Combined U.S. state and global incarceration rates
Nathan Alexander
Center for Applied Data Science and Analytics (CADSA)
Howard University
2024-11-16
Overview
Note: This files makes use of synthetic data. Synthetic data is artificially generated data that mimics the statistical properties and patterns of real-world data without containing any actual real-world information.
This file is provided as a preliminary resource until official data
is added to the critstats package. You may also use this
code to gather data related to your class project, thesis, or other
academic tasks beyond what is provided below. Content in this file comes
from a host of different sources which you should be familiar with prior
to access and analyzing any data.
Set up your work enviornment
Open up a new .Rmd file.
Use {r setup, include=F} in your first code chunk.
knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
# Load necessary libraries
library(knitr)
library(kableExtra)
library(tidyverse)## ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
## ✔ dplyr 1.1.4 ✔ readr 2.1.5
## ✔ forcats 1.0.0 ✔ stringr 1.5.1
## ✔ ggplot2 3.5.1 ✔ tibble 3.2.1
## ✔ lubridate 1.9.3 ✔ tidyr 1.3.1
## ✔ purrr 1.0.2
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::group_rows() masks kableExtra::group_rows()
## ✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
## ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errorslibrary(readr)
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)Data
I provide the code below to exemplify how to reproduce a data frame as a last option when scraping data from the internet.
State data (2021)
We pull data on states in 2021 from Prison Policy Initiative here.
# reproduce the data frame
incarceration_data <- tribble(
~State, ~Combined_prison_and_local_jail, ~Youth, ~Indian_Country_jails, ~Civil_commitment, ~Pre_trial_evaluation, ~Not_guilty_by_reason_of_insanity, ~Incompetent_to_stand_trial, ~Federal, ~Immigration, ~Military, ~Total_incarceration, ~Federal_origin_percentage, ~State_population, ~Incarceration_rate, ~Violent_crime_rate,
"Alabama", 42200, 915, NA, NA, NA, 171, NA, 3855, NA, NA, 47141, 0.0197, 5024279, 938, 511,
"Alaska", 4500, 243, 1, NA, 1, 1, 8, 509, NA, NA, 5263, 0.0026, 733391, 718, 867,
"American Samoa", 196, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 1, NA, NA, 197, 0.0000, 55191, 358, NA,
"Arizona", 56000, 786, 734, 82, NA, 82, 6, 4364, NA, NA, 62054, 0.0223, 7151502, 868, 455,
"Arkansas", 25500, 459, NA, NA, 9, 123, 55, 2231, NA, NA, 28377, 0.0114, 3011524, 942, 585,
"California", 196100, 4239, NA, 937, NA, 1369, 1256, 13015, NA, NA, 216916, 0.0665, 39538223, 549, 441,
"Colorado", 32500, 837, 65, NA, 29, 121, 164, 1761, NA, NA, 35477, 0.0090, 5773714, 614, 381,
"Connecticut", 12800, 81, NA, NA, NA, 118, 52, 1174, NA, NA, 14225, 0.0060, 3605944, 394, 184,
"Delaware", 5700, 105, NA, NA, 6, 7, 14, 411, NA, NA, 6243, 0.0021, 989948, 631, 423,
"District of Columbia", 1800, 87, NA, NA, 57, 102, 25, 4129, NA, NA, 6200, 0.0211, 689545, 899, 1049,
"Florida", 151600, 2301, NA, 543, NA, 462, 1062, 15324, NA, NA, 171292, 0.0783, 21538187, 795, 378,
"Georgia (State)", 94800, 1317, NA, NA, 27, 163, 213, 7202, NA, NA, 103722, 0.0368, 10711908, 968, 341,
"Guam", 559, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 78, NA, NA, 637, 0.0004, 159385, 400, NA,
"Hawaii", 5300, 39, NA, NA, 20, 38, 75, 920, NA, NA, 6392, 0.0047, 1455271, 439, 286,
"Idaho", 12700, 438, 48, NA, NA, 1, 14, 802, NA, NA, 14003, 0.0041, 1839106, 761, 224,
"Illinois", 54700, 912, NA, 553, NA, 359, 301, 6909, NA, NA, 63734, 0.0353, 12812508, 497, 407,
"Indiana", 47300, 1329, NA, NA, NA, 9, 140, 3151, NA, NA, 51929, 0.0161, 6785528, 765, 371,
"Iowa", 14300, 627, NA, 150, NA, 0, NA, 3503, NA, NA, 18580, 0.0179, 3190369, 582, 267,
"Kansas", 18000, 402, NA, 266, 19, 25, 46, 1742, NA, NA, 20500, 0.0089, 2937880, 698, 411,
"Kentucky", 38400, 453, NA, NA, 52, NA, NA, 3014, NA, NA, 41919, 0.0154, 4505836, 930, 217,
"Louisiana", 47600, 711, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 2623, NA, NA, 50934, 0.0134, 4657757, 1094, 549,
"Maine", 3800, 48, NA, NA, 5, 38, 10, 568, NA, NA, 4469, 0.0029, 1362359, 328, 115,
"Maryland", 27100, 510, NA, NA, 259, 232, 224, 4482, NA, NA, 32807, 0.0229, 6177224, 531, 454,
