barplot(apply(data,1,mean))#按行做均值条形图多元数据直观表示+线性回归分析
1 多元数据直观表示
1.1 各省消费项目均值条形图
省份过多,各省的名称均不能全部显示
将横轴左边旋转90度,各省的名称均可显示
barplot(apply(data,1,mean),las=3)#按行做均值条形图利用ggplot2包作图较为美观
1.2 各消费项目均值条形图
按消费项目做均值图条形图
barplot(apply(data,2,mean))#按列做均值图条形图对不同项目的条形添加不同颜色
barplot(apply(data,2,mean),col=1:8) #按列做彩色均值图条形图去掉食品列后的数据按列做均值条形图
barplot(apply(data[,2:8],2,mean))按消费项目做中位数条形图
barplot(apply(data,2,median))利用ggplot作均值条形图
使各条形的颜色相同
1.3 各消费项目箱线图
boxplot函数直接作箱线图,默认每个变量(列)作一个箱线,并将全部变量的箱线在同一个图中展示。
boxplot(data)#按列做箱线图boxplot(data,horizontal=T,las=1)#箱线图中图形按水平放置利用ggplot函数作箱线图,需要对数据转化为长结果数据
1.4 各消费项目星相图
没有图例的星相图
stars(data)#有图例的星相图
stars(data,key.loc=c(17,7)) #具有图例的180度星相图
stars(data,full=F,key.loc=c(17,7))#具有图例的360度彩色圆形星相图
stars(data,full=F,key.loc=c(17,7))#具有图例的180度彩色圆形星相图
stars(data,full=F,draw.segments=T,key.loc=c(17,7))1.5 各消费项目脸谱图
#普通脸谱图
faces(data)#选择第1,9,19,28,29,30个观测的多元数据做脸谱图
aplpack::faces(data[c(1,9,19,28,29,30),])effect of variables:
modified item Var
"height of face " "食品"
"width of face " "衣着"
"structure of face" "设备"
"height of mouth " "医疗"
"width of mouth " "交通"
"smiling " "教育"
"height of eyes " "居住"
"width of eyes " "杂项"
"height of hair " "食品"
"width of hair " "衣着"
"style of hair " "设备"
"height of nose " "医疗"
"width of nose " "交通"
"width of ear " "教育"
"height of ear " "居住"
1.6 各消费项目雷达图
#去掉第一个变量按每行7个做脸谱图
aplpack::faces(data[,2:8],,ncol.plot=7)effect of variables:
modified item Var
"height of face " "衣着"
"width of face " "设备"
"structure of face" "医疗"
"height of mouth " "交通"
"width of mouth " "教育"
"smiling " "居住"
"height of eyes " "杂项"
"width of eyes " "衣着"
"height of hair " "设备"
"width of hair " "医疗"
"style of hair " "交通"
"height of nose " "教育"
"width of nose " "居住"
"width of ear " "杂项"
"height of ear " "衣着"
ggplot2的扩展包ggiraphExtra能作雷达图
data[c(1,9,19,28,29,30),] %>%
mutate(省份=rownames(.)) %>%
ggRadar(aes(group = 省份)) 1.7 各消费项目调和曲线图
#加一个自定义的函数
source("msaR.R")#绘制调和曲线图,绘制在同一平面
msa.andrews(data)2 线性回归分析
library(openintro) # for dataLoading required package: airports
Loading required package: cherryblossom
Loading required package: usdata
Attaching package: 'openintro'
The following object is masked from 'package:TeachingDemos':
outliers
library(tidyverse) # for data wrangling and visualization
library(knitr) # for tables
library(broom) # for model summary
library(glue) # for regression equation
get_sign <- function(x) {
if (x > 0) {
return("+")
} else {
return("-")
}
}
get_sign <- Vectorize(get_sign)
lm_eq <- function(model){
y = as.character(formula(model))[[2]]
