Nordic Worlds of Journalism 2021-23: Methodology and basic tables.

Author

jan.hovden@uib.no

Published

November 14, 2024

Note that these tables and analyses are work in progress. They are NOT quality-checked and it is likely that there are some errors. Please report any problems you see to jan.hovden@uib.no.

Please do not distribute the link outside the WJS project members (for now).

I also remind people that any use of these data in publications can only be done in cooperation (or at least understanding) with the national data owners, c.f. the regulatory framework of the Worlds of Journalism project.

1 Preparing the dataset for analysis

1.0.0.1 … applying settings, loading libraries

2 Basic information about the dataframe and methods

[1] “2585 participants (Mean age = 47.6, SD = 12.2, range: [21, 81], 9.6% missing; Gender: 46.0% women, 46.0% men, 0.46% non-binary, 7.58% missing; Country: 37.99% Norway, 18.68% Sweden, 18.26% Denmark, 15.82% Finland, 9.25% other)”

interview mode	Country					Total
interview mode	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Mail or E-mail	61 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	11 %
Online	39 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	89 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=1445.273 · df=4 · Cramer's V=0.748 · p=0.000

Notes on methdology

Country	Field period	Sample	N¹=
Norway	Q2 2021	Union of journalists and Union of editors	982
Sweden	Q4 2021		483
Finland	Q2 21-Q1 22	National union of journalists and Association of Swedish-speaking journalists and publishers, Freelancers associations	409
Iceland			239
Denmark			472

For information about dataframe structure: PDF

The Nordic questionnaires: Dropbox Folder

3 Simple tables and visualisations

3.1 By country

3.1.1 Position

[1] "Simplified job title grouped by ChatGPT (see notes below)"

                               Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Sum
Journalist/Reporter                 57      51      55     55     62  56
Editor-in-Chief                      2      23      14      6      5   9
Subeditor                           15       9       9     19     21  16
Producer                             5       9      16      3      6   6
Presenter                            3       0       0      8      1   4
Photographer/Visual Journalist       2       1       4      5      2   3
Other                               16       7       1      3      4   6
Sum                                100     100     100    100    100 100

3.1.2 Income, experience, union member

current working situation	Country					Total
current working situation	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Full-time permanent contract	62 %	63 %	71 %	82 %	69 %	72 %
Part-time permanent contract	4 %	4 %	12 %	4 %	6 %	5 %
Full-time fixed-term contract	11 %	6 %	7 %	5 %	4 %	6 %
Part-time fixed-term contract	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Freelance or self-employed	18 %	22 %	9 %	8 %	19 %	14 %
Other	3 %	3 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=160.629 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.125 · Fisher's p=0.000

                                                                       
                                                                        Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden
                                                                            458     398     238    982    477
  Ad-hoc/temporary employment                                                 0       0       0      0      1
  Documentarist                                                               0       1       0      0      0
  Editor-in-chief, publisher and co-owner                                     0       0       0      0      1
  Entrepreneur                                                                0       3       0      0      0
  Flexjob                                                                     1       0       0      0      0
  Freelance and part-time employee                                            0       0       0      0      1
  freelancer                                                                  1       0       0      0      0
  frexible job                                                                1       0       0      0      0
  I work as a publisher                                                       0       1       0      0      0
  I work on a zero-hour contract                                              0       1       0      0      0
  Intern                                                                      9       0       0      0      0
  Journalist, non-fiction writer                                              0       1       0      0      0
  Part time job with no contract                                              0       0       1      0      0
  Permanent part-time employee and freelancer                                 0       0       0      0      1
  Self-employed news reporter plus part-time employee at external media       1       0       0      0      0
  Substitute                                                                  0       0       0      0      1
  Temporary employee but basically freelance                                  0       0       0      0      1
  Unemployed                                                                  1       0       0      0      0
  Work on a freelance contract                                                0       1       0      0      0
  Work on a zero-hour contract                                                0       3       0      0      0

[1] "% of income from work as journalist"

Warning: Removed 23 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range (`stat_boxplot()`).

$Denmark
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   99.00  100.00   96.28  100.00  100.00 

$Finland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
  25.00   95.00  100.00   92.33  100.00  100.00 

$Iceland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.00   98.00  100.00   92.79  100.00  100.00      15 

$Norway
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
  30.00  100.00  100.00   95.76  100.00  100.00       3 

$Sweden
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
  20.00  100.00  100.00   96.32  100.00  100.00       5

change since Covid-19	Country					Total
change since Covid-19	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	26 %	15 %	11 %	10 %	14 %
No	0 %	74 %	85 %	89 %	90 %	86 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

working situation before Covid-19	Country					Total
working situation before Covid-19	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Full-time permanent contract	0 %	6 %	65 %	31 %	49 %	29 %
Part-time permanent contract	0 %	4 %	6 %	7 %	6 %	6 %
Full-time fixed-term contract	0 %	15 %	0 %	15 %	15 %	13 %
Part-time fixed-term contract	0 %	3 %	6 %	5 %	6 %	5 %
Freelance or self-employed	0 %	14 %	15 %	32 %	17 %	21 %
Other	0 %	58 %	9 %	10 %	6 %	27 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=20 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

income from advertising	Country					Total
income from advertising	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	10 %	17 %	0 %	16 %	11 %
No	0 %	90 %	83 %	0 %	84 %	89 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.313

income from PR or corporate communication	Country					Total
income from PR or corporate communication	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	29 %	15 %	0 %	28 %	28 %
No	0 %	71 %	85 %	0 %	72 %	72 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.702

income from education	Country					Total
income from education	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	34 %	50 %	0 %	50 %	39 %
No	0 %	66 %	50 %	0 %	50 %	61 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.094

income from government agencies	Country					Total
income from government agencies	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	10 %	33 %	0 %	33 %	17 %
No	0 %	90 %	67 %	0 %	67 %	83 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.001

                                       
                                        Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden
                                            472     338     232    982    452
  Agriculture                                 0       1       0      0      0
  Artistic production                         0       0       0      0      1
  Artistic work                               0       1       0      0      0
  Association assignments                     0       0       0      0      1
  Associations, citizen activism              0       1       0      0      0
  Author                                      0       0       0      0      2
  Author fees from books written              0       1       0      0      0
  Author royalties                            0       1       0      0      0
  Author, fees, royalties                     0       0       0      0      1
  Author, Photographer                        0       0       0      0      1
  Author, translator, discussion leader       0       0       0      0      1
  Beekeeping                                  0       1       0      0      0
  Blogging, teaching                          0       1       0      0      0
  Book projects                               0       1       0      0      0
  Book publisher                              0       0       0      0      1
  Book publishing                             0       1       0      0      0
  Book publishing & editing                   0       1       0      0      0
  Book revenues                               0       0       0      0      1
  Book sales, lectures                        0       0       0      0      1
  Book writing                                0       1       0      0      0
  Book writing, lectures                      0       0       0      0      1
  Book-writing grants                         0       1       0      0      0
  Books                                       0       1       0      0      0
  Carpenter                                   0       0       0      0      1
  Coach for ice hockey referees               0       0       0      0      1
  Content production                          0       1       0      0      0
  Designing magazines and websites            0       0       1      0      0
  Documentary filmmaking                      0       1       0      0      0
  Editing non-journalistic texts              0       2       0      0      0
  Event hosting                               0       1       0      0      0
  Eventmanager                                0       0       0      0      1
  Expert consultations                        0       1       0      0      0
  Fees from positions of trust                0       1       0      0      0
  Fine literature, manuscripts                0       0       0      0      1
  Forestry                                    0       1       0      0      1
  Furlough payments                           0       1       0      0      0
  Gardening business                          0       1       0      0      0
  Healthcare                                  0       1       0      0      0
  Horse stable                                0       0       0      0      1
  Hosting events                              0       1       0      0      0
  Housing co-op board member duty             0       1       0      0      0
  Illustrations                               0       1       0      0      0
  Investments                                 0       0       0      0      1
  Investments, lyrics                         0       1       0      0      0
  Journalism-related non-journ job            0       1       0      0      0
  Lecturing                                   0       1       0      0      0
  Legal assignments                           0       0       0      0      1
  Literature (am an author)                   0       3       0      0      0
  Moderating conversations                    0       0       0      0      1
  Moderator assignments                       0       0       0      0      1
  Music                                       0       1       0      0      0
  Musician                                    0       0       1      0      0
  Non-fiction author                          0       1       0      0      0
  Non-fiction writing                         0       1       0      0      0
  Non-journalistic photography                0       1       0      0      0
  Non-profit organizations                    0       0       0      0      1
  Not specified                               0       2       0      0      0
  Organization communications                 0       1       0      0      0
  Own business                                0       0       0      0      2
  Pension                                     0       1       0      0      0
  Private communications biz                  0       1       0      0      0
  Private non-journalistic biz                0       1       0      0      0
  Private security services                   0       1       0      0      0
  Project work for an association             0       1       0      0      0
  Proof reading                               0       0       1      0      0
  Proof reading and translation               0       0       1      0      0
  PT work, photography, videos                0       1       0      0      0
  Real estate brokerage                       0       1       0      0      0
  Research projects                           0       1       0      0      0
  Research, editing publications              0       1       0      0      0
  Retired                                     0       0       0      0      2
  Royalties                                   0       1       0      0      0
  Selling poetry                              0       1       0      0      0
  Social media                                0       1       0      0      0
  Speechwriting                               0       1       0      0      0
  Speechwriting, editing                      0       2       0      0      0
  Speechwriting; public speaking              0       1       0      0      0
  Sports coaching                             0       1       0      0      0
  Taxi                                        0       0       0      0      1
  Teaching                                    0       1       0      0      0
  Teaching, layout, translation               0       1       0      0      0
  Training                                    0       0       0      0      1
  Translation                                 0       0       0      0      1
  Translation and interpretation              0       0       1      0      0
  Translation and musician                    0       0       1      0      0
  Translation, books authored                 0       1       0      0      0
  Translation, content production             0       1       0      0      0
  Translation, customer service               0       1       0      0      0
  Various fe round table discussio            0       0       1      0      0
  Work as carer                               0       1       0      0      0
  Work as CEO of my paper                     0       1       0      0      0
  Work as foundation ombudsman                0       1       0      0      0
  Work as personal assistant                  0       1       0      0      0
  Work on a cruise ship                       0       1       0      0      0
  Writing books                               0       1       0      0      0
  Writing history books                       0       1       0      0      0
  Writing non-fiction                         0       1       0      0      0
  YLE pension fund (part-timer)               0       1       0      0      0

Picking joint bandwidth of 3.17

Warning: Removed 36 rows containing non-finite outside the scale range (`stat_density_ridges()`).

