4.3%) 2 (4.3%)
Works for Fire Department 71 (72%) 20 (20%) 7 (7.1%) >0.9
Works as Fire Fighter


0.6
    Yes 33 (75%) 10 (23%) 1 (2.3%)
    No 38 (70%) 10 (19%) 6 (11%)
    Not Applicable 56 (73%) 16 (21%) 5 (6.5%)
Quantitative Demand 63 (50, 75) 63 (50, 75) 50 (31, 66) 0.2
Work Pace 58 (42, 75) 58 (42, 67) 58 (46, 79) 0.5
Effected by Workplace Violence


<0.001
    Low 40 (83%) 8 (17%) 0 (0%)
    Medium 82 (84%) 16 (16%) 0 (0%)
    High 5 (17%) 12 (41%) 12 (41%)
1 Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test

Statistics by Quantitative Demand Level

COPSOQ Quantitative Demand Scale: Low = 0-33.3, Medium = 33.31-66.6, High = 66.61-100

Variable Low
N = 261		 Medium
N = 781		 High
N = 711		 p-value2
Age 32.5 (29.0, 36.0) 32.0 (28.0, 37.0) 32.0 (29.0, 36.0) 0.9
Race


0.8
    White 12 (13%) 41 (44%) 40 (43%)
    Black 13 (20%) 29 (44%) 24 (36%)
    Native American 0 (0%) 1 (33%) 2 (67%)
    Asian 1 (7.7%) 7 (54%) 5 (38%)
    Pacific Islander 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
    Other 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
Identifies as Hispanic 22 (14%) 69 (45%) 61 (40%) 0.9
Gender


0.8
    Male 14 (13%) 48 (46%) 42 (40%)
    Female 12 (17%) 30 (42%) 29 (41%)
    Self-Describe 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
Years in EMS 5.7 (3.9, 7.0) 5.6 (4.3, 6.8) 5.6 (4.3, 7.5) 0.9
EMS Certification Level


0.2
    EMR 7 (16%) 21 (49%) 15 (35%)
    EMT 8 (17%) 20 (43%) 18 (39%)
    AEMT 1 (2.5%) 17 (43%) 22 (55%)
    EMT-P 10 (22%) 20 (43%) 16 (35%)
Works for Fire Department 11 (11%) 44 (45%) 43 (44%) 0.3
Works as Fire Fighter


0.2
    Yes 2 (4.5%) 20 (45%) 22 (50%)
    No 9 (17%) 24 (44%) 21 (39%)
    Not Applicable 15 (19%) 34 (44%) 28 (36%)
Quantitative Demand 25 (19, 31) 53 (50, 63) 75 (69, 81) <0.001
Work Pace 46 (25, 58) 58 (42, 75) 67 (50, 75) <0.001
Effected by Workplace Violence


0.2
    Low 5 (10%) 19 (40%) 24 (50%)
    Medium 17 (17%) 49 (50%) 32 (33%)
    High 4 (14%) 10 (34%) 15 (52%)
Anxiety 14 (13, 23) 13 (11, 21) 13 (11, 22) 0.3
1 Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test

Statistics by Work Pace Level

COPSOQ Workpace Scale: Low = 0-33.3, Medium = 33.31-66.6, High = 66.61-100

Variable Low
N = 211		 Medium
N = 751		 High
N = 791		 p-value2
Age 32.0 (29.0, 37.0) 32.0 (28.0, 38.0) 32.0 (29.0, 36.0) >0.9
Race


0.11
    White 10 (11%) 44 (47%) 39 (42%)
    Black 10 (15%) 22 (33%) 34 (52%)
    Native American 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%)
    Asian 1 (7.7%) 9 (69%) 3 (23%)
    Pacific Islander 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
    Other 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
Identifies as Hispanic 18 (12%) 66 (43%) 68 (45%) >0.9
Gender


0.7
    Male 11 (11%) 44 (42%) 49 (47%)
    Female 10 (14%) 31 (44%) 30 (42%)
    Self-Describe 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
Years in EMS 5.2 (3.5, 7.0) 5.9 (4.5, 7.2) 5.5 (4.2, 6.9) 0.4
EMS Certification Level


