Meta-analysis of IE
Prof. Yucheng Zhang
2024-11-11
1 VARIABLE-LEVEL META-ANALYSIS
## **** Running ma_r: Meta-analysis of correlations ****
## Cleaning reliability information1.1 Entrepreneurship internationalization
## TABLE i. Meta-Analysis of Antecedents of Entrepreneurship Internationalization
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## No k N mean_r sd_res mean_rho sd_rho CI_LL_95 CI_UL_95 CR_LL_80 CR_UL_80 Y
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 1.000 44.000 47740.000 0.072 0.102 0.090 0.127 0.051 0.130 -0.072 0.253 Firm Size
## 2 2.000 31.000 29116.000 0.025 0.130 0.031 0.163 -0.028 0.090 -0.177 0.239 Firm Age
## 3 3.000 10.000 2438.000 0.094 0.082 0.120 0.099 0.041 0.199 -0.007 0.248 Entrepreneurial Orientation
## 4 4.000 3.000 671.000 0.171 0.054 0.207 0.054 0.100 0.313 0.138 0.276 Learning Orientation
## 5 5.000 6.000 21412.000 0.057 0.048 0.071 0.060 0.021 0.121 -0.005 0.147 Social Capital
## 6 6.000 8.000 50082.000 0.029 0.056 0.037 0.070 -0.013 0.087 -0.053 0.127 Human Capital
## 7 7.000 17.000 26821.000 0.099 0.061 0.123 0.076 0.084 0.162 0.026 0.220 Network
## 8 8.000 5.000 7483.000 0.034 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.019 0.066 0.043 0.043 Venture Capital
## 9 9.000 21.000 5741.000 0.069 0.116 0.086 0.145 0.016 0.156 -0.100 0.272 International Experience
## 10 10.000 5.000 9933.000 0.133 0.066 0.167 0.082 0.090 0.243 0.061 0.272 Resource Stock
## 11 11.000 5.000 2072.000 0.148 0.000 0.184 0.000 0.139 0.229 0.184 0.184 Knowledge Growth & Integration
## 12 12.000 6.000 6249.000 0.049 0.033 0.062 0.042 0.016 0.107 0.008 0.115 Firm Capabilities
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────1.2 IE Performance
## TABLE ii. Meta-Analysis of Antecedents of IE Performance
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## No k N mean_r sd_res mean_rho sd_rho CI_LL_95 CI_UL_95 CR_LL_80 CR_UL_80 Y
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 1.000 42.000 46673.000 0.117 0.075 0.146 0.094 0.115 0.177 0.025 0.267 Firm Size
## 2 2.000 30.000 29737.000 0.011 0.049 0.013 0.061 -0.013 0.039 -0.065 0.091 Firm Age
## 3 3.000 11.000 4702.000 0.362 0.152 0.447 0.192 0.330 0.565 0.202 0.693 Entrepreneurial Orientation
## 4 4.000 5.000 1641.000 0.200 0.000 0.252 0.000 0.200 0.305 0.252 0.252 Learning Orientation
## 5 5.000 5.000 682.000 0.086 0.000 0.106 0.000 0.027 0.185 0.106 0.106 Social Capital
## 6 6.000 12.000 37297.000 0.085 0.075 0.107 0.092 0.053 0.161 -0.012 0.225 Human Capital
## 7 7.000 20.000 29000.000 0.201 0.058 0.252 0.072 0.218 0.286 0.160 0.344 Network
## 8 8.000 5.000 6744.000 0.043 0.034 0.054 0.043 0.006 0.102 -0.001 0.109 Venture Capital
## 9 9.000 23.000 5709.000 0.130 0.100 0.160 0.123 0.101 0.220 0.003 0.318 International Experience
## 10 10.000 3.000 1435.000 -0.003 0.000 -0.004 0.000 -0.050 0.042 -0.004 -0.004 Resource Stock
## 11 11.000 7.000 6527.000 0.074 0.044 0.093 0.054 0.043 0.143 0.024 0.162 Knowledge Growth & Integration
## 12 12.000 18.000 15496.000 0.227 0.126 0.284 0.153 0.211 0.357 0.087 0.480 Firm Capabilities
## 13 13.000 52.000 102874.000 0.120 0.144 0.150 0.180 0.101 0.200 -0.081 0.381 Entrepreneurship Internationalization
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────2 CATEGORY-LEVEL META-ANALYSIS
## **** Running ma_r: Meta-analysis of correlations ****2.1 Category-level results
## TABLE A. Meta-Analysis at Category-Level
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## construct_x construct_y analysis_id k N mean_r sd_res mean_rho sd_rho CI_LL_95 CI_UL_95 CR_LL_80 CR_UL_80 Culture S.E.