$Denmark
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.00    7.00   18.00   18.97   30.00   61.00      31 

$Finland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   11.00   20.00   20.42   30.00   55.00 

$Iceland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.50    5.00   12.00   15.12   21.00   50.00       5 

$Norway
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   13.00   22.00   21.44   30.00   47.00 

$Sweden
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   1.00   14.00   22.00   22.55   32.00   50.00

member in union	Country					Total
member in union	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	100 %	87 %	77 %	100 %	99 %	95 %
No	0 %	13 %	23 %	0 %	1 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=308.254 · df=4 · Cramer's V=0.367 · p=0.000

3.1.3 Roles

	Denmark (N=472)	Finland (N=409)	Iceland (N=239)	Norway (N=982)	Sweden (N=483)	Overall (N=2585)
1=Not at all important, 5=Extremely important
Detached observer	4.00 (1.0)	4.06 (0.9)	4.32 (0.8)	3.81 (0.9)	4.23 (0.8)	4.01 (0.9)
Monitor and scrutinize	4.23 (0.9)	3.66 (1.1)	4.17 (1.0)	3.38 (1.2)	4.21 (1.0)	3.81 (1.2)
Shine a light on society’s problems	4.58 (0.7)	4.07 (1.0)	4.15 (1.0)	4.19 (1.0)	4.31 (0.9)	4.26 (0.9)
Motivate to participate in politics	2.90 (1.2)	2.67 (1.1)	2.06 (1.1)	2.71 (1.1)	2.34 (1.1)	2.61 (1.2)
Provide analysis	3.80 (0.9)	4.04 (0.9)	4.57 (0.7)	3.42 (1.1)	3.88 (1.0)	3.78 (1.1)
Let people express their views	3.39 (1.1)	3.75 (1.0)	3.92 (1.0)	3.88 (1.0)	4.26 (0.9)	3.84 (1.0)
Provide information	4.19 (0.9)	3.31 (1.3)	3.53 (1.3)	3.51 (1.2)	3.52 (1.3)	3.61 (1.2)
Advocate for social change	2.50 (1.2)	2.80 (1.1)	2.80 (1.2)	2.92 (1.1)	2.68 (1.2)	2.77 (1.2)
Influence public opinion	2.44 (1.2)	2.78 (1.1)	2.29 (1.1)	2.45 (1.1)	2.28 (1.2)	2.45 (1.1)
Set the political agenda	2.95 (1.2)	1.76 (0.8)	1.48 (0.8)	2.85 (1.2)	2.00 (1.0)	2.41 (1.2)
Promote peace and tolerance	2.83 (1.3)	3.56 (1.2)	2.87 (1.2)	3.07 (1.1)	3.01 (1.2)	3.08 (1.2)
Educate	3.56 (1.2)	3.77 (1.0)	4.45 (0.8)	4.46 (0.8)	3.84 (1.0)	4.07 (1.0)
Point toward possible solutions	3.58 (1.0)	3.48 (1.0)	3.37 (1.1)	3.50 (1.1)	3.04 (1.1)	3.41 (1.1)
Speak on behalf of the marginalized	3.29 (1.2)	3.22 (1.1)	3.27 (1.2)	3.45 (1.1)	2.75 (1.2)	3.24 (1.2)
Support national development	2.66 (1.2)	2.99 (1.1)	2.82 (1.3)	2.68 (1.1)	1.96 (1.1)	2.60 (1.2)
Support government policy	1.05 (0.3)	1.47 (0.7)	1.24 (0.6)	1.32 (0.6)	1.12 (0.4)	1.25 (0.6)
Convey a positive image	1.11 (0.4)	1.40 (0.7)	1.23 (0.7)	1.51 (0.7)	1.33 (0.7)	1.36 (0.7)
Provide entertainment	2.15 (1.0)	2.81 (1.1)	3.16 (1.2)	2.83 (1.1)	2.68 (1.2)	2.71 (1.2)
Attract the largest audience	2.21 (1.0)	2.98 (1.1)	3.13 (1.2)	2.83 (1.1)	2.11 (1.0)	2.64 (1.1)
Provide advice for daily life	2.78 (1.0)	3.02 (1.1)	2.57 (1.1)	2.67 (1.1)	2.80 (1.1)	2.76 (1.1)
Emotionally move the audience	2.76 (1.1)	3.15 (1.1)	3.19 (1.1)	3.82 (1.0)	3.65 (1.0)	3.43 (1.1)
Support efforts to protect public health	2.33 (1.1)	2.84 (1.1)	2.94 (1.2)	2.64 (1.1)	2.43 (1.2)	2.61 (1.1)
Counteract disinformation	4.61 (0.7)	4.21 (1.0)	4.38 (0.9)	4.17 (1.0)	4.39 (0.9)	4.32 (0.9)
Discuss future implications	NA (NA)	3.64 (1.0)	NA (NA)	3.64 (1.1)	NA (NA)	3.64 (1.1)

role: detached observer	Country					Total
role: detached observer	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	1 %	1 %	0 %	2 %	1 %	2 %
Slightly important	5 %	3 %	2 %	5 %	4 %	4 %
Moderately important	20 %	19 %	13 %	24 %	11 %	19 %
Very important	37 %	42 %	35 %	47 %	42 %	42 %
Extremely important	36 %	35 %	50 %	22 %	43 %	33 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=134.594 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.114 · Fisher's p=0.000

role: monitor and scrutinize	Country					Total
role: monitor and scrutinize	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	1 %	3 %	3 %	9 %	2 %	5 %
Slightly important	4 %	15 %	5 %	17 %	6 %	11 %
Moderately important	12 %	22 %	10 %	21 %	12 %	17 %
Very important	34 %	31 %	32 %	34 %	27 %	32 %
Extremely important	49 %	28 %	49 %	20 %	52 %	35 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=315.464 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.175 · p=0.000

role: shine a light on society’s problems	Country					Total
role: shine a light on society’s problems	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	0 %	1 %	3 %	2 %	1 %	1 %
Slightly important	1 %	5 %	5 %	5 %	5 %	4 %
Moderately important	5 %	21 %	15 %	12 %	11 %	12 %
Very important	29 %	31 %	30 %	34 %	29 %	31 %
Extremely important	65 %	41 %	48 %	47 %	54 %	51 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=113.555 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.105 · Fisher's p=0.000

role: motivate to participate in politics	Country					Total
role: motivate to participate in politics	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	15 %	14 %	37 %	17 %	25 %	19 %
Slightly important	21 %	34 %	36 %	26 %	35 %	29 %
Moderately important	31 %	30 %	16 %	34 %	25 %	29 %
Very important	24 %	14 %	6 %	18 %	10 %	16 %
Extremely important	8 %	8 %	5 %	6 %	4 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=165.992 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.127 · p=0.000

role: provide analysis	Country					Total
role: provide analysis	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	2 %	1 %	0 %	6 %	3 %	3 %
Slightly important	6 %	5 %	1 %	15 %	6 %	9 %
Moderately important	26 %	19 %	6 %	27 %	22 %	23 %
Very important	42 %	37 %	25 %	35 %	42 %	37 %
Extremely important	24 %	37 %	67 %	17 %	28 %	28 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=346.962 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.184 · p=0.000

role: let people express their views	Country					Total
role: let people express their views	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	5 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	1 %	3 %
Slightly important	17 %	9 %	7 %	6 %	3 %	8 %
Moderately important	30 %	27 %	24 %	18 %	14 %	21 %
Very important	31 %	36 %	32 %	43 %	34 %	37 %
Extremely important	17 %	25 %	35 %	29 %	48 %	30 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=223.853 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.147 · p=0.000

role: provide information	Country					Total
role: provide information	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	2 %	12 %	9 %	10 %	8 %	8 %
Slightly important	3 %	14 %	13 %	12 %	14 %	11 %
Moderately important	14 %	25 %	22 %	19 %	23 %	20 %
Very important	38 %	27 %	26 %	37 %	27 %	33 %
Extremely important	43 %	22 %	29 %	23 %	28 %	28 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=169.460 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.128 · p=0.000

role: advocate for social change	Country					Total
role: advocate for social change	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	27 %	11 %	17 %	12 %	16 %	16 %
Slightly important	25 %	31 %	24 %	23 %	30 %	26 %
Moderately important	23 %	34 %	31 %	34 %	32 %	32 %
Very important	18 %	16 %	17 %	20 %	14 %	18 %
Extremely important	6 %	8 %	11 %	10 %	8 %	9 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=89.093 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.094 · p=0.000

role: influence public opinion	Country					Total
role: influence public opinion	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	28 %	11 %	28 %	21 %	32 %	23 %
Slightly important	27 %	28 %	35 %	34 %	30 %	31 %
Moderately important	25 %	39 %	21 %	28 %	20 %	27 %
Very important	14 %	16 %	12 %	13 %	13 %	14 %
Extremely important	6 %	6 %	4 %	4 %	5 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=97.822 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.098 · p=0.000

role: set the political agenda	Country					Total
role: set the political agenda	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	14 %	45 %	64 %	16 %	38 %	29 %
Slightly important	21 %	38 %	27 %	23 %	34 %	27 %
Moderately important	30 %	14 %	5 %	29 %	20 %	23 %
Very important	27 %	2 %	2 %	24 %	5 %	16 %
Extremely important	8 %	1 %	1 %	8 %	2 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=591.830 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.241 · p=0.000

