Research Methods !

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# Research Methods 
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## Scientific Process
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### Laxmikant Soni [blog](https://laxmikants.github.io) [](https://github.com/laxmiaknts) [](https://twitter.com/laxmikantsoni09)
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# The Scientific Process

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## Meaning and Definition

* **Definition**: The scientific process is a systematic approach to understanding the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis.
* **Key Concepts**:
  - **Empirical Evidence**: Knowledge acquired by observation or experimentation.
  - **Reproducibility**: Experiments should yield the same results when repeated under similar conditions.
  - **Falsifiability**: Scientific theories must be testable and capable of being proven false.
* **Purpose**: The goal is to establish reliable knowledge by minimizing biases and subjective influences.

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## Example of Scientific Process

* **Example**: Investigating the effects of sunlight on plant growth.
  - **Hypothesis**: Increased sunlight leads to faster growth.
  - **Method**: Conduct controlled experiments by varying light exposure.
  - **Data Collection**: Measure growth rates under different conditions.
  - **Conclusion**: Analyze results to determine if sunlight positively affects growth.

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# The Scientific Process

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## A Brief History of the Scientific Process (Ancient Roots)

* **Ancient Contributions**:
  - **Aristotle (384-322 BCE)**: Emphasized systematic observation and logical reasoning.
  - **Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040)**: Known as the father of optics, he introduced experimentation as a way to validate theories.

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## A Brief History of the Scientific Process (Scientific Revolution)

* **Scientific Revolution**:
  - **Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)**: Advocated for empirical evidence and the use of mathematics in science.
  - **Francis Bacon (1561-1626)**: Developed the scientific method focusing on inductive reasoning.

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# The Scientific Process

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## Modern Developments in the Scientific Process

* **Modern Thinkers**:
  - **Karl Popper (1902-1994)**: Introduced the concept of falsifiability as a criterion for scientific theories.
  - **Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996)**: Proposed the idea of paradigm shifts in scientific knowledge.

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## Steps of the Scientific Process

1. **Observation**: Identify a phenomenon or problem.
2. **Hypothesis Formation**: Propose a testable explanation.
3. **Experimentation**: Design experiments to test the hypothesis.
4. **Data Analysis**: Analyze results to draw conclusions.
5. **Conclusion**: Support, refute, or refine the hypothesis.

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# Thanks