"Massachusetts", 17200, 288, NA, 161, 72, 17, 54, 1546, NA, NA, 19338, 0.0079, 7029917, 275, 328,
"Michigan", 53900, 1473, 9, NA, NA, 124, 85, 4756, NA, NA, 60347, 0.0243, 10077331, 599, 437,
"Minnesota", 15900, 531, 64, 742, NA, 39, 98, 2153, NA, NA, 19527, 0.0110, 5706494, 342, 236,
"Mississippi", 28300, 204, 62, NA, 15, 12, 3, 1938, NA, NA, 30534, 0.0099, 2961279, 1031, 278,
"Missouri", 37600, 798, NA, 265, 4, 217, 184, 6165, NA, NA, 45233, 0.0315, 6154913, 735, 495,
"Montana", 6900, 117, 242, NA, 5, 49, 5, 1233, NA, NA, 8551, 0.0063, 1084225, 789, 405,
"Nebraska", 9800, 435, 14, 158, 1, 33, 10, 1331, NA, NA, 11782, 0.0068, 1961504, 601, 301,
"Nevada", 20000, 540, 19, NA, 12, 2, 44, 1507, NA, NA, 22124, 0.0077, 3104614, 713, 494,
"New Hampshire", 4000, 42, NA, 1, NA, NA, NA, 470, NA, NA, 4513, 0.0024, 1377529, 328, 153,
"New Jersey", 27900, 507, NA, 458, 29, 249, 100, 2407, NA, NA, 31650, 0.0123, 9288994, 341, 207,
"New Mexico", 13300, 288, 165, NA, 2, NA, 35, 1742, NA, NA, 15532, 0.0089, 2117522, 733, 832,
"New York", 64000, 891, NA, 375, NA, 503, 290, 9962, NA, NA, 76021, 0.0509, 20201249, 376, 359,
"North Carolina", 54400, 474, NA, NA, 6, 50, 151, 9296, NA, NA, 64377, 0.0475, 10439388, 617, 372,
"North Dakota", 3300, 90, 179, 51, NA, NA, NA, 920, NA, NA, 4540, 0.0047, 779094, 583, 285,
"Northern Mariana Islands", 175, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 20, NA, NA, 195, 0.0001, 53883, 361, NA,
"Ohio", 70900, 1815, NA, NA, 24, 266, 182, 4540, NA, NA, 77727, 0.0232, 11799448, 659, 293,
"Oklahoma", 36300, 441, 7, NA, 13, 66, 91, 2407, NA, NA, 39325, 0.0123, 3959353, 993, 432,
"Oregon", 21000, 696, 37, NA, NA, 290, 134, 1350, NA, NA, 23507, 0.0069, 4237256, 555, 284,
"Pennsylvania", 77000, 2307, NA, 55, 121, 15, 87, 6126, NA, NA, 85711, 0.0313, 13002700, 659, 306,
"Puerto Rico", 5610, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 4403, NA, NA, 10013, 0.0225, 3285874, 305, 203,
"Rhode Island", 2700, 138, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 333, NA, NA, 3171, 0.0017, 1097379, 289, 221,
"South Carolina", 29700, 501, NA, 208, 8, 54, 166, 4071, NA, NA, 34708, 0.0208, 5118425, 678, 511,
"South Dakota", 5800, 150, 212, NA, NA, NA, 6, 1135, NA, NA, 7303, 0.0058, 886667, 824, 399,
"Tennessee", 50500, 423, NA, NA, 29, 42, 36, 6869, NA, NA, 57899, 0.0351, 6910840, 838, 595,
"Texas", 215100, 4194, NA, 368, 1, 222, 889, 24111, NA, NA, 244885, 0.1232, 29145505, 840, 419,
"Utah", 12500, 351, NA, NA, NA, 11, 86, 1272, NA, NA, 14220, NA, 3271616, 435, 236,
"Vermont", 1600, 15, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 235, NA, NA, 1850, 0.0065, 643077, 288, 202,
"Virgin Islands", 371, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 176, NA, NA, 547, 0.0012, 106405, 514, NA,
"Virginia", 57700, 951, NA, 431, 13, 267, 129, 5167, NA, NA, 64658, 0.0009, 8631393, 749, 208,
"Washington", 30800, 690, 428, 175, 15, 232, 156, 2525, NA, NA, 35021, 0.0264, 7705281, 455, 294,
"West Virginia", 11000, 576, NA, NA, NA, 52, 80, 1409, NA, NA, 13117, 0.0129, 1793716, 731, 317,
"Wisconsin", 36200, 588, 51, 271, 1, 194, 43, 1742, NA, NA, 39090, 0.0072, 5893718, 663, 293,
"Wyoming", 4000, 183, 48, NA, 15, 11, NA, 646, NA, NA, 4903, 0.0089, 576851, 850, 217,
"U.S. Total", 1918911, 37529, 2790, 6250, 870, 6438, 6809, 217407, 27292, 1214, 2225510, NA, 335110019, 664, 379
)A nicer view of the data:
kable(incarceration_data) %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"),
font_size = 12) %>%
scroll_box(width = "100%", height = "500px")| State | Combined_prison_and_local_jail | Youth | Indian_Country_jails | Civil_commitment | Pre_trial_evaluation | Not_guilty_by_reason_of_insanity | Incompetent_to_stand_trial | Federal | Immigration | Military | Total_incarceration | Federal_origin_percentage | State_population | Incarceration_rate | Violent_crime_rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 42200 | 915 | NA | NA | NA | 171 | NA | 3855 | NA | NA | 47141 | 0.0197 | 5024279 | 938 | 511 |
| Alaska | 4500 | 243 | 1 | NA | 1 | 1 | 8 | 509 | NA | NA | 5263 | 0.0026 | 733391 | 718 | 867 |
| American Samoa | 196 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 197 | 0.0000 | 55191 | 358 | NA |