role: promote peace and tolerance	Country					Total
role: promote peace and tolerance	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	19 %	5 %	18 %	11 %	12 %	12 %
Slightly important	21 %	15 %	20 %	19 %	23 %	20 %
Moderately important	28 %	27 %	31 %	33 %	33 %	31 %
Very important	21 %	28 %	21 %	26 %	17 %	23 %
Extremely important	11 %	26 %	11 %	11 %	15 %	14 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=128.415 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.112 · p=0.000

role: educate	Country					Total
role: educate	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	6 %	3 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	3 %
Slightly important	14 %	7 %	3 %	1 %	8 %	6 %
Moderately important	24 %	25 %	7 %	6 %	23 %	16 %
Very important	30 %	40 %	29 %	34 %	36 %	34 %
Extremely important	26 %	25 %	60 %	57 %	30 %	42 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=419.882 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.202 · p=0.000

role: point toward possible solutions	Country					Total
role: point toward possible solutions	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	2 %	2 %	8 %	5 %	8 %	5 %
Slightly important	12 %	15 %	13 %	12 %	24 %	15 %
Moderately important	29 %	31 %	28 %	27 %	34 %	29 %
Very important	37 %	35 %	35 %	39 %	25 %	35 %
Extremely important	19 %	16 %	15 %	17 %	10 %	16 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=102.667 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.100 · p=0.000

role: speak on behalf of the marginalized	Country					Total
role: speak on behalf of the marginalized	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	8 %	7 %	11 %	6 %	20 %	10 %
Slightly important	16 %	17 %	12 %	12 %	23 %	16 %
Moderately important	30 %	39 %	35 %	29 %	28 %	31 %
Very important	30 %	23 %	23 %	35 %	21 %	28 %
Extremely important	16 %	15 %	19 %	18 %	8 %	15 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=156.928 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.124 · p=0.000

role: support national development	Country					Total
role: support national development	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	22 %	9 %	18 %	15 %	43 %	21 %
Slightly important	24 %	22 %	25 %	29 %	30 %	27 %
Moderately important	27 %	39 %	24 %	33 %	18 %	30 %
Very important	21 %	21 %	21 %	19 %	6 %	17 %
Extremely important	6 %	9 %	11 %	4 %	3 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=288.154 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.170 · p=0.000

role: support government policy	Country					Total
role: support government policy	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	96 %	65 %	82 %	73 %	92 %	80 %
Slightly important	3 %	26 %	14 %	24 %	6 %	16 %
Moderately important	1 %	7 %	3 %	3 %	2 %	3 %
Very important	0 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Extremely important	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=238.376 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.152 · Fisher's p=0.000

role: convey a positive image	Country					Total
role: convey a positive image	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	92 %	68 %	86 %	61 %	77 %	73 %
Slightly important	6 %	26 %	9 %	30 %	15 %	20 %
Moderately important	2 %	5 %	3 %	8 %	6 %	5 %
Very important	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %
Extremely important	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=200.350 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.140 · Fisher's p=0.000

role: provide entertainment	Country					Total
role: provide entertainment	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	30 %	13 %	10 %	13 %	18 %	17 %
Slightly important	38 %	27 %	19 %	27 %	27 %	28 %
Moderately important	22 %	32 %	33 %	32 %	29 %	30 %
Very important	8 %	21 %	21 %	19 %	19 %	17 %
Extremely important	3 %	7 %	17 %	9 %	6 %	8 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=182.806 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.133 · p=0.000

role: attract the largest audience	Country					Total
role: attract the largest audience	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	28 %	10 %	10 %	13 %	33 %	18 %
Slightly important	37 %	24 %	18 %	23 %	34 %	27 %
Moderately important	25 %	31 %	35 %	39 %	24 %	32 %
Very important	9 %	27 %	24 %	20 %	8 %	17 %
Extremely important	2 %	8 %	13 %	5 %	2 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=322.035 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.177 · p=0.000

role: provide advice for daily life	Country					Total
role: provide advice for daily life	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	10 %	10 %	20 %	15 %	15 %	14 %
Slightly important	31 %	19 %	28 %	28 %	23 %	26 %
Moderately important	34 %	39 %	32 %	36 %	35 %	36 %
Very important	20 %	22 %	14 %	16 %	21 %	19 %
Extremely important	5 %	10 %	6 %	4 %	6 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=61.978 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.078 · p=0.000

role: emotionally move the audience	Country					Total
role: emotionally move the audience	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	11 %	9 %	6 %	2 %	4 %	6 %
Slightly important	33 %	18 %	20 %	6 %	8 %	15 %
Moderately important	30 %	35 %	33 %	24 %	26 %	28 %
Very important	21 %	27 %	29 %	42 %	40 %	34 %
Extremely important	5 %	12 %	12 %	25 %	21 %	17 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=390.516 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.195 · p=0.000

role: support efforts to protect public health	Country					Total
role: support efforts to protect public health	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	28 %	13 %	12 %	18 %	27 %	20 %
Slightly important	30 %	25 %	24 %	26 %	29 %	27 %
Moderately important	25 %	35 %	33 %	34 %	24 %	31 %
Very important	12 %	18 %	20 %	19 %	14 %	17 %
Extremely important	4 %	9 %	11 %	4 %	6 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=109.168 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.104 · p=0.000

role: counteract disinformation	Country					Total
role: counteract disinformation	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not at all important	0 %	3 %	2 %	3 %	1 %	2 %
Slightly important	2 %	3 %	1 %	5 %	4 %	4 %
Moderately important	6 %	15 %	12 %	12 %	10 %	11 %
Very important	19 %	29 %	27 %	32 %	24 %	27 %
Extremely important	72 %	51 %	58 %	48 %	60 %	56 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=101.758 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.099 · p=0.000

3.1.4 Ethics

	Denmark (N=472)	Finland (N=409)	Iceland (N=239)	Norway (N=982)	Sweden (N=483)	Overall (N=2585)
1=Strongly disagree, 5=Strongly agree
Always by professional standards	3.48 (1.2)	3.97 (0.9)	4.36 (0.8)	4.19 (0.9)	4.50 (0.7)	4.11 (1.0)
Unless extraordinary circumstances	3.80 (1.0)	2.99 (1.1)	3.60 (1.3)	3.56 (1.2)	4.23 (0.8)	3.64 (1.1)
Depend on each specific situation	2.84 (1.2)	2.22 (1.0)	2.45 (1.3)	2.80 (1.3)	2.69 (1.2)	2.66 (1.2)
A matter of personal judgment	2.22 (1.1)	1.79 (0.9)	2.46 (1.4)	2.48 (1.3)	2.42 (1.2)	2.31 (1.2)

ethical orientations: always by professional standards	Country					Total
ethical orientations: always by professional standards	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	4 %	0 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Disagree	21 %	6 %	2 %	6 %	1 %	7 %
Neither agree nor disagree	20 %	18 %	9 %	9 %	4 %	11 %
Agree	33 %	47 %	34 %	42 %	35 %	39 %
Strongly agree	22 %	28 %	53 %	43 %	59 %	41 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=360.503 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.189 · Fisher's p=0.000

ethical orientations: unless extraordinary circumstances	Country					Total
ethical orientations: unless extraordinary circumstances	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	3 %	8 %	10 %	7 %	1 %	5 %
Disagree	11 %	29 %	9 %	15 %	1 %	13 %
Neither agree nor disagree	14 %	28 %	21 %	17 %	11 %	17 %
Agree	48 %	29 %	33 %	40 %	44 %	40 %
Strongly agree	24 %	7 %	28 %	22 %	42 %	24 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=340.105 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.184 · p=0.000

ethical orientations: depend on each specific situation	Country					Total
ethical orientations: depend on each specific situation	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	15 %	25 %	31 %	18 %	17 %	19 %
Disagree	28 %	43 %	25 %	30 %	30 %	31 %
Neither agree nor disagree	23 %	19 %	20 %	16 %	27 %	20 %
Agree	25 %	11 %	18 %	28 %	18 %	22 %
Strongly agree	9 %	2 %	6 %	8 %	7 %	7 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=141.772 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.118 · p=0.000

ethical orientations: a matter of personal judgment	Country					Total
ethical orientations: a matter of personal judgment	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	29 %	47 %	34 %	28 %	26 %	31 %
Disagree	38 %	34 %	22 %	29 %	31 %	31 %
Neither agree nor disagree	17 %	12 %	15 %	15 %	23 %	16 %
Agree	13 %	6 %	21 %	22 %	15 %	16 %
Strongly agree	3 %	0 %	8 %	6 %	5 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=152.428 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.123 · p=0.000

