Grundlagen Fütterung: Warum und Wie

Albart Coster

2024-11-28

Inhalt

  1. Energie: Berechnung und Bedarf
  2. Eiweiß: Berechnung und Bedarf
  3. Faser: System
  4. Praktisch: TS Probe, Faser Ration, peNDF, Faserverdauung
  5. Teilen von Rationen. Faser, Stärke, Zücker, Eiweiß, Mineralien

2. Energie: Berechnung

In Deutschland: NEL, Net Energy Lactation

Schema opdeling energie
Schema opdeling energie

Verbrennungsenergie

Wir können Verbrennungsenergie messen:

Bomb-calorimeter
Bomb-calorimeter

Können es auch berechnen:

Nährstof VE Wert (MJ/kg)
Stärke 17.7
Fett 39.33
NDF 17.6
RP 23.63
ROM 16.73

(ROM = Rest von Zücker, Fettsäuren, Glycerol, lösliches Faser)

Quelle: [1]

Internationale Einheit Energie ist Joule. \(10^6\) J = 1 MJoule.

Verteerbare energie

Wert experimentell bestimmt:

Fistuleerde koe
Fistuleerde koe

Konzepte:

Behandlung Maismehl Verdaulichkeit
Standard gemahlen 91%
Fein gemahlen (< \(1.25\mu m\)) 92%
Mäßig gemahlen (\(1.5 - 3.25 \mu m\)) 89%
CCM, sehr fein gemahlen (\(<2 \mu m\)) 96%
Cornflakes 94%

Quelle: [2]

Energiebedarf

Ziel Bedarf (MJ)
Wachstum \(\mathrm{23.3\; MJ /kg\; LW}\)
Instanthaltung \(0.42\textrm{ MJ}\cdot \textrm{LW}^{0.75}\)
Milchleistung \(1.51 + 0.405\cdot\textrm{Fett}\%\)
Wachtstum Kalb von 200 Tagen wichtig
Activität \(1.46\textrm{ MJ}/({\textrm{kg LW}\cdot{\textrm{km}}})\)

Quelle: [1]

Eiweiß

$ $

Eiweiß bedarf

Ziel Bedarf
Harn \(\mathrm{TN\;(g/Tag) = 53\cdot 6.25\cdot BW \cdot 0.001}\)
Kot \(\mathrm{TN\;(g/Tag) = \left(11.62 + 0.134\cdot NDF_{\%TS}\right)\cdot DMI\cdot 0.73}\)
Milchleistung \(\mathrm{TN\;(g/Tag) = ML(g/Tag)\cdot Eiwei\beta_{g/kg}\cdot0.951}\)
Tracht klein
Wachstum \(\mathrm{NP\;(g/Tag) = W(g/Tag)\cdot0.11\cdot 0.86}\)

Beispiel

BW <- 750 # kg
ML <- 50 # kg
EP <- 0.035 #%
NDF <- 34 #%
DMI <- 25
W <- 0 # kg
##
(TNH <- 53*6.25*BW*0.001)
## [1] 248.4375
(TNK <- (11.62 + 0.134*NDF)*DMI)*0.73
## [1] 295.212
(TNML <- ML*1000*EP*0.951)
## [1] 1664.25
##
(TNT <- TNH + TNK + TNML)
## [1] 2317.088

Quelle: [1]

Konzept: Faser

The Detergent System
The Detergent System

Quelle: [4]

Rationen

Zielen:

Beurteilung Faser

Sieb Particle size (mm) Mais Grass TMR
Oben >18 mm 3-8% 10-20% 2-8%
Mitte 8-18mm 45-65% 45-75% 30-50%
Unden 4-8 mm 20-30% 30-40% 10-20%
Klein < 4mm <10% <10% 30-40%

Quelle: (https://extension.psu.edu/penn-state-particle-separator)

Beurteilung Kot

Gesundheit: Panzenacidose, Struktur, Toxinen

Panzenacidose
Panzenacidose

Quelle: [5]

Acidose durch Fasermangel

Quelle: [6]

Acidose durch Stärke

Quelle: [7]

Wie kann das sein?

[8] verschaffen deutlichkeit:

Vergelijking graan/luzerne

Quelle: [8]

Combination pH + Toxinen

Quelle: [9]

Effekten Toxines Gesundheit:

Quellen: [10],[11],[12],[13],[14]

Effekten von Endotoxinen:

Futteraufnahme und Leistung

Quelle: [15]

Effekten von Endotoxinen

Ketose

Und Vit D Mangel verursacht wieder Ketose und Milchfieber? Und auch wieder Leberproblemen?