| Arizona | 56000 | 786 | 734 | 82 | NA | 82 | 6 | 4364 | NA | NA | 62054 | 0.0223 | 7151502 | 868 | 455 |
| Arkansas | 25500 | 459 | NA | NA | 9 | 123 | 55 | 2231 | NA | NA | 28377 | 0.0114 | 3011524 | 942 | 585 |
| California | 196100 | 4239 | NA | 937 | NA | 1369 | 1256 | 13015 | NA | NA | 216916 | 0.0665 | 39538223 | 549 | 441 |
| Colorado | 32500 | 837 | 65 | NA | 29 | 121 | 164 | 1761 | NA | NA | 35477 | 0.0090 | 5773714 | 614 | 381 |
| Connecticut | 12800 | 81 | NA | NA | NA | 118 | 52 | 1174 | NA | NA | 14225 | 0.0060 | 3605944 | 394 | 184 |
| Delaware | 5700 | 105 | NA | NA | 6 | 7 | 14 | 411 | NA | NA | 6243 | 0.0021 | 989948 | 631 | 423 |
| District of Columbia | 1800 | 87 | NA | NA | 57 | 102 | 25 | 4129 | NA | NA | 6200 | 0.0211 | 689545 | 899 | 1049 |
| Florida | 151600 | 2301 | NA | 543 | NA | 462 | 1062 | 15324 | NA | NA | 171292 | 0.0783 | 21538187 | 795 | 378 |
| Georgia (State) | 94800 | 1317 | NA | NA | 27 | 163 | 213 | 7202 | NA | NA | 103722 | 0.0368 | 10711908 | 968 | 341 |
| Guam | 559 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 78 | NA | NA | 637 | 0.0004 | 159385 | 400 | NA |
| Hawaii | 5300 | 39 | NA | NA | 20 | 38 | 75 | 920 | NA | NA | 6392 | 0.0047 | 1455271 | 439 | 286 |
| Idaho | 12700 | 438 | 48 | NA | NA | 1 | 14 | 802 | NA | NA | 14003 | 0.0041 | 1839106 | 761 | 224 |
| Illinois | 54700 | 912 | NA | 553 | NA | 359 | 301 | 6909 | NA | NA | 63734 | 0.0353 | 12812508 | 497 | 407 |
| Indiana | 47300 | 1329 | NA | NA | NA | 9 | 140 | 3151 | NA | NA | 51929 | 0.0161 | 6785528 | 765 | 371 |
| Iowa | 14300 | 627 | NA | 150 | NA | 0 | NA | 3503 | NA | NA | 18580 | 0.0179 | 3190369 | 582 | 267 |
| Kansas | 18000 | 402 | NA | 266 | 19 | 25 | 46 | 1742 | NA | NA | 20500 | 0.0089 | 2937880 | 698 | 411 |
| Kentucky | 38400 | 453 | NA | NA | 52 | NA | NA | 3014 | NA | NA | 41919 | 0.0154 | 4505836 | 930 | 217 |
| Louisiana | 47600 | 711 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2623 | NA | NA | 50934 | 0.0134 | 4657757 | 1094 | 549 |
| Maine | 3800 | 48 | NA | NA | 5 | 38 | 10 | 568 | NA | NA | 4469 | 0.0029 | 1362359 | 328 | 115 |
| Maryland | 27100 | 510 | NA | NA | 259 | 232 | 224 | 4482 | NA | NA | 32807 | 0.0229 | 6177224 | 531 | 454 |
| Massachusetts | 17200 | 288 | NA | 161 | 72 | 17 | 54 | 1546 | NA | NA | 19338 | 0.0079 | 7029917 | 275 | 328 |
| Michigan | 53900 | 1473 | 9 | NA | NA | 124 | 85 | 4756 | NA | NA | 60347 | 0.0243 | 10077331 | 599 | 437 |
| Minnesota | 15900 | 531 | 64 | 742 | NA | 39 | 98 | 2153 | NA | NA | 19527 | 0.0110 | 5706494 | 342 | 236 |
| Mississippi | 28300 | 204 | 62 | NA | 15 | 12 | 3 | 1938 | NA | NA | 30534 | 0.0099 | 2961279 | 1031 | 278 |
| Missouri | 37600 | 798 | NA | 265 | 4 | 217 | 184 | 6165 | NA | NA | 45233 | 0.0315 | 6154913 | 735 | 495 |
| Montana | 6900 | 117 | 242 | NA | 5 | 49 | 5 | 1233 | NA | NA | 8551 | 0.0063 | 1084225 | 789 | 405 |
| Nebraska | 9800 | 435 | 14 | 158 | 1 | 33 | 10 | 1331 | NA | NA | 11782 | 0.0068 | 1961504 | 601 | 301 |
| Nevada | 20000 | 540 | 19 | NA | 12 | 2 | 44 | 1507 | NA | NA | 22124 | 0.0077 | 3104614 | 713 | 494 |
| New Hampshire | 4000 | 42 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 470 | NA | NA | 4513 | 0.0024 | 1377529 | 328 | 153 |
| New Jersey | 27900 | 507 | NA | 458 | 29 | 249 | 100 | 2407 | NA | NA | 31650 | 0.0123 | 9288994 | 341 | 207 |
| New Mexico | 13300 | 288 | 165 | NA | 2 | NA | 35 | 1742 | NA | NA | 15532 | 0.0089 | 2117522 | 733 | 832 |
| New York | 64000 | 891 | NA | 375 | NA | 503 | 290 | 9962 | NA | NA | 76021 | 0.0509 | 20201249 | 376 | 359 |
| North Carolina | 54400 | 474 | NA | NA | 6 | 50 | 151 | 9296 | NA | NA | 64377 | 0.0475 | 10439388 | 617 | 372 |
| North Dakota | 3300 | 90 | 179 | 51 | NA | NA | NA | 920 | NA | NA | 4540 | 0.0047 | 779094 | 583 | 285 |
| Northern Mariana Islands | 175 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 20 | NA | NA | 195 | 0.0001 | 53883 | 361 | NA |
| Ohio | 70900 | 1815 | NA | NA | 24 | 266 | 182 | 4540 | NA | NA | 77727 | 0.0232 | 11799448 | 659 | 293 |
| Oklahoma | 36300 | 441 | 7 | NA | 13 | 66 | 91 | 2407 | NA | NA | 39325 | 0.0123 | 3959353 | 993 | 432 |
| Oregon | 21000 | 696 | 37 | NA | NA | 290 | 134 | 1350 | NA | NA | 23507 | 0.0069 | 4237256 | 555 | 284 |