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL FIRM PRESTIGE 164.000 22.000 34178.000 0.097 0.106 0.122 0.133 0.065 0.179 -0.049 0.292 All Levels (0.028)
## 2 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL INTERNATIONALIZATION 187.000 14.000 71494.000 0.038 0.055 0.047 0.069 0.010 0.084 -0.041 0.135 All Levels (0.018)
## 3 FIRM PRESTIGE INTERNATIONALIZATION 434.000 75.000 76856.000 0.054 0.116 0.068 0.145 0.034 0.102 -0.117 0.253 All Levels (0.017)
## 4 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL PERFORMANCE 196.000 17.000 37979.000 0.085 0.074 0.107 0.091 0.062 0.152 -0.010 0.224 All Levels (0.023)
## 5 FIRM PRESTIGE PERFORMANCE 446.000 72.000 76410.000 0.076 0.084 0.094 0.105 0.069 0.120 -0.040 0.229 All Levels (0.012)
## 6 INTERNATIONALIZATION PERFORMANCE 671.000 52.000 102874.000 0.120 0.144 0.150 0.180 0.101 0.200 -0.081 0.382 All Levels (0.025)
## 7 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 169.000 23.000 46736.000 0.073 0.136 0.092 0.170 0.021 0.162 -0.126 0.309 All Levels (0.036)
## 8 FIRM PRESTIGE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 415.000 111.000 94907.000 0.143 0.110 0.179 0.138 0.152 0.205 0.002 0.355 All Levels (0.013)
## 9 INTERNATIONALIZATION RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 536.000 59.000 58299.000 0.090 0.070 0.112 0.088 0.088 0.137 -0.000 0.225 All Levels (0.011)
## 10 PERFORMANCE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 550.000 79.000 73559.000 0.138 0.127 0.173 0.158 0.137 0.209 -0.029 0.375 All Levels (0.018)
## 11 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 151.000 8.000 3846.000 0.116 0.065 0.144 0.079 0.077 0.211 0.042 0.246 All Levels (0.028)
## 12 FIRM PRESTIGE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 265.000 11.000 2745.000 0.079 0.073 0.098 0.091 0.027 0.169 -0.019 0.215 All Levels (0.027)
## 13 INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 283.000 13.000 3109.000 0.111 0.083 0.140 0.098 0.072 0.209 0.015 0.266 All Levels (0.029)
## 14 PERFORMANCE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 293.000 16.000 6343.000 0.320 0.148 0.399 0.187 0.303 0.495 0.160 0.638 All Levels (0.046)
## 15 RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 268.000 30.000 11093.000 0.188 0.174 0.233 0.220 0.151 0.314 -0.049 0.514 All Levels (0.039)
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────2.2 Entrepreneurship internationalization
## TABLE vi. Meta-Analysis of Antecedents of Entrepreneurship Internationalization at Category-Level
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Y k N mean_r sd_res mean_rho sd_rho CI_LL_95 CI_UL_95 CR_LL_80 CR_UL_80 No
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL 14.000 71494.000 0.038 0.055 0.047 0.069 0.010 0.084 -0.041 0.135 4.900
## 2 FIRM PRESTIGE 75.000 76856.000 0.054 0.116 0.068 0.145 0.034 0.102 -0.117 0.253 0.900
## 3 PERFORMANCE 52.000 102874.000 0.120 0.144 0.150 0.180 0.101 0.200 -0.081 0.382
## 4 RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 59.000 58299.000 0.090 0.070 0.112 0.088 0.088 0.137 -0.000 0.225 6.900
## 5 STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 13.000 3109.000 0.111 0.083 0.140 0.098 0.072 0.209 0.015 0.266 2.900
## ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────## TABLE 1. Meta-Analysis of Antecedents of Entrepreneurship Internationalization
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Y k N r SDr ρ SDρ CILL CIUL CVLL CVUL
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 FIRM PRESTIGE 75 76856 0.054 0.116 0.068 0.145 0.034 0.102 -0.117 0.253