Quelle: [16]

Bron: [17]

Verbeugen von Endotoxinen

Bron: [18]

Verbeugen von Endotoxines

Buttersäure icm Enzym Alkaline Phospatase, [19]. Verbeugt Inflamatory Bowel Disease in Menschen

Können wir vergleichen mit Jejunal Hemorhagic Syndrome, JHS in Kühe koeien. Risikofaktoren für JHS sind:

Folgens: [11], [20], und sehe auch (https://articles.extension.org/pages/25183/progress-in-the-understanding-of-hemorrhagic-bowel-syndrome)

Endotoxines Verbeugen:

Silagemanagement

Bron: [21]

Quellen

1. Nutrient requirements of Dairy Cattle. 8th edition. The National Academies press; 2021.
2. CVB. Tabellenboek Veevoeding 2012. Den Haag: Productschap Diervoeder; 2012.
3. van Soest PJ. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Cornell University Press; 1982.
4. Viel M, Collet F, Prétot S, Lanos C. Hemp-Straw Composites: Gluing Study and Multi-Physical Characterizations. Materials. 2019;12:1199.
5. Elmhadi ME, Ali DK, Khogali MK, Wang H. Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: Microbiological and nutritional causes, consequences, and prevention strategies. Animal Nutrition. 2022;10:148–55.
6. Khafipour E, Krause DO, Plaizier JC. Alfalfa pellet-induced subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows increases bacterial endotoxin in the rumen without causing inflammation. Journal of Dairy Science. 2009;92:1712–24.
7. Khafipour E, Krause DO, Plaizier JC. A grain-based subacute ruminal acidosis challenge causes translocation of lipopolysaccharide and triggers inflammation. Journal of Dairy Science. 2009;92:1060–70.
8. Li S, Khafipour E, Krause DO, Kroeker A, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Gozho GN, et al. Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis challenges on fermentation and endotoxins in the rumen and hindgut of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2012;95:294–303.
9. Emmanuel DGV, Madsen KL, Churchill TA, Dunn SM, Ametaj BN. Acidosis and Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli B:055 Cause Hyperpermeability of Rumen and Colon Tissues. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007;90:5552–7.
10. Ametaj BN, Bradford BJ, Bobe G, Nafikov RA, Lu Y, Young JW, et al. Strong relationships between mediators of the acute phase response and fatty liver in dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 2005;85:165–75.
11. Baines D, Erb S, Lowe R, Turkington K, Sabau E, Kuldau G, et al. A prebiotic, Celmanax, decreases Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization of bovine cells and feed-associated cytotoxicity in vitro. BMC Research Notes. 2011;4:1–13.
12. Zebeli Q, Sivaraman S, Dunn SM, Ametaj BN. Intermittent parenteral administration of endotoxin triggers metabolic and immunological alterations typically associated with displaced abomasum and retained placenta in periparturient dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2011;94:4968–83.
13. Jing L, Zhang R, Liu Y, Zhu W, Mao S. Intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge alters ruminal bacterial microbiota and disrupts ruminal metabolism in dairy cattle. British Journal of Nutrition. 2014;112:170–82.
14. Eckel EF, Ametaj BN. Invited review: Role of bacterial endotoxins in the etiopathogenesis of periparturient diseases of transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2016;99:5967–90.
15. Bertoni G, Trevisi E, Lombardelli R. Some new aspects of nutrition, health conditions and fertility of intensively reared dairy cows. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2010;8 November:491–518.
16. Eliades M, Spyrou E. Vitamin D: A new player in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2015;21:1718–27.
17. Lei CL, Dong GZ, Jin L, Zhang S, Zhou J. Effects of dietary supplementation of montmorillonite and yeast cell wall on lipopolysaccharide adsorption, nutrient digestibility and growth performance in beef cattle. Livestock Science. 2013;158:57–63.
18. Nocek JE, Holt MG, Oppy J. Effects of supplementation with yeast culture and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on performance of early lactation dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2011;94:4046–56.
19. Tuin A. Detoxification of LPS by alkaline phosphatase: application of a new concept in sepsis and inflammatory bowel disease. 2007.
20. Elhanafy MM, French DD, Braun U. Understanding jejunal hemorrhage syndrome. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2013;243:352–8.
21. Queiroz OCM, Ogunade IM, Weinberg Z, Adesogan AT. Silage review : Foodborne pathogens in silage and their mitigation by silage additives 1. Journal of Dairy Science. 2018;101:4132–42.