| Pennsylvania | 77000 | 2307 | NA | 55 | 121 | 15 | 87 | 6126 | NA | NA | 85711 | 0.0313 | 13002700 | 659 | 306 |
| Puerto Rico | 5610 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4403 | NA | NA | 10013 | 0.0225 | 3285874 | 305 | 203 |
| Rhode Island | 2700 | 138 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 333 | NA | NA | 3171 | 0.0017 | 1097379 | 289 | 221 |
| South Carolina | 29700 | 501 | NA | 208 | 8 | 54 | 166 | 4071 | NA | NA | 34708 | 0.0208 | 5118425 | 678 | 511 |
| South Dakota | 5800 | 150 | 212 | NA | NA | NA | 6 | 1135 | NA | NA | 7303 | 0.0058 | 886667 | 824 | 399 |
| Tennessee | 50500 | 423 | NA | NA | 29 | 42 | 36 | 6869 | NA | NA | 57899 | 0.0351 | 6910840 | 838 | 595 |
| Texas | 215100 | 4194 | NA | 368 | 1 | 222 | 889 | 24111 | NA | NA | 244885 | 0.1232 | 29145505 | 840 | 419 |
| Utah | 12500 | 351 | NA | NA | NA | 11 | 86 | 1272 | NA | NA | 14220 | NA | 3271616 | 435 | 236 |
| Vermont | 1600 | 15 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 235 | NA | NA | 1850 | 0.0065 | 643077 | 288 | 202 |
| Virgin Islands | 371 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 176 | NA | NA | 547 | 0.0012 | 106405 | 514 | NA |
| Virginia | 57700 | 951 | NA | 431 | 13 | 267 | 129 | 5167 | NA | NA | 64658 | 0.0009 | 8631393 | 749 | 208 |
| Washington | 30800 | 690 | 428 | 175 | 15 | 232 | 156 | 2525 | NA | NA | 35021 | 0.0264 | 7705281 | 455 | 294 |
| West Virginia | 11000 | 576 | NA | NA | NA | 52 | 80 | 1409 | NA | NA | 13117 | 0.0129 | 1793716 | 731 | 317 |
| Wisconsin | 36200 | 588 | 51 | 271 | 1 | 194 | 43 | 1742 | NA | NA | 39090 | 0.0072 | 5893718 | 663 | 293 |
| Wyoming | 4000 | 183 | 48 | NA | 15 | 11 | NA | 646 | NA | NA | 4903 | 0.0089 | 576851 | 850 | 217 |
| U.S. Total | 1918911 | 37529 | 2790 | 6250 | 870 | 6438 | 6809 | 217407 | 27292 | 1214 | 2225510 | NA | 335110019 | 664 | 379 |
Global data (2021)
global_data <- tribble(
~Country, ~Incarceration_rate, ~Violent_crime_rate,
"Afghanistan", 87, NA,
"Albania", 164, 17,
"Algeria", 153, 199,
"Angola", 89, NA,
"Argentina", 230, 1284,
"Armenia", 74, 19,
"Australia", 160, 438,
"Austria", 95, 124,
"Azerbaijan", 208, 11,
"Bahrain", 234, NA,
"Bangladesh", 48, NA,
"Belarus", 345, 42,
"Belgium", 93, 838,
"Benin", 73, NA,
"Bhutan", 145, 145,
"Bolivia", 154, 265,
"Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federation", 83, NA,
"Bosnia and Herzegovina: Republika Srpska", 46, NA,
"Botswana", 162, 1035,
"Brazil", 357, 1137,
"Bulgaria", 109, 72,
"Burkina Faso", 37, NA,
"Burundi", 82, 70,
"Cambodia", 233, NA,
"Cameroon", 85, 41,
"Canada", 104, 310,
"Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)", 296, 1892,
"Central African Republic", 16, NA,
"Chad", 59, NA,
"Chile", 211, 767,
"China", 121, NA,
"Colombia", 192, 583,
"Comoros", 37, NA,
"Congo (Republic of)", 27, NA,
"Costa Rica", 374, 1945,
"Cote d'Ivoire", 82, NA,
"Croatia", 84, 52,
"Cuba", 510, NA,
"Cyprus (Republic of)", 93, 26,
"Czech Republic", 177, 74,
"Democratic Republic of Congo", 29, NA,
"Denmark", 72, 154,
"Djibouti", 71, NA,
"Dominican Republic", 239, 170,
"Ecuador", 224, 582,
"Egypt", 118, 6,
"El Salvador", 562, 239,
"Equatorial Guinea", 63, NA,
"Estonia", 173, 43,
"Eswatini", 277, NA,
"Ethiopia", 99, NA,
"Fiji", 274, NA,
"Finland", 53, 115,
"France", 93, 596,
"Gabon", 241, NA,
"Gambia", 31, NA,
"Georgia (Country)", 247, NA,
"Germany", 69, 256,
"Ghana", 42, NA,
"Greece", 107, 60,
"Guatemala", 139, 121,
"Guinea (Republic of)", 28, NA,
"Guinea Bissau", 10, NA,
"Guyana", 239, 479,
"Haiti", 100, NA,
"Honduras", 234, 197,
"Hong Kong (China)", 95, 126,
"Hungary", 171, 145,
"India", 35, 41,
"Indonesia", 100, 11,
"Iran", 228, NA,
"Iraq", 126, NA,
"Ireland, Republic of", 77, 186,
"Israel", 234, 674,
"Italy", 89, 169,
"Jamaica", 137, 241,
"Japan", 38, 27,
"Jordan", 198, NA,
"Kazakhstan", 157, 80,
"Kenya", 157, 53,
"Kosovo/Kosova", 81, NA,
"Kuwait", 93, NA,
"Kyrgyzstan", 111, NA,
"Laos", 161, NA,
"Latvia", 130, 82,
"Lebanon", 175, 163,
"Lesotho", 118, NA,
"Liberia", 92, NA,
"Libya", 51, NA,
"Lithuania", 139, 57,
"Luxembourg", 86, 237,
"Macau (China)", 232, 308,
"Madagascar", 99, NA,
"Malawi", 71, NA,
"Malaysia", 212, NA,
"Mali", 33, NA,
"Mauritania", 53, NA,
"Mauritius", 203, 124,
"Mexico", 166, 282,