## 2 Firm Size 44 47740 0.072 0.102 0.090 0.127 0.051 0.130 -0.072 0.253
## 3 Firm Age 31 29116 0.025 0.130 0.031 0.163 -0.028 0.090 -0.177 0.239
## 4 STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 13 3109 0.111 0.083 0.140 0.098 0.072 0.209 0.015 0.266
## 5 Entrepreneurial Orientation 10 2438 0.094 0.082 0.120 0.099 0.041 0.199 -0.007 0.248
## 6 Learning Orientation 3 671 0.171 0.054 0.207 0.054 0.100 0.313 0.138 0.276
## 7 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL 14 71494 0.038 0.055 0.047 0.069 0.010 0.084 -0.041 0.135
## 8 Social Capital 6 21412 0.057 0.048 0.071 0.060 0.021 0.121 -0.005 0.147
## 9 Human Capital 8 50082 0.029 0.056 0.037 0.070 -0.013 0.087 -0.053 0.127
## 10 RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 59 58299 0.090 0.070 0.112 0.088 0.088 0.137 -0.000 0.225
## 11 Network 17 26821 0.099 0.061 0.123 0.076 0.084 0.162 0.026 0.220
## 12 Venture Capital 5 7483 0.034 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.019 0.066 0.043 0.043
## 13 International Experience 21 5741 0.069 0.116 0.086 0.145 0.016 0.156 -0.100 0.272
## 14 Resource Stock 5 9933 0.133 0.066 0.167 0.082 0.090 0.243 0.061 0.272
## 15 Knowledge Growth & Integration 5 2072 0.148 0.000 0.184 0.000 0.139 0.229 0.184 0.184
## 16 Firm Capabilities 6 6249 0.049 0.033 0.062 0.042 0.016 0.107 0.008 0.115
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────2.3 IE Performance
## TABLE v. Meta-Analysis of Antecedents of IE Performance
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Y k N mean_r sd_res mean_rho sd_rho CI_LL_95 CI_UL_95 CR_LL_80 CR_UL_80 No
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL 17.000 37979.000 0.085 0.074 0.107 0.091 0.062 0.152 -0.010 0.224 4.900
## 2 FIRM PRESTIGE 72.000 76410.000 0.076 0.084 0.094 0.105 0.069 0.120 -0.040 0.229 0.900
## 3 INTERNATIONALIZATION 52.000 102874.000 0.120 0.144 0.150 0.180 0.101 0.200 -0.081 0.382 13.900
## 4 RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 79.000 73559.000 0.138 0.127 0.173 0.158 0.137 0.209 -0.029 0.375 6.900
## 5 STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 16.000 6343.000 0.320 0.148 0.399 0.187 0.303 0.495 0.160 0.638 2.900
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────## TABLE 2. Meta-Analysis of Antecedents of IE Performance
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Y k N r SDr ρ SDρ CILL CIUL CVLL CVUL
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 FIRM PRESTIGE 72 76410 0.076 0.084 0.094 0.105 0.069 0.120 -0.040 0.229
## 2 Firm Size 42 46673 0.117 0.075 0.146 0.094 0.115 0.177 0.025 0.267
## 3 Firm Age 30 29737 0.011 0.049 0.013 0.061 -0.013 0.039 -0.065 0.091
## 4 STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 16 6343 0.320 0.148 0.399 0.187 0.303 0.495 0.160 0.638
## 5 Entrepreneurial Orientation 11 4702 0.362 0.152 0.447 0.192 0.330 0.565 0.202 0.693
## 6 Learning Orientation 5 1641 0.200 0.000 0.252 0.000 0.200 0.305 0.252 0.252
## 7 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL 17 37979 0.085 0.074 0.107 0.091 0.062 0.152 -0.010 0.224
## 8 Social Capital 5 682 0.086 0.000 0.106 0.000 0.027 0.185 0.106 0.106
## 9 Human Capital 12 37297 0.085 0.075 0.107 0.092 0.053 0.161 -0.012 0.225
## 10 RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 79 73559 0.138 0.127 0.173 0.158 0.137 0.209 -0.029 0.375
## 11 Network 20 29000 0.201 0.058 0.252 0.072 0.218 0.286 0.160 0.344
## 12 Venture Capital 5 6744 0.043 0.034 0.054 0.043 0.006 0.102 -0.001 0.109
## 13 Resource Stock 3 1435 -0.003 0.000 -0.004 0.000 -0.050 0.042 -0.004 -0.004
## 14 Knowledge Growth & Integration 7 6527 0.074 0.044 0.093 0.054 0.043 0.143 0.024 0.162
## 15 Firm Capabilities 18 15496 0.227 0.126 0.284 0.153 0.211 0.357 0.087 0.480
## 16 INTERNATIONALIZATION 52 102874 0.120 0.144 0.150 0.180 0.101 0.200 -0.081 0.382
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────2.4 Subgroup contrast
## TABLE a. Meta-Analysis of Antecedents of IE Performance at Category-Level for HI group
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## construct_x construct_y analysis_id k N mean_r sd_res mean_rho sd_rho CI_LL_95 CI_UL_95 CR_LL_80 CR_UL_80 Culture S.E.