0.5
    EMR 7 (16%) 15 (35%) 21 (49%)
    EMT 6 (13%) 23 (50%) 17 (37%)
    AEMT 5 (13%) 14 (35%) 21 (53%)
    EMT-P 3 (6.5%) 23 (50%) 20 (43%)
Works for Fire Department 7 (7.1%) 45 (46%) 46 (47%) 0.081
Works as Fire Fighter


0.2
    Yes 4 (9.1%) 19 (43%) 21 (48%)
    No 3 (5.6%) 26 (48%) 25 (46%)
    Not Applicable 14 (18%) 30 (39%) 33 (43%)
Quantitative Demand 44 (25, 56) 63 (50, 75) 63 (50, 75) 0.001
Work Pace 25 (17, 25) 50 (42, 58) 75 (67, 83) <0.001
Effected by Workplace Violence


0.3
    Low 5 (10%) 15 (31%) 28 (58%)
    Medium 13 (13%) 46 (47%) 39 (40%)
    High 3 (10%) 14 (48%) 12 (41%)
Anxiety 14 (12, 22) 14 (11, 23) 13 (10, 19) 0.2
1 Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test

Statistics by Effect of Workplace Violence

Scale: Median Split

Variable Low
N = 481		 Medium
N = 981		 High
N = 291		 p-value2
Age 32.0 (29.0, 35.5) 32.0 (28.0, 36.0) 34.0 (30.0, 37.0) 0.2
Race


>0.9
    White 25 (27%) 51 (55%) 17 (18%)
    Black 18 (27%) 39 (59%) 9 (14%)
    Native American 1 (33%) 2 (67%) 0 (0%)
    Asian 4 (31%) 6 (46%) 3 (23%)
    Pacific Islander 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
    Other 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
Identifies as Hispanic 41 (27%) 85 (56%) 26 (17%) >0.9
Gender


0.088
    Male 32 (31%) 60 (58%) 12 (12%)
    Female 16 (23%) 38 (54%) 17 (24%)
    Self-Describe 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%) 0 (NA%)
Years in EMS 5.8 (4.3, 7.8) 5.6 (4.1, 6.3) 6.3 (4.6, 7.5) 0.3
EMS Certification Level


0.5
    EMR 11 (26%) 24 (56%) 8 (19%)
    EMT 17 (37%) 22 (48%) 7 (15%)
    AEMT 8 (20%) 23 (58%) 9 (23%)
    EMT-P 12 (26%) 29 (63%) 5 (11%)
Works for Fire Department 28 (29%) 52 (53%) 18 (18%) 0.6
Works as Fire Fighter


0.8
    Yes 14 (32%) 23 (52%) 7 (16%)
    No 14 (26%) 29 (54%) 11 (20%)
    Not Applicable 20 (26%) 46 (60%) 11 (14%)
Quantitative Demand 66 (50, 75) 56 (44, 69) 69 (50, 75) 0.13
Work Pace 67 (50, 75) 58 (42, 75) 58 (50, 75) 0.5
Anxiety 12 (10, 16) 13 (11, 15) 34 (30, 39) <0.001
1 Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test

Anxiety by years of EMS experience

3 levels of anxiety

Anxiety and Years of EMS Experience
Total
(N=175)		 5 years or less
(N=69)		 6 - 10 years
(N=91)		 11 - 15 years
(N=7)		 16 - 20 years
(N=6)		 More than 20 years
(N=2)