"Moldova (Republic of)", 182, NA,
"Mongolia", 154, 71,
"Montenegro", 172, 48,
"Morocco", 238, 479,
"Mozambique", 63, NA,
"Myanmar (Burma)", 171, 12,
"Namibia", 295, NA,
"Nepal", 86, NA,
"Netherlands", 63, 104,
"New Zealand", 188, 727,
"Nicaragua", 332, 873,
"Niger", 47, NA,
"Nigeria", 31, 46,
"North Macedonia", 105, NA,
"Norway", 54, 162,
"Oman", 45, 5,
"Pakistan", 40, 25,
"Panama", 420, 448,
"Papua New Guinea", 62, NA,
"Paraguay", 241, 111,
"Peru", 269, 345,
"Philippines", 200, NA,
"Poland", 188, 50,
"Portugal", 111, 147,
"Qatar", 53, NA,
"Republic of (South) Korea", 105, 137,
"Reunion (France)", 118, NA,
"Romania", 118, 27,
"Russian Federation", 329, 42,
"Rwanda", 515, 75,
"Saudi Arabia", 207, 16,
"Senegal", 68, 21,
"Serbia", 152, 40,
"Sierra Leone", 47, NA,
"Singapore", 185, 39,
"Slovakia", 189, 53,
"Slovenia", 56, 100,
"Solomon Islands", 77, NA,
"South Africa", 248, 750,
"South Sudan", 50, NA,
"Spain", 122, 208,
"Sri Lanka", 135, 63,
"Sudan", 52, NA,
"Suriname", 183, NA,
"Sweden", 68, 326,
"Switzerland", 73, 59,
"Syria", 60, NA,
"Taiwan", 243, NA,
"Tajikistan", 83, 57,
"Tanzania", 59, 30,
"Thailand", 445, 30,
"Timor-Leste (East Timor)", 54, NA,
"Togo", 50, NA,
"Trinidad and Tobago", 276, 305,
"Tunisia", 194, NA,
"Turkey", 335, 167,
"Turkmenistan", 552, NA,
"Uganda", 142, 90,
"UK: England & Wales", 130, NA,
"UK: Northern Ireland", 72, NA,
"UK: Scotland", 136, NA,
"Ukraine", 129, 59,
"United Arab Emirates", 144, NA,
"United States", 664, 379,
"Uruguay", 372, 608,
"Uzbekistan", 68, NA,
"Venezuela", 134, NA,
"Vietnam", 128, NA,
"Yemen", 53, NA,
"Zambia", 123, NA,
"Zimbabwe", 127, NA
)A nicer view of the data:
kable(global_data) %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"),
font_size = 12) %>%
scroll_box(width = "100%", height = "500px")| Country | Incarceration_rate | Violent_crime_rate |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 87 | NA |
| Albania | 164 | 17 |
| Algeria | 153 | 199 |
| Angola | 89 | NA |
| Argentina | 230 | 1284 |
| Armenia | 74 | 19 |
| Australia | 160 | 438 |
| Austria | 95 | 124 |
| Azerbaijan | 208 | 11 |
| Bahrain | 234 | NA |
| Bangladesh | 48 | NA |
| Belarus | 345 | 42 |
| Belgium | 93 | 838 |
| Benin | 73 | NA |
| Bhutan | 145 | 145 |
| Bolivia | 154 | 265 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federation | 83 | NA |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina: Republika Srpska | 46 | NA |
| Botswana | 162 | 1035 |
| Brazil | 357 | 1137 |
| Bulgaria | 109 | 72 |
| Burkina Faso | 37 | NA |
| Burundi | 82 | 70 |
| Cambodia | 233 | NA |
| Cameroon | 85 | 41 |
| Canada | 104 | 310 |
| Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) | 296 | 1892 |
| Central African Republic | 16 | NA |
| Chad | 59 | NA |
| Chile | 211 | 767 |
| China | 121 | NA |
| Colombia | 192 | 583 |
| Comoros | 37 | NA |
| Congo (Republic of) | 27 | NA |
| Costa Rica | 374 | 1945 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 82 | NA |
| Croatia | 84 | 52 |
| Cuba | 510 | NA |
| Cyprus (Republic of) | 93 | 26 |
| Czech Republic | 177 | 74 |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 29 | NA |
| Denmark | 72 | 154 |
| Djibouti | 71 | NA |
| Dominican Republic | 239 | 170 |
| Ecuador | 224 | 582 |
| Egypt | 118 | 6 |
| El Salvador | 562 | 239 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 63 | NA |
| Estonia | 173 | 43 |
| Eswatini | 277 | NA |
| Ethiopia | 99 | NA |
| Fiji | 274 | NA |
| Finland | 53 | 115 |
| France | 93 | 596 |
| Gabon | 241 | NA |
| Gambia | 31 | NA |
| Georgia (Country) | 247 | NA |
| Germany | 69 | 256 |
| Ghana | 42 | NA |
| Greece | 107 | 60 |
| Guatemala | 139 | 121 |
| Guinea (Republic of) | 28 | NA |
| Guinea Bissau | 10 | NA |
| Guyana | 239 | 479 |
| Haiti | 100 | NA |
| Honduras | 234 | 197 |
| Hong Kong (China) | 95 | 126 |
| Hungary | 171 | 145 |
| India | 35 | 41 |
| Indonesia | 100 | 11 |
| Iran | 228 | NA |
| Iraq | 126 | NA |
| Ireland, Republic of | 77 | 186 |
| Israel | 234 | 674 |
| Italy | 89 | 169 |
| Jamaica | 137 | 241 |
| Japan | 38 | 27 |
| Jordan | 198 | NA |
| Kazakhstan | 157 | 80 |
| Kenya | 157 | 53 |
| Kosovo/Kosova | 81 | NA |
| Kuwait | 93 | NA |
| Kyrgyzstan | 111 | NA |
| Laos | 161 | NA |
| Latvia | 130 | 82 |
| Lebanon | 175 | 163 |
| Lesotho | 118 | NA |