	Denmark (N=472)	Finland (N=409)	Iceland (N=239)	Norway (N=982)	Sweden (N=483)	Overall (N=2585)
1=Not at all acceptable, 5=Always acceptable
Claiming to be somebody else	1.82 (0.4)	1.60 (0.5)	1.61 (0.5)	1.75 (0.4)	1.82 (0.4)	1.74 (0.4)
Hidden recording devices	2.00 (0.1)	1.78 (0.4)	1.81 (0.4)	1.97 (0.2)	1.97 (0.3)	1.93 (0.3)
Confidential documents	2.01 (0.3)	1.78 (0.5)	1.99 (0.5)	1.98 (0.4)	1.98 (0.4)	1.95 (0.4)
Personal materials of powerful people	1.92 (0.4)	1.63 (0.5)	1.86 (0.5)	1.88 (0.4)	1.91 (0.4)	1.85 (0.5)
Personal materials of ordinary people	1.56 (0.5)	1.15 (0.4)	1.50 (0.5)	1.50 (0.5)	1.37 (0.5)	1.43 (0.5)
Paying for confidential information	1.20 (0.4)	1.22 (0.4)	1.51 (0.5)	1.25 (0.4)	1.36 (0.5)	1.28 (0.5)
Accepting money from sources	1.03 (0.2)	1.02 (0.2)	1.03 (0.2)	1.01 (0.1)	1.02 (0.2)	1.02 (0.2)
Accepting a free product or service	1.24 (0.4)	1.33 (0.5)	1.19 (0.4)	1.17 (0.4)	1.08 (0.3)	1.19 (0.4)
Producing promotional stories	1.24 (0.5)	1.06 (0.2)	1.05 (0.2)	1.03 (0.2)	1.02 (0.2)	1.07 (0.3)
Information not yet verified	1.59 (0.5)	1.50 (0.5)	1.44 (0.5)	1.24 (0.4)	1.54 (0.5)	1.42 (0.5)

ethical practice: claiming to be somebody else	Country					Total
ethical practice: claiming to be somebody else	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not approve under any circumstances	18 %	40 %	40 %	25 %	19 %	26 %
Justified on occasion	81 %	59 %	59 %	75 %	80 %	73 %
Always justified	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	1 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=98.359 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.138 · Fisher's p=0.000

ethical practice: hidden recording devices	Country					Total
ethical practice: hidden recording devices	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not approve under any circumstances	1 %	22 %	20 %	4 %	5 %	8 %
Justified on occasion	98 %	77 %	79 %	95 %	94 %	91 %
Always justified	1 %	0 %	1 %	1 %	2 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=224.560 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.209 · Fisher's p=0.000

ethical practice: confidential documents	Country					Total
ethical practice: confidential documents	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not approve under any circumstances	5 %	26 %	14 %	9 %	10 %	11 %
Justified on occasion	88 %	71 %	73 %	85 %	83 %	82 %
Always justified	7 %	3 %	13 %	6 %	7 %	7 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=130.784 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.159 · p=0.000

ethical practice: personal materials of powerful people	Country					Total
ethical practice: personal materials of powerful people	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not approve under any circumstances	11 %	38 %	21 %	16 %	15 %	19 %
Justified on occasion	86 %	61 %	72 %	81 %	79 %	78 %
Always justified	3 %	1 %	7 %	4 %	6 %	4 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=149.500 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.171 · p=0.000

ethical practice: personal materials of ordinary people	Country					Total
ethical practice: personal materials of ordinary people	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not approve under any circumstances	45 %	85 %	52 %	50 %	64 %	57 %
Justified on occasion	54 %	14 %	46 %	50 %	36 %	42 %
Always justified	1 %	0 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=199.189 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.197 · Fisher's p=0.000

ethical practice: paying for confidential information	Country					Total
ethical practice: paying for confidential information	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not approve under any circumstances	81 %	78 %	51 %	75 %	66 %	73 %
Justified on occasion	18 %	22 %	48 %	24 %	33 %	27 %
Always justified	1 %	0 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=94.125 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.136 · Fisher's p=0.000

ethical practice: accepting money from sources	Country					Total
ethical practice: accepting money from sources	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not approve under any circumstances	98 %	98 %	97 %	99 %	98 %	98 %
Justified on occasion	1 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Always justified	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=14.295 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.053 · Fisher's p=0.060

ethical practice: accepting a free product or service	Country					Total
ethical practice: accepting a free product or service	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not approve under any circumstances	76 %	68 %	81 %	84 %	92 %	81 %
Justified on occasion	23 %	31 %	19 %	16 %	8 %	18 %
Always justified	1 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=94.593 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.136 · Fisher's p=0.000

ethical practice: producing promotional stories	Country					Total
ethical practice: producing promotional stories	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not approve under any circumstances	78 %	95 %	95 %	97 %	98 %	93 %
Justified on occasion	20 %	5 %	5 %	3 %	1 %	6 %
Always justified	2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=216.080 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.205 · Fisher's p=0.000

ethical practice: information not yet verified	Country					Total
ethical practice: information not yet verified	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not approve under any circumstances	41 %	50 %	56 %	76 %	47 %	58 %
Justified on occasion	58 %	50 %	43 %	24 %	52 %	41 %
Always justified	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=238.092 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.215 · Fisher's p=0.000

3.1.5 Safety

	Denmark (N=472)	Finland (N=409)	Iceland (N=239)	Norway (N=982)	Sweden (N=483)	Overall (N=2585)
1=Never, 5=Very often
Demeaning or hateful speech	2.05 (1.0)	2.43 (0.9)	2.87 (1.2)	2.10 (0.9)	2.29 (1.0)	2.25 (1.0)
Public discrediting	1.77 (0.9)	2.45 (1.0)	2.59 (1.2)	1.95 (0.9)	2.28 (1.0)	2.12 (1.0)
Surveillance	1.13 (0.4)	1.82 (1.0)	1.81 (1.1)	1.23 (0.5)	1.29 (0.7)	1.37 (0.8)
Hacking or blocking	1.09 (0.3)	1.14 (0.5)	1.08 (0.3)	1.16 (0.5)	1.23 (0.6)	1.15 (0.5)
Arrests, detentions or imprisonment	1.01 (0.1)	1.01 (0.1)	1.00 (0.1)	1.02 (0.2)	1.01 (0.1)	1.02 (0.2)
Legal actions	1.06 (0.3)	1.08 (0.4)	1.24 (0.7)	1.08 (0.3)	1.04 (0.3)	1.08 (0.4)
Stalking	1.06 (0.3)	1.17 (0.5)	1.25 (0.7)	1.07 (0.3)	1.19 (0.5)	1.12 (0.4)
Other threats or intimidation	1.43 (0.7)	1.50 (0.8)	1.74 (1.0)	1.33 (0.6)	1.48 (0.8)	1.44 (0.8)
Sexual assault/harassment	1.06 (0.3)	1.14 (0.5)	1.17 (0.5)	1.11 (0.4)	1.12 (0.4)	1.11 (0.4)
Other physical attacks	1.03 (0.2)	1.06 (0.3)	1.06 (0.3)	1.04 (0.3)	1.07 (0.3)	1.05 (0.3)
Coercion	NA (NA)	1.75 (0.9)	1.30 (0.6)	1.10 (0.4)	NA (NA)	1.30 (0.6)
Questioning of personal morality	NA (NA)	1.96 (1.0)	2.10 (1.1)	1.62 (0.9)	NA (NA)	1.78 (1.0)
Others using byline	NA (NA)	1.20 (0.5)	1.17 (0.6)	1.06 (0.3)	NA (NA)	1.11 (0.4)
Others disseminating personal information	NA (NA)	1.11 (0.4)	1.38 (0.7)	1.16 (0.5)	1.46 (0.8)	1.24 (0.6)
Workplace bullying	NA (NA)	1.31 (0.7)	1.19 (0.5)	1.29 (0.6)	1.30 (0.7)	1.28 (0.7)
Office raids or seizures or damage	NA (NA)	NA (NA)	1.08 (0.3)	NA (NA)	NA (NA)	1.08 (0.3)
Intimidation that targets family	NA (NA)	1.05 (0.3)	1.09 (0.4)	1.05 (0.3)	1.06 (0.3)	1.06 (0.3)
Work in Covid-19 environment	NA (NA)	1.13 (0.4)	1.50 (0.9)	1.23 (0.6)	1.28 (0.7)	1.25 (0.7)

safety-experience: demeaning or hateful speech	Country					Total
safety-experience: demeaning or hateful speech	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	33 %	16 %	14 %	30 %	22 %	25 %
Rarely	39 %	40 %	29 %	37 %	40 %	38 %
Sometimes	22 %	34 %	27 %	26 %	30 %	27 %
Often	4 %	8 %	16 %	5 %	5 %	6 %
Very often	2 %	3 %	14 %	2 %	4 %	3 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=198.611 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.139 · p=0.000

safety-experience: public discrediting	Country					Total
safety-experience: public discrediting	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	47 %	21 %	21 %	38 %	25 %	33 %
Rarely	33 %	32 %	31 %	35 %	35 %	34 %
Sometimes	16 %	34 %	26 %	22 %	29 %	25 %
Often	2 %	10 %	13 %	3 %	8 %	6 %
Very often	1 %	4 %	10 %	1 %	3 %	3 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=218.866 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.146 · p=0.000

safety-experience: surveillance	Country					Total
safety-experience: surveillance	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	90 %	49 %	54 %	83 %	79 %	75 %
Rarely	7 %	28 %	26 %	13 %	14 %	16 %
Sometimes	3 %	17 %	11 %	4 %	5 %	7 %
Often	0 %	5 %	6 %	0 %	2 %	2 %
Very often	0 %	1 %	4 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=348.483 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.188 · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-experience: hacking or blocking	Country					Total
safety-experience: hacking or blocking	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	93 %	90 %	94 %	87 %	83 %	89 %
Rarely	5 %	7 %	5 %	10 %	12 %	9 %
Sometimes	1 %	2 %	1 %	2 %	4 %	2 %
Often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=45.487 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.067 · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-experience: arrests, detentions or imprisonment	Country					Total
safety-experience: arrests, detentions or imprisonment	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	99 %	99 %	100 %	98 %	99 %	99 %
Rarely	1 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	1 %
Sometimes	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=8.965 · df=12 · Cramer's V=0.034 · Fisher's p=0.787

safety-experience: legal actions	Country					Total
safety-experience: legal actions	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	95 %	94 %	85 %	94 %	97 %	94 %
Rarely	5 %	5 %	8 %	5 %	2 %	5 %
Sometimes	1 %	1 %	5 %	1 %	0 %	1 %
Often	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=63.859 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.079 · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-experience: stalking	Country					Total
safety-experience: stalking	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	95 %	88 %	84 %	95 %	85 %	91 %
Rarely	4 %	9 %	11 %	4 %	12 %	7 %
Sometimes	1 %	2 %	3 %	1 %	3 %	2 %
Often	0 %	1 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=89.967 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.094 · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-experience: other threats or intimidation	Country					Total
safety-experience: other threats or intimidation	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	69 %	65 %	53 %	74 %	66 %	68 %
Rarely	22 %	24 %	29 %	19 %	23 %	22 %
Sometimes	7 %	9 %	12 %	6 %	7 %	7 %
Often	1 %	2 %	5 %	1 %	3 %	2 %
Very often	1 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	1 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=74.831 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.085 · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-experience: sexual assault/harassment	Country					Total
safety-experience: sexual assault/harassment	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	95 %	90 %	87 %	91 %	90 %	91 %
Rarely	4 %	7 %	8 %	7 %	8 %	7 %
Sometimes	1 %	2 %	4 %	1 %	1 %	2 %
Often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=28.262 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.053 · Fisher's p=0.014