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL FIRM PRESTIGE 165.000 8.000 7590.000 -0.054 0.052 -0.067 0.065 -0.120 -0.014 -0.150 0.017 HI (0.023)
## 2 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL INTERNATIONALIZATION 188.000 5.000 5375.000 0.058 0.000 0.072 0.000 0.045 0.099 0.072 0.072 HI (0.000)
## 3 FIRM PRESTIGE INTERNATIONALIZATION 435.000 28.000 8669.000 0.166 0.151 0.207 0.189 0.132 0.282 -0.036 0.449 HI (0.036)
## 4 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL PERFORMANCE 197.000 6.000 10303.000 0.018 0.051 0.022 0.064 -0.035 0.079 -0.060 0.104 HI (0.026)
## 5 FIRM PRESTIGE PERFORMANCE 447.000 29.000 12271.000 0.070 0.076 0.087 0.096 0.046 0.128 -0.036 0.210 HI (0.018)
## 6 INTERNATIONALIZATION PERFORMANCE 672.000 23.000 10181.000 0.097 0.076 0.121 0.095 0.075 0.167 -0.001 0.243 HI (0.020)
## 7 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 170.000 5.000 15964.000 -0.029 0.049 -0.036 0.061 -0.093 0.021 -0.114 0.043 HI (0.027)
## 8 FIRM PRESTIGE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 416.000 38.000 19838.000 0.041 0.047 0.051 0.058 0.026 0.077 -0.024 0.126 HI (0.009)
## 9 INTERNATIONALIZATION RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 537.000 25.000 10500.000 0.052 0.040 0.066 0.050 0.035 0.097 0.002 0.130 HI (0.010)
## 10 PERFORMANCE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 551.000 31.000 20131.000 0.125 0.069 0.157 0.086 0.122 0.192 0.046 0.267 HI (0.015)
## 11 INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 284.000 1.000 217.000 0.085 0.111 -0.061 0.283 0.111 0.111 HI
## 12 PERFORMANCE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 294.000 1.000 217.000 0.125 0.158 -0.008 0.323 0.158 0.158 HI
## 13 RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 269.000 1.000 217.000 0.080 0.104 -0.068 0.276 0.104 0.104 HI
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────## TABLE b. Meta-Analysis of Antecedents of IE Performance at Category-Level for VC group
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## construct_x construct_y analysis_id k N mean_r sd_res mean_rho sd_rho CI_LL_95 CI_UL_95 CR_LL_80 CR_UL_80 Culture S.E.
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL FIRM PRESTIGE 166.000 9.000 2058.000 0.182 0.254 0.228 0.317 0.014 0.442 -0.178 0.635 VC (0.106)
## 2 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL INTERNATIONALIZATION 189.000 3.000 765.000 -0.089 0.204 -0.111 0.255 -0.413 0.191 -0.438 0.216 VC (0.147)
## 3 FIRM PRESTIGE INTERNATIONALIZATION 436.000 33.000 36602.000 -0.004 0.110 -0.005 0.137 -0.053 0.044 -0.181 0.172 VC (0.024)
## 4 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL PERFORMANCE 198.000 4.000 3270.000 0.262 0.088 0.318 0.096 0.216 0.420 0.195 0.441 VC (0.054)
## 5 FIRM PRESTIGE PERFORMANCE 448.000 30.000 35408.000 0.030 0.057 0.037 0.071 0.009 0.066 -0.053 0.128 VC (0.013)
## 6 INTERNATIONALIZATION PERFORMANCE 673.000 17.000 21768.000 0.002 0.092 0.003 0.115 -0.054 0.060 -0.144 0.150 VC (0.033)
## 7 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 171.000 9.000 5638.000 0.361 0.187 0.442 0.229 0.290 0.594 0.149 0.735 VC (0.077)
## 8 FIRM PRESTIGE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 417.000 47.000 45903.000 0.122 0.074 0.152 0.093 0.124 0.181 0.033 0.271 VC (0.014)
## 9 INTERNATIONALIZATION RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 538.000 22.000 13274.000 0.085 0.120 0.107 0.150 0.041 0.173 -0.085 0.299 VC (0.032)
## 10 PERFORMANCE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 552.000 30.000 17804.000 0.177 0.165 0.222 0.204 0.147 0.297 -0.040 0.483 VC (0.038)
## 11 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 152.000 3.000 3114.000 0.128 0.073 0.160 0.090 0.049 0.271 0.045 0.275 VC (0.053)
## 12 FIRM PRESTIGE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 266.000 7.000 2038.000 0.096 0.052 0.121 0.064 0.049 0.193 0.039 0.203 VC (0.025)
## 13 INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 285.000 6.000 1922.000 0.070 0.000 0.089 0.000 0.034 0.143 0.089 0.089 VC (0.000)
## 14 PERFORMANCE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 295.000 8.000 4846.000 0.348 0.153 0.444 0.191 0.308 0.580 0.200 0.689 VC (0.069)
## 15 RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 270.000 17.000 8859.000 0.224 0.171 0.280 0.215 0.175 0.386 0.004 0.556 VC (0.052)
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────3 MASEM DATA
3.1 MASEM data for analysis of all levels
## TABLE c. Meta-analytical data for MASEM at category-level
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## construct_x construct_y analysis_id k N mean_r sd_res mean_rho sd_rho CI_LL_95 CI_UL_95 CR_LL_80 CR_UL_80 Culture S.E.