| Liberia | 92 | NA |
| Libya | 51 | NA |
| Lithuania | 139 | 57 |
| Luxembourg | 86 | 237 |
| Macau (China) | 232 | 308 |
| Madagascar | 99 | NA |
| Malawi | 71 | NA |
| Malaysia | 212 | NA |
| Mali | 33 | NA |
| Mauritania | 53 | NA |
| Mauritius | 203 | 124 |
| Mexico | 166 | 282 |
| Moldova (Republic of) | 182 | NA |
| Mongolia | 154 | 71 |
| Montenegro | 172 | 48 |
| Morocco | 238 | 479 |
| Mozambique | 63 | NA |
| Myanmar (Burma) | 171 | 12 |
| Namibia | 295 | NA |
| Nepal | 86 | NA |
| Netherlands | 63 | 104 |
| New Zealand | 188 | 727 |
| Nicaragua | 332 | 873 |
| Niger | 47 | NA |
| Nigeria | 31 | 46 |
| North Macedonia | 105 | NA |
| Norway | 54 | 162 |
| Oman | 45 | 5 |
| Pakistan | 40 | 25 |
| Panama | 420 | 448 |
| Papua New Guinea | 62 | NA |
| Paraguay | 241 | 111 |
| Peru | 269 | 345 |
| Philippines | 200 | NA |
| Poland | 188 | 50 |
| Portugal | 111 | 147 |
| Qatar | 53 | NA |
| Republic of (South) Korea | 105 | 137 |
| Reunion (France) | 118 | NA |
| Romania | 118 | 27 |
| Russian Federation | 329 | 42 |
| Rwanda | 515 | 75 |
| Saudi Arabia | 207 | 16 |
| Senegal | 68 | 21 |
| Serbia | 152 | 40 |
| Sierra Leone | 47 | NA |
| Singapore | 185 | 39 |
| Slovakia | 189 | 53 |
| Slovenia | 56 | 100 |
| Solomon Islands | 77 | NA |
| South Africa | 248 | 750 |
| South Sudan | 50 | NA |
| Spain | 122 | 208 |
| Sri Lanka | 135 | 63 |
| Sudan | 52 | NA |
| Suriname | 183 | NA |
| Sweden | 68 | 326 |
| Switzerland | 73 | 59 |
| Syria | 60 | NA |
| Taiwan | 243 | NA |
| Tajikistan | 83 | 57 |
| Tanzania | 59 | 30 |
| Thailand | 445 | 30 |
| Timor-Leste (East Timor) | 54 | NA |
| Togo | 50 | NA |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 276 | 305 |
| Tunisia | 194 | NA |
| Turkey | 335 | 167 |
| Turkmenistan | 552 | NA |
| Uganda | 142 | 90 |
| UK: England & Wales | 130 | NA |
| UK: Northern Ireland | 72 | NA |
| UK: Scotland | 136 | NA |
| Ukraine | 129 | 59 |
| United Arab Emirates | 144 | NA |
| United States | 664 | 379 |
| Uruguay | 372 | 608 |
| Uzbekistan | 68 | NA |
| Venezuela | 134 | NA |
| Vietnam | 128 | NA |
| Yemen | 53 | NA |
| Zambia | 123 | NA |
| Zimbabwe | 127 | NA |
Merging data
# add a 'Location' column to both data frames
global_data <- global_data %>%
mutate(Location = Country)
incarceration_data <- incarceration_data %>%
mutate(Location = State)
# Now, join the data frames
combined_data <- global_data %>%
full_join(incarceration_data, by = c("Incarceration_rate", "Location"))
# Arrange by Incarceration_rate in descending order
combined_data <- combined_data %>%
arrange(desc(Incarceration_rate))
# Create a summary of the combined data
summary_combined <- combined_data %>%
summarise(
Total_Locations = n(),
Locations_with_Incarceration_Rate = sum(!is.na(Incarceration_rate)),
Locations_with_Violent_Crime_Rate = sum(!is.na(Violent_crime_rate.x) | !is.na(Violent_crime_rate.y)),
Avg_Incarceration_Rate = mean(Incarceration_rate, na.rm = TRUE),
Median_Incarceration_Rate = median(Incarceration_rate, na.rm = TRUE)
)
# Display the summary
print(summary_combined)## # A tibble: 1 × 5
## Total_Locations Locations_with_Incarceration_Rate Locations_with_Violent_Cri…¹
## <int> <int> <int>
## 1 227 227 148
## # ℹ abbreviated name: ¹​Locations_with_Violent_Crime_Rate
## # ℹ 2 more variables: Avg_Incarceration_Rate <dbl>,
## # Median_Incarceration_Rate <dbl>A nicer view of the data:
# Create the kable table
combined_table <- combined_data %>%
# Select and rename columns for better readability
select(
Location,
Incarceration_rate,
Violent_crime_rate_Global = Violent_crime_rate.x,
Violent_crime_rate_US = Violent_crime_rate.y
) %>%
# Create the kable table
kable(
format = "html",
caption = "Combined Incarceration and Violent Crime Rates",
col.names = c("Location", "Incarceration Rate",
"Global Violent Crime Rate",
"US Violent Crime Rate")
) %>%
# Add styling
kable_styling(
bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"),
full_width = FALSE,
position = "center"
) %>%
# Add a scroll box if the table is large
scroll_box(width = "100%", height = "500px")
# Display the table
combined_table| Location | Incarceration Rate | Global Violent Crime Rate | US Violent Crime Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Louisiana | 1094 | NA | 549 |