safety-experience: other physical attacks	Country					Total
safety-experience: other physical attacks	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	97 %	96 %	96 %	97 %	94 %	96 %
Rarely	2 %	3 %	3 %	3 %	5 %	3 %
Sometimes	0 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=21.737 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.046 · Fisher's p=0.236

safety-experience: coercion	Country					Total
safety-experience: coercion	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	47 %	76 %	92 %	0 %	78 %
Rarely	0 %	36 %	20 %	6 %	0 %	16 %
Sometimes	0 %	14 %	4 %	1 %	0 %	5 %
Often	0 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Very often	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-experience: questioning of personal morality	Country					Total
safety-experience: questioning of personal morality	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	40 %	39 %	58 %	0 %	51 %
Rarely	0 %	31 %	29 %	27 %	0 %	29 %
Sometimes	0 %	22 %	20 %	11 %	0 %	15 %
Often	0 %	4 %	7 %	2 %	0 %	4 %
Very often	0 %	2 %	5 %	1 %	0 %	2 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-experience: others using byline	Country					Total
safety-experience: others using byline	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	85 %	90 %	96 %	0 %	92 %
Rarely	0 %	11 %	5 %	3 %	0 %	6 %
Sometimes	0 %	3 %	3 %	1 %	0 %	2 %
Often	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-experience: others disseminating personal information	Country					Total
	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	92 %	75 %	88 %	68 %	82 %
Rarely	0 %	6 %	15 %	10 %	22 %	12 %
Sometimes	0 %	2 %	8 %	2 %	8 %	4 %
Often	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	2 %	1 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-experience: workplace bullying	Country					Total
safety-experience: workplace bullying	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	80 %	85 %	79 %	79 %	80 %
Rarely	0 %	12 %	11 %	14 %	14 %	13 %
Sometimes	0 %	5 %	2 %	5 %	6 %	5 %
Often	0 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Very often	0 %	1 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.343

safety-experience: intimidation that targets family	Country					Total
safety-experience: intimidation that targets family	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	96 %	93 %	96 %	95 %	95 %
Rarely	0 %	3 %	5 %	3 %	4 %	4 %
Sometimes	0 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.570

safety-experience: work in Covid-19 environment	Country					Total
safety-experience: work in Covid-19 environment	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	89 %	73 %	85 %	82 %	84 %
Rarely	0 %	9 %	12 %	9 %	10 %	9 %
Sometimes	0 %	1 %	9 %	4 %	6 %	4 %
Often	0 %	0 %	6 %	1 %	1 %	2 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	1 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

                                                                                              
                                                                                               Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden
                                                                                                   472     389     232    982    477
  Attempts to influence journalistic content                                                         0       1       0      0      0
  Baseless discrediting by a trade union                                                             0       1       0      0      0
  Being belittled by a colleague, not publicly thoug                                                 0       1       0      0      0
  Being called a girl                                                                                0       1       0      0      0
  Being treated unfairly in newsroom                                                                 0       1       0      0      0
  Cancel culture                                                                                     0       1       0      0      0
  Colleagues have sexually harassed me                                                               0       0       0      0      1
  Discrediting on social media                                                                       0       1       0      0      0
  Editors sabotaging my texts                                                                        0       1       0      0      0
  Encountering shady power holders that you have investigated in the shop/out in the community       0       0       0      0      1
  General discrediting remarks towards journalists                                                   0       1       0      0      0
  Getting arrested by cops in a newsroom meeting                                                     0       1       0      0      0
  Howl in general                                                                                    0       0       1      0      0
  Humiliation because of gender                                                                      0       0       1      0      0
  Interviewees' wishes to change story angle                                                         0       1       0      0      0
  Joy                                                                                                0       1       0      0      0
  Online hate in social media                                                                        0       0       0      0      1
  Opinion suppression prior work                                                                     0       0       1      0      0
  Organized cyberbullying                                                                            0       0       1      0      0
  Persecution by rivals                                                                              0       0       1      0      0
  Personal attacks from misogynists are very common                                                  0       0       0      0      1
  Pressure from superiors in newsroom                                                                0       1       0      0      0
  Pressure to accept assignments against one's will                                                  0       1       0      0      0
  Preventing photoshoot in a public place                                                            0       1       0      0      0
  Public mental abuse                                                                                0       0       1      0      0
  Racism from a colleague                                                                            0       0       0      0      1
  Rival persecution                                                                                  0       0       1      0      0
  Spreading false claims about me and my work                                                        0       1       0      0      0
  Surveillance by a foreign state                                                                    0       1       0      0      0
  Threats of cancelling subscription                                                                 0       1       0      0      0
  Threats of withdrawing adverts                                                                     0       1       0      0      0
  Unlawful threats                                                                                   0       0       0      0      1
  Vague remarks suggesting I should quit journalism                                                  0       1       0      0      0

safety-support: from news organization	Country					Total
safety-support: from news organization	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	55 %	73 %	0 %	63 %	61 %
No	0 %	45 %	27 %	0 %	37 %	39 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.002

safety-support: from other colleagues	Country					Total
safety-support: from other colleagues	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	65 %	82 %	0 %	71 %	70 %
No	0 %	35 %	18 %	0 %	29 %	30 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.001

safety-support: from journalists’ organization	Country					Total
safety-support: from journalists’ organization	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	18 %	47 %	0 %	28 %	26 %
No	0 %	82 %	53 %	0 %	72 %	74 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-support: from NGO/HRO	Country					Total
safety-support: from NGO/HRO	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	4 %	19 %	0 %	3 %	5 %
No	0 %	96 %	81 %	0 %	97 %	95 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

safety-support: from government	Country					Total
safety-support: from government	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	7 %	3 %	0 %	8 %	7 %
No	0 %	93 %	97 %	0 %	92 %	93 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.257

safety-support: from others	Country					Total
safety-support: from others	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	3 %	20 %	0 %	8 %	4 %
No	0 %	97 %	80 %	0 %	92 %	96 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.009

3.1.6 Job concerns

job concerns: losing job in journalism	Country					Total
job concerns: losing job in journalism	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	26 %	42 %	26 %	68 %	44 %	48 %
Disagree	27 %	33 %	28 %	11 %	27 %	22 %
Neither agree nor disagree	14 %	14 %	22 %	8 %	16 %	13 %
Agree	17 %	8 %	17 %	8 %	9 %	11 %
Strongly agree	15 %	3 %	8 %	4 %	5 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=384.644 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.194 · p=0.000

job concerns: physical well-being	Country					Total
job concerns: physical well-being	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	35 %	28 %	22 %	51 %	32 %	38 %
Disagree	29 %	33 %	26 %	21 %	24 %	25 %
Neither agree nor disagree	16 %	16 %	18 %	13 %	22 %	16 %
Agree	18 %	21 %	27 %	14 %	17 %	17 %
Strongly agree	2 %	2 %	7 %	2 %	4 %	3 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=154.245 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.123 · p=0.000

job concerns: emotional and mental wellbeing	Country					Total
job concerns: emotional and mental wellbeing	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	23 %	15 %	24 %	42 %	28 %	30 %
Disagree	29 %	26 %	20 %	22 %	22 %	24 %
Neither agree nor disagree	19 %	18 %	19 %	13 %	21 %	17 %
Agree	23 %	33 %	27 %	18 %	21 %	23 %
Strongly agree	7 %	7 %	10 %	4 %	8 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=156.356 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.124 · p=0.000

job concerns: those who harm journalists go unpunished	Country					Total
job concerns: those who harm journalists go unpunished	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	36 %	5 %	18 %	30 %	10 %	22 %
Disagree	31 %	15 %	17 %	17 %	9 %	17 %
Neither agree nor disagree	18 %	19 %	26 %	26 %	22 %	23 %
Agree	11 %	46 %	32 %	19 %	41 %	27 %
Strongly agree	4 %	14 %	7 %	8 %	18 %	10 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=436.065 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.208 · p=0.000

3.1.7 Protection

Warning: There was 1 warning in `summarise()`.
ℹ In argument: `across(everything(), mean, na.rm = TRUE)`.
Caused by warning:
! The `...` argument of `across()` is deprecated as of dplyr 1.1.0.
Supply arguments directly to `.fns` through an anonymous function instead.