x = {as.character(formula(model))[[3]] %>% strsplit(" \\+ ")}[[1]]
tidy_model <- model %>% tidy()
beta_i=round(tidy_model$estimate,2)[-1]
beta_0=round(tidy_model$estimate,2)[1]
main <- round(beta_i,2) %>% abs() %>% paste0(get_sign(beta_i),.,"\\times ",x,collapse ="")
paste0("$$ \\widehat{{",y,"}} =",beta_0,main,'$$') %>% glue()
}2.1 一元线性回归2-1
每周加班工作时间(x)与签发新保单数目(y)呈明显正相关
plot(data$x,data$y,xlab="每周加班工作时间",ylab="签发新保单数目")每周加班工作时间(x)与签发新保单数目(y)的相关系数为0.95 。
利用每周加班工作时间(x)对签发新保单数目(y)作回归,回归方程为
\[ \widehat{y} =46.15+251.17\times x\]
随机误差\(\epsilon\)的标准差\(\sigma\)的估计值为127.06
2.2 多元线性回归2-2
利用广告预算(x1)和销售代理数目(x2)对年销售额(y)作回归,回归方程为:
term estimate std.error statistic p.value (Intercept) -22.74 30.69 -0.74 0.49 x1 0.15 0.11 1.33 0.24 x2 1.22 1.31 0.93 0.40 \[ \widehat{y} =-22.74+0.15\times x1+1.22\times x2\]
5%显著水平下,广告预算(x1)和销售代理数目(x2)的系数均不显著。
广告预算(x1)与销售额(y)相关系数为0.5797;销售代理数目(x2)与销售额(y)相关系数为0.4816 ;广告预算(x1)和销售代理数目(x2)与年销售额(y)的复相关系数为0.6586 。
2.3 多元线性回归2-3
从回归方程中可知
term estimate std.error statistic p.value (Intercept) -5213.1 12704.5 -0.41 0.70 GPA 8508.8 2721.6 3.13 0.03 年龄 181.6 283.5 0.64 0.55 \[ \widehat{起始工资} =-5213.12+8508.79\times GPA+181.58\times 年龄\]
含义
当GPA=3,年龄=24,起始工资的预测值为2.4671^{4} 。
2.4 线性模型选择2-4
货运总量(y)、工业总产值(x1)、农业总产值(x2)、居民非商品支出(x3)的相关系数矩阵为:
y x1 x2 x3 y 1.000 0.556 0.731 0.724 x1 0.556 1.000 0.113 0.398 x2 0.731 0.113 1.000 0.547 x3 0.724 0.398 0.547 1.000散点图矩阵为:
回归方程为:
\[ \widehat{y} =-348.28+3.75\times x1+7.1\times x2+12.45\times x3\]
回归模型的R方为:0.8055 ,说明
回归模型F检验说明 ,t检验说明
Call: lm(formula = y ~ ., data = data) Residuals: Min 1Q Median 3Q Max -25.20 -17.03 2.63 11.68 33.23 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) -348.28 176.46 -1.97 0.096 . x1 3.75 1.93 1.94 0.100 x2 7.10 2.88 2.47 0.049 * x3 12.45 10.57 1.18 0.284 --- Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 Residual standard error: 23.4 on 6 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.806, Adjusted R-squared: 0.708 F-statistic: 8.28 on 3 and 6 DF, p-value: 0.0149剔除不显著的 后,回归模型为
fm=lm(formula = y~.,data=data) fm.step=step(fm,direction="backward")Start: AIC=65.98 y ~ x1 + x2 + x3 Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC <none> 3297 66.0 - x3 1 762 4059 66.1 - x1 1 2072 5369 68.9 - x2 1 3340 6637 71.0#| echo: false逐步回归的选择的模型为
Start: AIC=65.98 y ~ x1 + x2 + x3 Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC <none> 3297 66.0 - x3 1 762 4059 66.1 - x1 1 2072 5369 68.9 - x2 1 3340 6637 71.0Call: lm(formula = y ~ x1 + x2 + x3, data = data) Coefficients: (Intercept) x1 x2 x3 -348.28 3.75 7.10 12.45