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL FIRM PRESTIGE 164.000 22.000 34178.000 0.097 0.106 0.122 0.133 0.065 0.179 -0.049 0.292 All Levels (0.028)
## 2 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL INTERNATIONALIZATION 187.000 14.000 71494.000 0.038 0.055 0.047 0.069 0.010 0.084 -0.041 0.135 All Levels (0.018)
## 3 FIRM PRESTIGE INTERNATIONALIZATION 434.000 75.000 76856.000 0.054 0.116 0.068 0.145 0.034 0.102 -0.117 0.253 All Levels (0.017)
## 4 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL PERFORMANCE 196.000 17.000 37979.000 0.085 0.074 0.107 0.091 0.062 0.152 -0.010 0.224 All Levels (0.023)
## 5 FIRM PRESTIGE PERFORMANCE 446.000 72.000 76410.000 0.076 0.084 0.094 0.105 0.069 0.120 -0.040 0.229 All Levels (0.012)
## 6 INTERNATIONALIZATION PERFORMANCE 671.000 52.000 102874.000 0.120 0.144 0.150 0.180 0.101 0.200 -0.081 0.382 All Levels (0.025)
## 7 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 169.000 23.000 46736.000 0.073 0.136 0.092 0.170 0.021 0.162 -0.126 0.309 All Levels (0.036)
## 8 FIRM PRESTIGE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 415.000 111.000 94907.000 0.143 0.110 0.179 0.138 0.152 0.205 0.002 0.355 All Levels (0.013)
## 9 INTERNATIONALIZATION RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 536.000 59.000 58299.000 0.090 0.070 0.112 0.088 0.088 0.137 -0.000 0.225 All Levels (0.011)
## 10 PERFORMANCE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 550.000 79.000 73559.000 0.138 0.127 0.173 0.158 0.137 0.209 -0.029 0.375 All Levels (0.018)
## 11 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 151.000 8.000 3846.000 0.116 0.065 0.144 0.079 0.077 0.211 0.042 0.246 All Levels (0.028)
## 12 FIRM PRESTIGE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 265.000 11.000 2745.000 0.079 0.073 0.098 0.091 0.027 0.169 -0.019 0.215 All Levels (0.027)
## 13 INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 283.000 13.000 3109.000 0.111 0.083 0.140 0.098 0.072 0.209 0.015 0.266 All Levels (0.029)
## 14 PERFORMANCE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 293.000 16.000 6343.000 0.320 0.148 0.399 0.187 0.303 0.495 0.160 0.638 All Levels (0.046)
## 15 RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 268.000 30.000 11093.000 0.188 0.174 0.233 0.220 0.151 0.314 -0.049 0.514 All Levels (0.039)
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────3.2 Multigroup MASEM data
## TABLE d. Meta-analytical data for cross-cultural MASEM at category-level
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## construct_x construct_y analysis_id k N mean_r sd_res mean_rho sd_rho CI_LL_95 CI_UL_95 CR_LL_80 CR_UL_80 Culture S.E. Dif Z DifP
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL FIRM PRESTIGE 165.000 8.000 7590.000 -0.054 0.052 -0.067 0.065 -0.120 -0.014 -0.150 0.017 HI (0.023) -0.295 -2.726 0.006
## 2 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL FIRM PRESTIGE 166.000 9.000 2058.000 0.182 0.254 0.228 0.317 0.014 0.442 -0.178 0.635 VC (0.106)
## 3 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL INTERNATIONALIZATION 188.000 5.000 5375.000 0.058 0.000 0.072 0.000 0.045 0.099 0.072 0.072 HI (0.000) 0.183 1.241 0.215
## 4 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL INTERNATIONALIZATION 189.000 3.000 765.000 -0.089 0.204 -0.111 0.255 -0.413 0.191 -0.438 0.216 VC (0.147)
## 5 FIRM PRESTIGE INTERNATIONALIZATION 435.000 28.000 8669.000 0.166 0.151 0.207 0.189 0.132 0.282 -0.036 0.449 HI (0.036) 0.212 4.917 0.000
## 6 FIRM PRESTIGE INTERNATIONALIZATION 436.000 33.000 36602.000 -0.004 0.110 -0.005 0.137 -0.053 0.044 -0.181 0.172 VC (0.024)
## 7 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL PERFORMANCE 197.000 6.000 10303.000 0.018 0.051 0.022 0.064 -0.035 0.079 -0.060 0.104 HI (0.026) -0.296 -4.971 0.000
## 8 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL PERFORMANCE 198.000 4.000 3270.000 0.262 0.088 0.318 0.096 0.216 0.420 0.195 0.441 VC (0.054)
## 9 FIRM PRESTIGE PERFORMANCE 447.000 29.000 12271.000 0.070 0.076 0.087 0.096 0.046 0.128 -0.036 0.210 HI (0.018) 0.050 2.264 0.024
## 10 FIRM PRESTIGE PERFORMANCE 448.000 30.000 35408.000 0.030 0.057 0.037 0.071 0.009 0.066 -0.053 0.128 VC (0.013)
## 11 INTERNATIONALIZATION PERFORMANCE 672.000 23.000 10181.000 0.097 0.076 0.121 0.095 0.075 0.167 -0.001 0.243 HI (0.020) 0.118 3.088 0.002
## 12 INTERNATIONALIZATION PERFORMANCE 673.000 17.000 21768.000 0.002 0.092 0.003 0.115 -0.054 0.060 -0.144 0.150 VC (0.033)
## 13 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 170.000 5.000 15964.000 -0.029 0.049 -0.036 0.061 -0.093 0.021 -0.114 0.043 HI (0.027) -0.478 -5.877 0.000
## 14 