  # Previously
  across(a:b, mean, na.rm = TRUE)

  # Now
  across(a:b, \(x) mean(x, na.rm = TRUE))

protection: safety training	Country					Total
protection: safety training	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	18 %	6 %	0 %	30 %	21 %
No	0 %	82 %	94 %	0 %	70 %	79 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

protection: government protection	Country					Total
protection: government protection	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	1 %	3 %	0 %	1 %	2 %
No	0 %	99 %	97 %	0 %	99 %	98 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.093

protection: legal protection	Country					Total
protection: legal protection	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	3 %	12 %	0 %	3 %	5 %
No	0 %	97 %	88 %	0 %	97 %	95 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

protection: self-censorship	Country					Total
protection: self-censorship	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	24 %	35 %	0 %	21 %	25 %
No	0 %	76 %	65 %	0 %	79 %	75 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

protection: changed news beats or jobs	Country					Total
protection: changed news beats or jobs	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	4 %	12 %	0 %	4 %	6 %
No	0 %	96 %	88 %	0 %	96 %	94 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

protection: changed news organization	Country					Total
protection: changed news organization	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	4 %	13 %	0 %	5 %	6 %
No	0 %	96 %	87 %	0 %	95 %	94 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

protection: changed personal or daily routines	Country					Total
protection: changed personal or daily routines	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	9 %	21 %	0 %	15 %	14 %
No	0 %	91 %	79 %	0 %	85 %	86 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

protection: moved to another place	Country					Total
protection: moved to another place	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	2 %	8 %	0 %	2 %	3 %
No	0 %	98 %	92 %	0 %	98 %	97 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.001

protection: limited time in dangerous areas	Country					Total
protection: limited time in dangerous areas	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	3 %	6 %	0 %	13 %	8 %
No	0 %	97 %	94 %	0 %	87 %	92 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

protection: removed or hidden press IDs	Country					Total
protection: removed or hidden press IDs	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	2 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	2 %
No	0 %	98 %	98 %	0 %	0 %	98 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=1.000

protection: published anonymously	Country					Total
protection: published anonymously	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	13 %	17 %	0 %	10 %	12 %
No	0 %	87 %	83 %	0 %	90 %	88 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.027

protection: changed phone number	Country					Total
protection: changed phone number	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	12 %	7 %	0 %	15 %	12 %
No	0 %	88 %	93 %	0 %	85 %	88 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.007

protection: established communication networks	Country					Total
protection: established communication networks	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	6 %	9 %	0 %	10 %	9 %
No	0 %	94 %	91 %	0 %	90 %	91 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.037

protection: filtered ideas/information	Country					Total
protection: filtered ideas/information	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	4 %	16 %	0 %	0 %	8 %
No	0 %	96 %	84 %	0 %	0 %	92 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

protection: paid greater attention to verification	Country					Total
protection: paid greater attention to verification	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	46 %	45 %	0 %	34 %	40 %
No	0 %	54 %	55 %	0 %	66 %	60 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.001

protection: modified work routines due to Covid-19	Country					Total
protection: modified work routines due to Covid-19	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	73 %	69 %	0 %	69 %	70 %
No	0 %	27 %	31 %	0 %	31 %	30 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.340

protection: refused assignment due to Covid-19	Country					Total
protection: refused assignment due to Covid-19	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	17 %	7 %	0 %	13 %	13 %
No	0 %	83 %	93 %	0 %	87 %	87 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.001

3.1.8 Stress, editoral freedom

felt stressed out in work	Country					Total
felt stressed out in work	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	0 %	3 %	0 %	2 %	2 %
Rarely	0 %	0 %	9 %	0 %	12 %	11 %
Sometimes	0 %	0 %	24 %	0 %	38 %	33 %
Often	0 %	0 %	25 %	0 %	33 %	30 %
Very often	0 %	0 %	38 %	0 %	16 %	23 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

freedom: in selecting stories	Country					Total
freedom: in selecting stories	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
No freedom at all	2 %	1 %	0 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Little freedom	10 %	4 %	1 %	5 %	6 %	5 %
Some freedom	26 %	20 %	11 %	23 %	18 %	21 %
A great deal of freedom	50 %	53 %	59 %	59 %	58 %	56 %
Complete freedom	12 %	22 %	29 %	12 %	17 %	16 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=109.083 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.103 · Fisher's p=0.000

freedom: in deciding which aspects to emphasize	Country					Total
freedom: in deciding which aspects to emphasize	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
No freedom at all	1 %	1 %	0 %	1 %	2 %	1 %
Little freedom	6 %	1 %	2 %	3 %	4 %	3 %
Some freedom	21 %	15 %	7 %	20 %	18 %	18 %
A great deal of freedom	48 %	59 %	53 %	64 %	56 %	58 %
Complete freedom	24 %	24 %	37 %	13 %	20 %	20 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=124.727 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.110 · Fisher's p=0.000

freedom: media freedom	Country					Total
freedom: media freedom	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
No freedom at all	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Little freedom	1 %	1 %	5 %	2 %	2 %	2 %
Some freedom	14 %	14 %	28 %	11 %	8 %	13 %
A great deal of freedom	70 %	77 %	56 %	73 %	60 %	69 %
Complete freedom	14 %	7 %	10 %	14 %	30 %	15 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=184.514 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.136 · Fisher's p=0.000

3.1.9 Influences

Note that 8 “Not relevant” is recoded to 1 “Not at all important”.

	Denmark (N=472)	Finland (N=409)	Iceland (N=239)	Norway (N=982)	Sweden (N=483)	Overall (N=2585)
1=Not influential, 5=Extremely influential
Peers on the news staff	3.44 (1.1)	2.98 (1.2)	3.77 (1.0)	3.25 (0.9)	3.32 (1.1)	3.30 (1.1)
Editorial supervisors/higher editors	3.74 (1.0)	3.39 (1.2)	3.72 (1.0)	3.46 (1.0)	3.74 (1.1)	3.57 (1.1)
Business managers	1.94 (1.1)	2.20 (1.2)	2.26 (1.2)	1.63 (0.8)	1.72 (1.0)	1.85 (1.0)
Owners	1.86 (1.1)	1.98 (1.1)	1.83 (1.1)	1.66 (1.0)	1.64 (1.0)	1.76 (1.0)
Editorial policy	3.58 (1.1)	3.69 (1.1)	3.49 (1.1)	3.47 (0.9)	3.34 (1.2)	3.51 (1.1)
Advertising considerations	1.40 (0.8)	1.67 (0.9)	1.57 (0.9)	1.39 (0.8)	1.24 (0.6)	1.43 (0.8)
Profit expectations	2.03 (1.2)	2.25 (1.3)	1.97 (1.2)	2.06 (1.2)	1.84 (1.1)	2.04 (1.2)
Audience research	2.91 (1.2)	3.18 (1.2)	2.56 (1.2)	2.41 (1.1)	2.91 (1.2)	2.73 (1.2)
News-gathering resources	3.66 (1.1)	3.74 (1.2)	3.67 (1.2)	2.53 (1.1)	3.00 (1.3)	3.14 (1.3)
Time limits	3.78 (1.1)	3.74 (1.0)	3.80 (1.2)	3.48 (0.9)	3.40 (1.1)	3.59 (1.0)
Journalism ethics	4.15 (0.9)	4.00 (1.1)	3.38 (1.3)	3.96 (0.9)	3.54 (1.2)	3.88 (1.0)
Self-censorship	1.92 (1.0)	1.96 (0.8)	2.79 (1.2)	2.64 (1.1)	1.72 (0.8)	2.25 (1.1)
Personal values and beliefs	2.89 (1.2)	3.10 (1.0)	3.44 (1.2)	3.07 (1.0)	2.96 (1.1)	3.06 (1.1)
Colleagues in other media	1.85 (0.9)	2.27 (0.9)	2.10 (1.0)	2.16 (0.8)	2.26 (0.9)	2.13 (0.9)
Friends, acquaintances and family	1.79 (0.9)	2.07 (0.8)	2.30 (1.0)	2.09 (0.8)	1.99 (0.8)	2.03 (0.9)
Feedback from audience	2.53 (1.0)	2.65 (0.8)	2.73 (1.0)	2.80 (0.8)	2.76 (0.9)	2.71 (0.9)
Competing news organizations	2.29 (0.9)	2.60 (0.9)	2.78 (1.1)	2.62 (0.9)	2.62 (1.0)	2.57 (1.0)
Media laws and regulation	3.19 (1.2)	3.67 (1.1)	2.64 (1.2)	3.97 (0.9)	2.33 (1.2)	3.37 (1.2)
Access to information	3.76 (1.0)	3.69 (1.0)	3.89 (1.1)	3.70 (0.8)	3.41 (1.1)	3.67 (1.0)
Government censorship	1.44 (0.9)	1.74 (1.0)	1.82 (1.2)	1.47 (0.7)	1.14 (0.5)	1.48 (0.9)
Government officials	1.64 (0.9)	1.86 (1.0)	1.80 (1.1)	1.86 (0.9)	1.30 (0.7)	1.72 (0.9)
Politicians	1.80 (1.0)	1.80 (1.0)	1.70 (1.0)	1.89 (0.9)	1.46 (0.8)	1.77 (0.9)
Business people	1.61 (0.9)	1.75 (0.9)	1.68 (1.0)	1.66 (0.8)	1.38 (0.7)	1.62 (0.8)
Public relations	2.10 (1.0)	1.88 (0.9)	1.94 (0.9)	1.75 (0.8)	1.52 (0.8)	1.81 (0.9)
Relationships with news sources	3.24 (1.2)	2.68 (1.1)	3.17 (1.3)	2.81 (1.1)	2.47 (1.1)	2.84 (1.1)
Police	1.59 (0.9)	1.74 (1.0)	2.07 (1.2)	1.72 (0.9)	1.68 (1.0)	1.72 (1.0)
Issue advocacy groups	1.82 (1.0)	1.72 (0.8)	1.86 (1.0)	2.01 (0.9)	1.62 (0.8)	1.84 (0.9)
Scientists or health experts	2.39 (1.3)	2.63 (1.2)	2.39 (1.2)	2.34 (1.0)	2.11 (1.0)	2.36 (1.1)

influences internal: peers on the news staff	Country					Total
influences internal: peers on the news staff	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	3 %	7 %	4 %	1 %	2 %	3 %
Slightly influential	13 %	13 %	8 %	10 %	8 %	10 %
Moderately influential	30 %	34 %	23 %	43 %	28 %	35 %
Very influential	34 %	27 %	39 %	38 %	43 %	36 %
Extremely influential	17 %	9 %	27 %	4 %	10 %	10 %
Not relevant	2 %	10 %	0 %	4 %	10 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=270.123 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.164 · p=0.000

influences internal: editorial supervisors/higher editors	Country					Total
influences internal: editorial supervisors/higher editors	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	2 %	5 %	2 %	0 %	2 %	2 %
Slightly influential	7 %	10 %	9 %	4 %	4 %	6 %
Moderately influential	25 %	24 %	22 %	33 %	16 %	26 %
Very influential	40 %	35 %	46 %	48 %	47 %	44 %
Extremely influential	25 %	19 %	20 %	8 %	24 %	17 %
Not relevant	3 %	7 %	0 %	7 %	7 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=223.039 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.149 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences internal: business managers	Country					Total
influences internal: business managers	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	37 %	26 %	36 %	42 %	45 %	39 %
Slightly influential	25 %	29 %	28 %	31 %	22 %	28 %
Moderately influential	16 %	22 %	16 %	10 %	14 %	15 %
Very influential	9 %	7 %	14 %	3 %	5 %	6 %
Extremely influential	3 %	6 %	6 %	1 %	2 %	3 %
Not relevant	11 %	10 %	0 %	12 %	12 %	10 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=181.195 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.136 · p=0.000