| Mississippi | 1031 | NA | 278 |
| Oklahoma | 993 | NA | 432 |
| Georgia (State) | 968 | NA | 341 |
| Arkansas | 942 | NA | 585 |
| Alabama | 938 | NA | 511 |
| Kentucky | 930 | NA | 217 |
| District of Columbia | 899 | NA | 1049 |
| Arizona | 868 | NA | 455 |
| Wyoming | 850 | NA | 217 |
| Texas | 840 | NA | 419 |
| Tennessee | 838 | NA | 595 |
| South Dakota | 824 | NA | 399 |
| Florida | 795 | NA | 378 |
| Montana | 789 | NA | 405 |
| Indiana | 765 | NA | 371 |
| Idaho | 761 | NA | 224 |
| Virginia | 749 | NA | 208 |
| Missouri | 735 | NA | 495 |
| New Mexico | 733 | NA | 832 |
| West Virginia | 731 | NA | 317 |
| Alaska | 718 | NA | 867 |
| Nevada | 713 | NA | 494 |
| Kansas | 698 | NA | 411 |
| South Carolina | 678 | NA | 511 |
| United States | 664 | 379 | NA |
| U.S. Total | 664 | NA | 379 |
| Wisconsin | 663 | NA | 293 |
| Ohio | 659 | NA | 293 |
| Pennsylvania | 659 | NA | 306 |
| Delaware | 631 | NA | 423 |
| North Carolina | 617 | NA | 372 |
| Colorado | 614 | NA | 381 |
| Nebraska | 601 | NA | 301 |
| Michigan | 599 | NA | 437 |
| North Dakota | 583 | NA | 285 |
| Iowa | 582 | NA | 267 |
| El Salvador | 562 | 239 | NA |
| Oregon | 555 | NA | 284 |
| Turkmenistan | 552 | NA | NA |
| California | 549 | NA | 441 |
| Maryland | 531 | NA | 454 |
| Rwanda | 515 | 75 | NA |
| Virgin Islands | 514 | NA | NA |
| Cuba | 510 | NA | NA |
| Illinois | 497 | NA | 407 |
| Washington | 455 | NA | 294 |
| Thailand | 445 | 30 | NA |
| Hawaii | 439 | NA | 286 |
| Utah | 435 | NA | 236 |
| Panama | 420 | 448 | NA |
| Guam | 400 | NA | NA |
| Connecticut | 394 | NA | 184 |
| New York | 376 | NA | 359 |
| Costa Rica | 374 | 1945 | NA |
| Uruguay | 372 | 608 | NA |
| Northern Mariana Islands | 361 | NA | NA |
| American Samoa | 358 | NA | NA |
| Brazil | 357 | 1137 | NA |
| Belarus | 345 | 42 | NA |
| Minnesota | 342 | NA | 236 |
| New Jersey | 341 | NA | 207 |
| Turkey | 335 | 167 | NA |
| Nicaragua | 332 | 873 | NA |
| Russian Federation | 329 | 42 | NA |
| Maine | 328 | NA | 115 |
| New Hampshire | 328 | NA | 153 |
| Puerto Rico | 305 | NA | 203 |
| Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) | 296 | 1892 | NA |
| Namibia | 295 | NA | NA |
| Rhode Island | 289 | NA | 221 |
| Vermont | 288 | NA | 202 |
| Eswatini | 277 | NA | NA |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 276 | 305 | NA |
| Massachusetts | 275 | NA | 328 |
| Fiji | 274 | NA | NA |
| Peru | 269 | 345 | NA |
| South Africa | 248 | 750 | NA |
| Georgia (Country) | 247 | NA | NA |
| Taiwan | 243 | NA | NA |
| Gabon | 241 | NA | NA |
| Paraguay | 241 | 111 | NA |
| Dominican Republic | 239 | 170 | NA |
| Guyana | 239 | 479 | NA |
| Morocco | 238 | 479 | NA |
| Bahrain | 234 | NA | NA |
| Honduras | 234 | 197 | NA |
| Israel | 234 | 674 | NA |
| Cambodia | 233 | NA | NA |
| Macau (China) | 232 | 308 | NA |
| Argentina | 230 | 1284 | NA |
| Iran | 228 | NA | NA |
| Ecuador | 224 | 582 | NA |
| Malaysia | 212 | NA | NA |
| Chile | 211 | 767 | NA |
| Azerbaijan | 208 | 11 | NA |
| Saudi Arabia | 207 | 16 | NA |
| Mauritius | 203 | 124 | NA |
| Philippines | 200 | NA | NA |
| Jordan | 198 | NA | NA |
| Tunisia | 194 | NA | NA |
| Colombia | 192 | 583 | NA |
| Slovakia | 189 | 53 | NA |
| New Zealand | 188 | 727 | NA |
| Poland | 188 | 50 | NA |
| Singapore | 185 | 39 | NA |
| Suriname | 183 | NA | NA |
| Moldova (Republic of) | 182 | NA | NA |
| Czech Republic | 177 | 74 | NA |
| Lebanon | 175 | 163 | NA |
| Estonia | 173 | 43 | NA |
| Montenegro | 172 | 48 | NA |
| Hungary | 171 | 145 | NA |
| Myanmar (Burma) | 171 | 12 | NA |
| Mexico | 166 | 282 | NA |
| Albania | 164 | 17 | NA |
| Botswana | 162 | 1035 | NA |
| Laos | 161 | NA | NA |
| Australia | 160 | 438 | NA |
| Kazakhstan | 157 | 80 | NA |
| Kenya | 157 | 53 | NA |
| Bolivia | 154 | 265 | NA |
| Mongolia | 154 | 71 | NA |
| Algeria | 153 | 199 | NA |
| Serbia | 152 | 40 | NA |
| Bhutan | 145 | 145 | NA |
| United Arab Emirates | 144 | NA | NA |
| Uganda | 142 | 90 | NA |
| Guatemala | 139 | 121 | NA |
| Lithuania | 139 | 57 | NA |
| Jamaica | 137 | 241 | NA |
| UK: Scotland | 136 | NA | NA |
| Sri Lanka | 135 | 63 | NA |
| Venezuela | 134 | NA | NA |
| Latvia | 130 | 82 | NA |
| UK: England & Wales | 130 | NA | NA |
| Ukraine | 129 | 59 | NA |