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 171.000 9.000 5638.000 0.361 0.187 0.442 0.229 0.290 0.594 0.149 0.735 VC (0.077)
## 15 FIRM PRESTIGE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 416.000 38.000 19838.000 0.041 0.047 0.051 0.058 0.026 0.077 -0.024 0.126 HI (0.009) -0.101 -6.123 0.000
## 16 FIRM PRESTIGE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 417.000 47.000 45903.000 0.122 0.074 0.152 0.093 0.124 0.181 0.033 0.271 VC (0.014)
## 17 INTERNATIONALIZATION RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 537.000 25.000 10500.000 0.052 0.040 0.066 0.050 0.035 0.097 0.002 0.130 HI (0.010) -0.041 -1.220 0.223
## 18 INTERNATIONALIZATION RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 538.000 22.000 13274.000 0.085 0.120 0.107 0.150 0.041 0.173 -0.085 0.299 VC (0.032)
## 19 PERFORMANCE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 551.000 31.000 20131.000 0.125 0.069 0.157 0.086 0.122 0.192 0.046 0.267 HI (0.015) -0.065 -1.588 0.112
## 20 PERFORMANCE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 552.000 30.000 17804.000 0.177 0.165 0.222 0.204 0.147 0.297 -0.040 0.483 VC (0.038)
## 21 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 151.000 8.000 3846.000 0.116 0.065 0.144 0.079 0.077 0.211 0.042 0.246 HI (0.028) -0.016 -0.271 0.786
## 22 ENTREPRENEUR CAPITAL STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 152.000 3.000 3114.000 0.128 0.073 0.160 0.090 0.049 0.271 0.045 0.275 VC (0.053)
## 23 FIRM PRESTIGE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 265.000 11.000 2745.000 0.079 0.073 0.098 0.091 0.027 0.169 -0.019 0.215 HI (0.027) -0.024 -0.641 0.522
## 24 FIRM PRESTIGE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 266.000 7.000 2038.000 0.096 0.052 0.121 0.064 0.049 0.193 0.039 0.203 VC (0.025)
## 25 INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 283.000 13.000 3109.000 0.111 0.083 0.140 0.098 0.072 0.209 0.015 0.266 HI (0.029) 0.052 1.770 0.077
## 26 INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 285.000 6.000 1922.000 0.070 0.000 0.089 0.000 0.034 0.143 0.089 0.089 VC (0.000)
## 27 PERFORMANCE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 293.000 16.000 6343.000 0.320 0.148 0.399 0.187 0.303 0.495 0.160 0.638 HI (0.046) -0.045 -0.547 0.584
## 28 PERFORMANCE STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 295.000 8.000 4846.000 0.348 0.153 0.444 0.191 0.308 0.580 0.200 0.689 VC (0.069)
## 29 RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 268.000 30.000 11093.000 0.188 0.174 0.233 0.220 0.151 0.314 -0.049 0.514 HI (0.039) -0.048 -0.729 0.466
## 30 RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES STRATEGIC ORIENTATION 270.000 17.000 8859.000 0.224 0.171 0.280 0.215 0.175 0.386 0.004 0.556 VC (0.052)
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────4 MASEM BASED ON R
4.1 Matrix preparation
## Statistics of matrix
## ───────────────────────────
## harmonic_mean sum
## ───────────────────────────
## 1 11014.564 700428.000
## ───────────────────────────
## Descriptive Statistics:
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## N Mean SD | Median Min Max Skewness Kurtosis
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 15 46695.20 35396.00 | 46736.00 2745.00 102874.00 0.03 -1.60
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────## Statistics of matrix
## ────────────────────────
## harmonic_mean sum
## ────────────────────────
## 1 21.648 602.000
## ────────────────────────
## Descriptive Statistics:
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## N Mean SD | Median Min Max Skewness Kurtosis
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 15 40.13 32.08 | 23.00 8.00 111.00 0.73 -0.87
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────4.2 Hypotheses testing based on r
4.2.3 MASEM results summary
## TABLE 3. Results of Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling in Explaining Entrepreneurship Internationalization
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Effects coefficients s.e. PValue confint RW%
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 I.ON.S 0.09*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.07, 0.11] 53.805