influences internal: owners	Country					Total
influences internal: owners	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	45 %	33 %	53 %	47 %	48 %	45 %
Slightly influential	22 %	29 %	24 %	24 %	23 %	24 %
Moderately influential	14 %	16 %	12 %	11 %	10 %	12 %
Very influential	7 %	6 %	8 %	4 %	4 %	5 %
Extremely influential	4 %	5 %	3 %	2 %	2 %	3 %
Not relevant	8 %	12 %	0 %	12 %	13 %	10 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=80.838 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.091 · p=0.000

influences internal: editorial policy	Country					Total
influences internal: editorial policy	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	4 %	2 %	6 %	2 %	3 %	3 %
Slightly influential	9 %	8 %	10 %	8 %	10 %	9 %
Moderately influential	26 %	25 %	31 %	32 %	30 %	29 %
Very influential	35 %	36 %	35 %	46 %	34 %	39 %
Extremely influential	23 %	25 %	18 %	9 %	15 %	16 %
Not relevant	3 %	2 %	0 %	3 %	7 %	3 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=124.384 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.112 · p=0.000

influences internal: advertising considerations	Country					Total
influences internal: advertising considerations	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	65 %	41 %	65 %	50 %	64 %	55 %
Slightly influential	12 %	31 %	19 %	18 %	11 %	18 %
Moderately influential	10 %	10 %	10 %	6 %	5 %	7 %
Very influential	2 %	3 %	4 %	3 %	0 %	2 %
Extremely influential	0 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	0 %	1 %
Not relevant	11 %	14 %	0 %	23 %	19 %	16 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=207.277 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.145 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences internal: profit expectations	Country					Total
influences internal: profit expectations	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	40 %	27 %	51 %	26 %	40 %	34 %
Slightly influential	17 %	17 %	19 %	17 %	12 %	17 %
Moderately influential	21 %	25 %	17 %	23 %	18 %	21 %
Very influential	9 %	12 %	10 %	11 %	9 %	10 %
Extremely influential	5 %	6 %	4 %	3 %	2 %	4 %
Not relevant	9 %	13 %	0 %	20 %	18 %	15 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=147.531 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.122 · p=0.000

influences internal: audience research	Country					Total
influences internal: audience research	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	11 %	6 %	25 %	18 %	11 %	14 %
Slightly influential	22 %	16 %	23 %	25 %	17 %	21 %
Moderately influential	34 %	36 %	30 %	34 %	30 %	33 %
Very influential	20 %	22 %	14 %	12 %	26 %	18 %
Extremely influential	10 %	16 %	7 %	3 %	9 %	8 %
Not relevant	3 %	4 %	0 %	8 %	7 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=212.592 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.147 · p=0.000

influences internal: news-gathering resources	Country					Total
influences internal: news-gathering resources	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	2 %	3 %	8 %	13 %	10 %	8 %
Slightly influential	9 %	7 %	9 %	22 %	14 %	14 %
Moderately influential	28 %	23 %	20 %	37 %	27 %	30 %
Very influential	35 %	28 %	32 %	15 %	31 %	26 %
Extremely influential	24 %	34 %	31 %	3 %	10 %	16 %
Not relevant	2 %	5 %	0 %	9 %	9 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=505.132 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.232 · p=0.000

influences internal: time limits	Country					Total
influences internal: time limits	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	2 %	1 %	6 %	2 %	4 %	3 %
Slightly influential	9 %	10 %	8 %	10 %	10 %	10 %
Moderately influential	23 %	28 %	21 %	36 %	29 %	30 %
Very influential	35 %	33 %	33 %	37 %	41 %	36 %
Extremely influential	30 %	28 %	33 %	13 %	12 %	20 %
Not relevant	1 %	1 %	0 %	1 %	4 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=160.257 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.126 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences internal: journalism ethics	Country					Total
influences internal: journalism ethics	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	0 %	4 %	8 %	1 %	8 %	3 %
Slightly influential	3 %	5 %	21 %	3 %	8 %	6 %
Moderately influential	16 %	18 %	19 %	17 %	22 %	18 %
Very influential	41 %	29 %	28 %	52 %	37 %	41 %
Extremely influential	40 %	43 %	24 %	26 %	23 %	30 %
Not relevant	1 %	2 %	0 %	1 %	2 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=317.919 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.178 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences internal: self-censorship	Country					Total
influences internal: self-censorship	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	40 %	27 %	17 %	12 %	44 %	26 %
Slightly influential	31 %	49 %	27 %	31 %	37 %	35 %
Moderately influential	17 %	16 %	26 %	29 %	12 %	21 %
Very influential	6 %	3 %	20 %	19 %	3 %	11 %
Extremely influential	2 %	1 %	11 %	5 %	1 %	4 %
Not relevant	4 %	3 %	0 %	4 %	4 %	4 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=430.360 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.212 · p=0.000

influences internal: personal values and beliefs	Country					Total
influences internal: personal values and beliefs	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	12 %	3 %	8 %	6 %	11 %	8 %
Slightly influential	25 %	23 %	14 %	20 %	23 %	21 %
Moderately influential	29 %	42 %	27 %	37 %	30 %	34 %
Very influential	21 %	18 %	28 %	29 %	27 %	25 %
Extremely influential	11 %	12 %	23 %	7 %	8 %	10 %
Not relevant	2 %	1 %	0 %	2 %	2 %	2 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=134.914 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.116 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: colleagues in other media	Country					Total
influences external: colleagues in other media	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	40 %	17 %	33 %	20 %	21 %	25 %
Slightly influential	36 %	45 %	38 %	42 %	32 %	39 %
Moderately influential	18 %	30 %	19 %	31 %	36 %	28 %
Very influential	3 %	5 %	8 %	4 %	7 %	5 %
Extremely influential	1 %	1 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Not relevant	2 %	1 %	0 %	3 %	4 %	2 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=160.168 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.128 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: friends, acquaintances and family	Country					Total
influences external: friends, acquaintances and family	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	43 %	22 %	23 %	24 %	30 %	28 %
Slightly influential	37 %	49 %	40 %	44 %	37 %	42 %
Moderately influential	14 %	21 %	25 %	28 %	26 %	24 %
Very influential	4 %	4 %	10 %	3 %	3 %	4 %
Extremely influential	0 %	1 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Not relevant	1 %	3 %	0 %	2 %	4 %	2 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=152.899 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.125 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: feedback from audience	Country					Total
influences external: feedback from audience	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	14 %	6 %	10 %	4 %	6 %	7 %
Slightly influential	37 %	36 %	32 %	26 %	27 %	30 %
Moderately influential	34 %	45 %	37 %	53 %	47 %	45 %
Very influential	13 %	9 %	17 %	15 %	16 %	14 %
Extremely influential	3 %	3 %	4 %	1 %	2 %	2 %
Not relevant	1 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	2 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=118.473 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.110 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: competing news organizations	Country					Total
influences external: competing news organizations	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	22 %	9 %	14 %	9 %	12 %	12 %
Slightly influential	34 %	34 %	29 %	28 %	24 %	30 %
Moderately influential	32 %	40 %	29 %	47 %	42 %	40 %
Very influential	10 %	13 %	21 %	12 %	16 %	13 %
Extremely influential	0 %	2 %	7 %	1 %	2 %	2 %
Not relevant	2 %	2 %	0 %	3 %	5 %	3 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=160.428 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.128 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: media laws and regulation	Country					Total
influences external: media laws and regulation	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	7 %	2 %	17 %	0 %	28 %	8 %
Slightly influential	21 %	12 %	36 %	5 %	25 %	16 %
Moderately influential	28 %	25 %	22 %	16 %	24 %	22 %
Very influential	26 %	34 %	17 %	50 %	14 %	34 %
Extremely influential	16 %	26 %	9 %	27 %	4 %	19 %
Not relevant	2 %	1 %	0 %	1 %	5 %	2 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=776.389 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.284 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: access to information	Country					Total
influences external: access to information	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	2 %	3 %	4 %	0 %	5 %	2 %
Slightly influential	7 %	9 %	7 %	4 %	9 %	7 %
Moderately influential	25 %	25 %	20 %	28 %	27 %	26 %
Very influential	40 %	41 %	34 %	53 %	42 %	45 %
Extremely influential	25 %	22 %	35 %	13 %	13 %	18 %
Not relevant	1 %	1 %	0 %	1 %	3 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=164.622 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.131 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: government censorship	Country					Total
influences external: government censorship	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	68 %	48 %	55 %	50 %	82 %	59 %
Slightly influential	16 %	25 %	23 %	25 %	7 %	20 %
Moderately influential	5 %	13 %	10 %	8 %	2 %	7 %
Very influential	4 %	4 %	5 %	2 %	0 %	3 %
Extremely influential	1 %	2 %	6 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Not relevant	5 %	7 %	0 %	15 %	9 %	9 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=286.218 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.175 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: government officials	Country					Total
influences external: government officials	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	54 %	44 %	52 %	34 %	73 %	48 %
Slightly influential	24 %	27 %	29 %	33 %	13 %	26 %
Moderately influential	11 %	18 %	9 %	20 %	6 %	15 %
Very influential	5 %	6 %	7 %	4 %	1 %	4 %
Extremely influential	1 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Not relevant	5 %	4 %	0 %	9 %	6 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=253.740 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.163 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: politicians	Country					Total
influences external: politicians	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	47 %	44 %	59 %	33 %	65 %	45 %
Slightly influential	24 %	30 %	23 %	32 %	18 %	27 %
Moderately influential	15 %	15 %	9 %	23 %	8 %	16 %
Very influential	7 %	4 %	6 %	3 %	3 %	4 %
Extremely influential	1 %	2 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Not relevant	6 %	5 %	0 %	9 %	6 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=204.046 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.145 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: business people	Country					Total
influences external: business people	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	55 %	43 %	58 %	42 %	66 %	50 %
Slightly influential	22 %	33 %	25 %	33 %	21 %	28 %
Moderately influential	11 %	15 %	10 %	13 %	6 %	12 %
Very influential	4 %	3 %	5 %	2 %	1 %	3 %
Extremely influential	1 %	1 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Not relevant	7 %	5 %	0 %	10 %	6 %	7 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=140.137 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.120 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: public relations	Country					Total
influences external: public relations	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	28 %	35 %	37 %	38 %	59 %	39 %
Slightly influential	39 %	39 %	39 %	36 %	25 %	35 %
Moderately influential	22 %	17 %	18 %	16 %	10 %	16 %
Very influential	7 %	3 %	4 %	2 %	2 %	3 %
Extremely influential	2 %	1 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Not relevant	3 %	4 %	0 %	8 %	4 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=162.099 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.130 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: relationships with news sources	Country					Total
influences external: relationships with news sources	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	6 %	13 %	13 %	8 %	19 %	11 %
Slightly influential	19 %	26 %	17 %	24 %	28 %	23 %
Moderately influential	30 %	34 %	29 %	36 %	31 %	33 %
Very influential	27 %	16 %	24 %	23 %	16 %	21 %
Extremely influential	16 %	7 %	18 %	4 %	2 %	8 %
Not relevant	3 %	4 %	0 %	5 %	4 %	4 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=203.576 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.144 · p=0.000