| Vietnam | 128 | NA | NA |
| Zimbabwe | 127 | NA | NA |
| Iraq | 126 | NA | NA |
| Zambia | 123 | NA | NA |
| Spain | 122 | 208 | NA |
| China | 121 | NA | NA |
| Egypt | 118 | 6 | NA |
| Lesotho | 118 | NA | NA |
| Reunion (France) | 118 | NA | NA |
| Romania | 118 | 27 | NA |
| Kyrgyzstan | 111 | NA | NA |
| Portugal | 111 | 147 | NA |
| Bulgaria | 109 | 72 | NA |
| Greece | 107 | 60 | NA |
| North Macedonia | 105 | NA | NA |
| Republic of (South) Korea | 105 | 137 | NA |
| Canada | 104 | 310 | NA |
| Haiti | 100 | NA | NA |
| Indonesia | 100 | 11 | NA |
| Ethiopia | 99 | NA | NA |
| Madagascar | 99 | NA | NA |
| Austria | 95 | 124 | NA |
| Hong Kong (China) | 95 | 126 | NA |
| Belgium | 93 | 838 | NA |
| Cyprus (Republic of) | 93 | 26 | NA |
| France | 93 | 596 | NA |
| Kuwait | 93 | NA | NA |
| Liberia | 92 | NA | NA |
| Angola | 89 | NA | NA |
| Italy | 89 | 169 | NA |
| Afghanistan | 87 | NA | NA |
| Luxembourg | 86 | 237 | NA |
| Nepal | 86 | NA | NA |
| Cameroon | 85 | 41 | NA |
| Croatia | 84 | 52 | NA |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federation | 83 | NA | NA |
| Tajikistan | 83 | 57 | NA |
| Burundi | 82 | 70 | NA |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 82 | NA | NA |
| Kosovo/Kosova | 81 | NA | NA |
| Ireland, Republic of | 77 | 186 | NA |
| Solomon Islands | 77 | NA | NA |
| Armenia | 74 | 19 | NA |
| Benin | 73 | NA | NA |
| Switzerland | 73 | 59 | NA |
| Denmark | 72 | 154 | NA |
| UK: Northern Ireland | 72 | NA | NA |
| Djibouti | 71 | NA | NA |
| Malawi | 71 | NA | NA |
| Germany | 69 | 256 | NA |
| Senegal | 68 | 21 | NA |
| Sweden | 68 | 326 | NA |
| Uzbekistan | 68 | NA | NA |
| Equatorial Guinea | 63 | NA | NA |
| Mozambique | 63 | NA | NA |
| Netherlands | 63 | 104 | NA |
| Papua New Guinea | 62 | NA | NA |
| Syria | 60 | NA | NA |
| Chad | 59 | NA | NA |
| Tanzania | 59 | 30 | NA |
| Slovenia | 56 | 100 | NA |
| Norway | 54 | 162 | NA |
| Timor-Leste (East Timor) | 54 | NA | NA |
| Finland | 53 | 115 | NA |
| Mauritania | 53 | NA | NA |
| Qatar | 53 | NA | NA |
| Yemen | 53 | NA | NA |
| Sudan | 52 | NA | NA |
| Libya | 51 | NA | NA |
| South Sudan | 50 | NA | NA |
| Togo | 50 | NA | NA |
| Bangladesh | 48 | NA | NA |
| Niger | 47 | NA | NA |
| Sierra Leone | 47 | NA | NA |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina: Republika Srpska | 46 | NA | NA |
| Oman | 45 | 5 | NA |
| Ghana | 42 | NA | NA |
| Pakistan | 40 | 25 | NA |
| Japan | 38 | 27 | NA |
| Burkina Faso | 37 | NA | NA |
| Comoros | 37 | NA | NA |
| India | 35 | 41 | NA |
| Mali | 33 | NA | NA |
| Gambia | 31 | NA | NA |
| Nigeria | 31 | 46 | NA |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 29 | NA | NA |
| Guinea (Republic of) | 28 | NA | NA |
| Congo (Republic of) | 27 | NA | NA |
| Central African Republic | 16 | NA | NA |
| Guinea Bissau | 10 | NA | NA |
# Optional: Save the combined data
# write_csv(combined_data, "combined_incarceration_data.csv")Replication plots
We create a quick replication of the plots from Prison Policy Initiative.
library(tidyverse)
library(ggplot2)
# Calculate the number of locations to include (20% of the total)
num_locations <- nrow(combined_data)
top_20_percent <- ceiling(num_locations * 0.2)
# Sort and select top 10% by incarceration rate
top_incarceration_data <- combined_data %>%
arrange(desc(Incarceration_rate)) %>%
slice(1:top_20_percent)
# Create the plot
ggplot(top_incarceration_data, aes(x = reorder(Location, Incarceration_rate),
y = Incarceration_rate,
fill = ifelse(Location == "U.S. Total", "darkred", "steelblue"))) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
geom_text(aes(label = round(Incarceration_rate, 1)),
hjust = -0.1, size = 3.5) +
coord_flip() +
scale_fill_identity() +
scale_y_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, 0.1))) +
labs(title = "Top 20% Locations by Incarceration Rate",
subtitle = "Incarceration rate per 100,000 population",
x = "",
y = "Incarceration Rate") +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold"),
axis.text.y = element_text(face = "bold"),
panel.grid.major.y = element_blank()
)
Save the plot.
# save the plot
# ggsave("top_10_percent_incarceration_rates_with_us_highlighted.png", width = 10, height = 6, dpi = 300)