Anxiety (Low < 21, Medium 21-36, High > 36)
Low 127 (72.6%) 52 (75.4%) 66 (72.5%) 4 (57.1%) 4 (66.7%) 1 (50.0%)
Medium 36 (20.6%) 12 (17.4%) 18 (19.8%) 3 (42.9%) 2 (33.3%) 1 (50.0%)
High 12 (6.9%) 5 (7.2%) 7 (7.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 
## Warning in chisq.test(tab, correct = FALSE, ...): Chi-squared approximation may
## be incorrect
##    Cell Contents 
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N | 
## |           N / Row Total | 
## |-------------------------|
## 
## ====================================================
##                       data$anxiety_cat
## data$years_cat          Low   Medium    High   Total
## ----------------------------------------------------
## 5 years or less          52       12       5      69
##                       0.754    0.174   0.072   0.394
## ----------------------------------------------------
## 6 - 10 years             66       18       7      91
##                       0.725    0.198   0.077   0.520
## ----------------------------------------------------
## 11 - 15 years             4        3       0       7
##                       0.571    0.429   0.000   0.040
## ----------------------------------------------------
## 16 - 20 years             4        2       0       6
##                       0.667    0.333   0.000   0.034
## ----------------------------------------------------
## More than 20 years        1        1       0       2
##                       0.500    0.500   0.000   0.011
## ----------------------------------------------------
## Total                   127       36      12     175
## ====================================================
## 
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 = 4.983216      d.f. = 8      p = 0.759
## 
##  Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data
## 
## data:  table(data$years_cat, data$anxiety_cat)
## p-value = 0.6793
## alternative hypothesis: two.sided

Significant ANOVAs: Anxiety and Quantitative Demand vis-a-vis EMS Training

##               Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)  
## ems_training   3    812  270.69    3.53 0.0161 *
## Residuals    171  13112   76.68                 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##   Tukey multiple comparisons of means
##     95% family-wise confidence level
## 
## Fit: aov(formula = raw_anxiety ~ ems_training, data = data)
## 
## $ems_training
##                 diff         lwr       upr     p adj
## EMT-EMR    -1.305359  -6.1244874  3.513770 0.8958769
## AEMT-EMR    2.826163  -2.1645372  7.816863 0.4583628
## EMT-P-EMR  -3.174924  -7.9940526  1.644204 0.3220188
## AEMT-EMT    4.131522  -0.7801231  9.043167 0.1322777
## EMT-P-EMT  -1.869565  -6.6067762  2.867646 0.7356734
## EMT-P-AEMT -6.001087 -10.9127318 -1.089442 0.0096881
##               Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)  
## ems_training   3   3917  1305.8   3.464 0.0176 *
## Residuals    171  64455   376.9                 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##   Tukey multiple comparisons of means
##     95% family-wise confidence level
## 
## Fit: aov(formula = quantdemand ~ ems_training, data = data)
## 
## $ems_training
##                   diff         lwr        upr     p adj
## EMT-EMR      0.1548281 -10.5298116 10.8394678 0.9999808
## AEMT-EMR    11.2281977   0.1631613 22.2932340 0.0452793
## EMT-P-EMR   -0.2527806 -10.9374203 10.4318591 0.9999167
## AEMT-EMT    11.0733696   0.1836088 21.9631303 0.0446344
## EMT-P-EMT   -0.4076087 -10.9106266 10.0954092 0.9996332
## EMT-P-AEMT -11.4809783 -22.3707390 -0.5912175 0.0344568

Logistic Regression Models: Effect of Workplace Violence on Anxiety

  anxiety present anxiety present anxiety present anxiety present
Predictors Odds Ratios CI p Odds Ratios CI p Odds Ratios CI p Odds Ratios CI p
(Intercept) 0.18 0.09 – 0.33 <0.001 0.11 0.05 – 0.23 <0.001 0.05 0.01 – 0.13 <0.001 0.03 0.01 – 0.10 <0.001
Effected by Workplace
Violence: Median or
Higher 		3.15 1.54 – 6.82 0.002 3.23 1.55 – 7.14 0.002 3.24 1.53 – 7.26 0.003 3.11 1.45 – 7.07 0.005
Gender: Female 2.81 1.40 – 5.77 0.004 2.65 1.27 – 5.60 0.010
ems training: EMR 4.19 1.31 – 16.30 0.023 4.35 1.33 – 17.17 0.021
ems training: EMT 4.63 1.44 – 18.05 0.015 4.39 1.35 – 17.28 0.020
ems training: AEMT 8.78 2.79 – 34.06 0.001 8.13 2.53 – 32.06 0.001
Observations 175 175 175 175
R2 Tjur 0.055 0.111 0.135 0.183