## 2 I.ON.R 0.07*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.05, 0.09] 31.452
## 3 I.ON.F 0.04*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.02, 0.06] 10.552
## 4 I.ON.E 0.02 0.01 0.05 [-0.00, 0.04] 4.192
## 5 Main effects differences on Internationalization between RS -0.03 0.01 0.06 [-0.06, 0.00]
## 6 Main effects differences on Internationalization between FS -0.06*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.09, -0.03]
## 7 Main effects differences on Internationalization between FR -0.03* 0.01 0.04 [-0.06, -0.00]
## 8 Main effects differences on Internationalization between ES -0.07*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.10, -0.05]
## 9 Main effects differences on Internationalization between ER -0.05** 0.01 0.00 [-0.07, -0.02]
## 10 Main effects differences on Internationalization between EF -0.02 0.01 0.22 [-0.04, 0.01]
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────## TABLE 4. Results of Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling in Explaining Performance
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Effects coefficients s.e. PValue confint RW%
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 P.ON.S 0.29*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.27, 0.31] 76.446
## 2 P.ON.R 0.07*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.05, 0.09] 9.308
## 3 P.ON.I 0.08*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.06, 0.10] 8.346
## 4 P.ON.F 0.04*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.02, 0.05] 2.531
## 5 P.ON.E 0.04*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.02, 0.06] 3.369
## 6 Main effects differences on performance between RS -0.22*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.25, -0.19]
## 7 Main effects differences on performance between FS -0.26*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.28, -0.23]
## 8 Main effects differences on performance between FR -0.03* 0.01 0.01 [-0.06, -0.01]
## 9 Main effects differences on performance between ES -0.25*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.28, -0.22]
## 10 Main effects differences on performance between ER -0.03* 0.01 0.03 [-0.05, -0.00]
## 11 Main effects differences on performance between EF 0.00 0.01 0.73 [-0.02, 0.03]
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────## TABLE 5. Mediation Table
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Effects coefficients s.e. confint
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 F->Internationalization->Performance 0.003 0.001 [0.002, 0.005]
## 2 R->Internationalization->Performance 0.006 0.001 [0.004, 0.008]
## 3 F->Internationalization->Performance 0.007 0.001 [0.005, 0.01]
## 4 E->Internationalization->Performance 0.002 0.001 [0, 0.003]
## 5 Mediation differences between RS -0.000 0.000 [-0.00, -0.00]
## 6 Mediation differences between FS -0.000 0.000 [-0.01, -0.00]
## 7 Mediation differences between FR -0.000 0.000 [-0.00, -0.00]
## 8 Mediation differences between ES -0.010 0.000 [-0.01, -0.00]
## 9 Mediation differences between ER -0.000 0.000 [-0.01, -0.00]
## 10 Mediation differences between EF -0.000 0.000 [-0.00, 0.00]
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────4.3 Model comparisons based on r
4.3.1 Model 2. Constrain the effects of strategic orientation and firm resources on internationalization to be equal
4.3.2 Model 3. Constrain the effects of firm resources and firm prestige on internationalization to be equal
4.3.3 Model 4. Constrain the effects of firm prestige and entrepreneurial capital on internationalization to be equal
4.3.4 Model 5. Constrain the effects of strategic orientation and firm resources on performance to be equal
4.3.5 Model X. Constrain the effects of from resources and internationalization on performance to be equal
4.3.6 Model XX. Constrain the effects of internationalization and firm prestige on performance to be equal
4.3.8 Model 7. Constrain the effects of firm prestige and entrepreneurial capital on internationalization to be equal
4.3.9 MASEM fit summary
## TABLE 6: Model fit results
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Model CFI RMSEA_Estimate SRMR ChiSq_Diff DF_Diff ChiSq_p
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 Model 1 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
## 2 Model 2 0.998 0.015 0.005 3.482 1.000 0.062
## 3 Model 3 0.998 0.017 0.005 4.293 1.000 0.038
## 4 Model 4 1.000 0.007 0.003 1.516 1.000 0.218
## 5 Model 5 0.845 0.149 0.038 246.644 1.000 0.000
## 6 Model 6 0.997 0.021 0.006 6.090 1.000 0.014
## 7 Model 7 1.000 0.000 0.001 0.123 1.000 0.726
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────4.4 Hypotheses testing based on rho
4.4.3 MASEM results summary
## TABLE 3. Results of Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling in Explaining Entrepreneurship Internationalization
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Effects coefficients s.e. PValue confint RW%
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 I.ON.S 0.12*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.10, 0.14] 55.492
## 2 I.ON.R 0.08*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.06, 0.10] 30.540
## 3 I.ON.F 0.04*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.02, 0.06] 10.117
## 4 I.ON.E 0.02 0.01 0.05 [-0.00, 0.04] 3.851
## 5 Main effects differences on Internationalization between RS -0.04** 0.01 0.01 [-0.07, -0.01]
## 6 Main effects differences on Internationalization between FS -0.07*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.10, -0.05]
## 7 Main effects differences on Internationalization between FR -0.04* 0.01 0.02 [-0.07, -0.01]
## 8 Main effects differences on Internationalization between ES -0.10*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.12, -0.07]
## 9 Main effects differences on Internationalization between ER -0.06*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.09, -0.03]
## 10 Main effects differences on Internationalization between EF -0.02 0.01 0.12 [-0.05, 0.01]
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────## TABLE 4. Results of Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling in Explaining Performance
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Effects coefficients s.e. PValue confint RW%
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 P.ON.S 0.36*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.34, 0.38] 77.711
## 2 P.ON.R 0.07*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.05, 0.09] 8.753
## 3 P.ON.I 0.09*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.07, 0.11] 8.001
## 4 P.ON.F 0.04*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.02, 0.05] 2.328
## 5 P.ON.E 0.04*** 0.01 0.00 [ 0.02, 0.06] 3.208
## 6 Main effects differences on performance between RS -0.29*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.32, -0.26]
## 7 Main effects differences on performance between FS -0.32*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.35, -0.30]
## 8 Main effects differences on performance between FR -0.03* 0.01 0.01 [-0.06, -0.01]
## 9 Main effects differences on performance between ES -0.32*** 0.01 0.00 [-0.35, -0.30]
## 10 Main effects differences on performance between ER -0.03* 0.01 0.02 [-0.05, -0.00]
## 11 Main effects differences on performance between EF 0.00 0.01 0.77 [-0.02, 0.03]
## ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────## TABLE 5. Mediation Table
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Effects coefficients s.e. confint
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 F->Internationalization->Performance 0.003 0.001 [0.002, 0.005]
## 2 R->Internationalization->Performance 0.006 0.001 [0.004, 0.009]
## 3 F->Internationalization->Performance 0.010 0.001 [0.007, 0.013]
## 4 E->Internationalization->Performance 0.002 0.001 [0, 0.003]
## 5 Mediation differences between RS -0.000 0.000 [-0.00, -0.00]
## 6 Mediation differences between FS -0.010 0.000 [-0.01, -0.01]
## 7 Mediation differences between FR -0.000 0.000 [-0.00, -0.00]
## 8 Mediation differences between ES -0.010 0.000 [-0.01, -0.01]
## 9 Mediation differences between ER -0.000 0.000 [-0.01, -0.00]
## 10 Mediation differences between EF -0.000 0.000 [-0.00, -0.00]
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────4.5 Model comparisons based on rho
4.5.1 Model 2. Constrain the effects of strategic orientation and firm resources on internationalization to be equal
4.5.2 Model 3. Constrain the effects of firm resources and firm prestige on internationalization to be equal
4.5.3 Model 4. Constrain the effects of firm prestige and entrepreneurial capital on internationalization to be equal
4.5.4 Model 5. Constrain the effects of strategic orientation and firm resources on performance to be equal
4.5.5 Model X. Constrain the effects of from resources and internationalization on performance to be equal
4.5.6 Model XX. Constrain the effects of internationalization and firm prestige on performance to be equal
4.5.8 Model 7. Constrain the effects of firm prestige and entrepreneurial capital on internationalization to be equal
4.5.9 MASEM fit summary
## TABLE 6: Model fit results
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Model CFI RMSEA_Estimate SRMR ChiSq_Diff DF_Diff ChiSq_p
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## 1 Model 1 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
## 2 Model 2 0.998 0.023 0.007 6.728 1.000 0.009
## 3 Model 3 0.998 0.021 0.006 5.815 1.000 0.016
## 4 Model 4 0.999 0.012 0.004 2.465 1.000 0.116
## 5 Model 5 0.826 0.197 0.047 427.022 1.000 0.000
## 6 Model 6 0.998 0.021 0.006 5.936 1.000 0.015
## 7 Model 7 1.000 0.000 0.001 0.087 1.000 0.768
## ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────