influences external: police	Country					Total
influences external: police	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	54 %	47 %	45 %	40 %	54 %	47 %
Slightly influential	23 %	26 %	23 %	25 %	20 %	24 %
Moderately influential	10 %	12 %	17 %	18 %	14 %	15 %
Very influential	5 %	6 %	9 %	3 %	6 %	5 %
Extremely influential	1 %	1 %	6 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Not relevant	7 %	7 %	0 %	14 %	6 %	9 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=145.871 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.123 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: issue advocacy groups	Country					Total
influences external: issue advocacy groups	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	43 %	45 %	45 %	27 %	50 %	39 %
Slightly influential	32 %	34 %	30 %	38 %	31 %	34 %
Moderately influential	14 %	13 %	20 %	26 %	11 %	18 %
Very influential	4 %	3 %	3 %	3 %	3 %	3 %
Extremely influential	2 %	0 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Not relevant	4 %	4 %	0 %	6 %	5 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=149.814 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.125 · Fisher's p=0.000

influences external: scientists or health experts	Country					Total
influences external: scientists or health experts	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not influential	25 %	19 %	30 %	18 %	31 %	23 %
Slightly influential	31 %	25 %	23 %	29 %	30 %	29 %
Moderately influential	18 %	30 %	28 %	35 %	25 %	28 %
Very influential	13 %	14 %	14 %	10 %	9 %	11 %
Extremely influential	8 %	9 %	4 %	2 %	1 %	4 %
Not relevant	5 %	2 %	0 %	7 %	4 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=163.084 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.130 · p=0.000

3.1.10 Epistemology

	Denmark (N=472)	Finland (N=409)	Iceland (N=239)	Norway (N=982)	Sweden (N=483)	Overall (N=2585)
1=Strongly disagree, 5=Strongly agree
Interpretation is necessary	3.20 (1.0)	3.80 (0.9)	3.65 (1.0)	3.94 (0.9)	3.57 (0.8)	3.69 (1.0)
Truth is shaped by those in power	2.79 (1.1)	3.58 (0.8)	2.56 (1.2)	2.73 (1.1)	2.49 (1.1)	2.83 (1.1)
Impossible to withhold personal beliefs	2.66 (1.1)	2.67 (0.9)	2.12 (1.1)	3.17 (1.0)	2.42 (1.0)	2.76 (1.1)
Things are either true or false	2.05 (0.9)	2.13 (0.9)	2.69 (1.2)	2.06 (1.0)	2.33 (1.1)	2.18 (1.0)
Possible to represent objective reality	3.39 (1.0)	3.15 (1.0)	3.78 (0.9)	3.37 (1.2)	3.40 (1.0)	3.37 (1.1)
Trust instincts	NA (NA)	2.22 (0.9)	2.92 (1.3)	NA (NA)	NA (NA)	2.46 (1.1)
Intuitively know	NA (NA)	2.75 (1.0)	3.04 (1.1)	NA (NA)	NA (NA)	2.84 (1.0)
Let the facts speak	NA (NA)	3.92 (0.7)	4.54 (0.6)	NA (NA)	NA (NA)	4.13 (0.7)
Part of a community	NA (NA)	1.98 (0.8)	4.03 (1.0)	NA (NA)	NA (NA)	2.68 (1.3)
Make standpoint transparent	NA (NA)	2.76 (1.0)	1.88 (1.0)	NA (NA)	NA (NA)	2.46 (1.1)
Alert audiences when a claim is untruthful	NA (NA)	4.25 (0.7)	4.29 (0.9)	NA (NA)	NA (NA)	4.26 (0.8)

epistemology 1: interpretation is necessary	Country					Total
epistemology 1: interpretation is necessary	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	6 %	1 %	6 %	2 %	2 %	3 %
Disagree	20 %	8 %	6 %	6 %	7 %	9 %
Neither agree nor disagree	32 %	17 %	22 %	16 %	30 %	22 %
Agree	35 %	56 %	49 %	48 %	52 %	48 %
Strongly agree	8 %	18 %	17 %	28 %	8 %	18 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=258.575 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.165 · p=0.000

epistemology 1: truth is shaped by those in power	Country					Total
epistemology 1: truth is shaped by those in power	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	13 %	1 %	26 %	17 %	20 %	15 %
Disagree	32 %	10 %	22 %	25 %	32 %	25 %
Neither agree nor disagree	24 %	27 %	27 %	28 %	29 %	27 %
Agree	28 %	51 %	20 %	27 %	16 %	28 %
Strongly agree	4 %	10 %	5 %	3 %	3 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=274.785 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.169 · p=0.000

epistemology 1: impossible to withhold personal beliefs	Country					Total
epistemology 1: impossible to withhold personal beliefs	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	13 %	7 %	34 %	6 %	19 %	12 %
Disagree	38 %	43 %	38 %	25 %	37 %	34 %
Neither agree nor disagree	23 %	28 %	13 %	22 %	27 %	23 %
Agree	23 %	20 %	11 %	42 %	15 %	27 %
Strongly agree	3 %	2 %	4 %	6 %	2 %	4 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=344.551 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.189 · p=0.000

epistemology 1: things are either true or false	Country					Total
epistemology 1: things are either true or false	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	27 %	24 %	18 %	33 %	24 %	28 %
Disagree	49 %	49 %	32 %	41 %	36 %	42 %
Neither agree nor disagree	17 %	17 %	21 %	14 %	26 %	18 %
Agree	4 %	8 %	20 %	9 %	9 %	9 %
Strongly agree	2 %	1 %	9 %	2 %	4 %	3 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=137.530 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.119 · p=0.000

epistemology 1: possible to represent objective reality	Country					Total
epistemology 1: possible to represent objective reality	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	4 %	5 %	4 %	5 %	4 %	5 %
Disagree	18 %	22 %	4 %	24 %	15 %	19 %
Neither agree nor disagree	22 %	32 %	22 %	14 %	29 %	22 %
Agree	48 %	38 %	53 %	42 %	41 %	43 %
Strongly agree	8 %	4 %	18 %	15 %	11 %	11 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=152.351 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.126 · p=0.000

epistemology 2: trust instincts	Country					Total
epistemology 2: trust instincts	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	0 %	20 %	18 %	0 %	0 %	19 %
Disagree	0 %	49 %	22 %	0 %	0 %	40 %
Neither agree nor disagree	0 %	21 %	20 %	0 %	0 %	20 %
Agree	0 %	9 %	32 %	0 %	0 %	17 %
Strongly agree	0 %	1 %	9 %	0 %	0 %	4 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

epistemology 2: intuitively know	Country					Total
epistemology 2: intuitively know	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	0 %	8 %	12 %	0 %	0 %	9 %
Disagree	0 %	39 %	20 %	0 %	0 %	33 %
Neither agree nor disagree	0 %	24 %	27 %	0 %	0 %	25 %
Agree	0 %	27 %	34 %	0 %	0 %	30 %
Strongly agree	0 %	1 %	7 %	0 %	0 %	3 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

epistemology 2: let the facts speak	Country					Total
epistemology 2: let the facts speak	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Disagree	0 %	5 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	4 %
Neither agree nor disagree	0 %	14 %	4 %	0 %	0 %	11 %
Agree	0 %	64 %	36 %	0 %	0 %	54 %
Strongly agree	0 %	17 %	59 %	0 %	0 %	31 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

epistemology 2: part of a community	Country					Total
epistemology 2: part of a community	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	0 %	26 %	3 %	0 %	0 %	19 %
Disagree	0 %	56 %	3 %	0 %	0 %	38 %
Neither agree nor disagree	0 %	11 %	16 %	0 %	0 %	13 %
Agree	0 %	5 %	44 %	0 %	0 %	18 %
Strongly agree	0 %	1 %	34 %	0 %	0 %	12 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

epistemology 2: make standpoint transparent	Country					Total
epistemology 2: make standpoint transparent	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	0 %	10 %	48 %	0 %	0 %	23 %
Disagree	0 %	31 %	26 %	0 %	0 %	29 %
Neither agree nor disagree	0 %	36 %	15 %	0 %	0 %	29 %
Agree	0 %	19 %	10 %	0 %	0 %	16 %
Strongly agree	0 %	4 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	3 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

epistemology 2: alert audiences when a claim is untruthful	Country					Total
epistemology 2: alert audiences when a claim is untruthful	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Strongly disagree	0 %	1 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Disagree	0 %	2 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	2 %
Neither agree nor disagree	0 %	6 %	7 %	0 %	0 %	7 %
Agree	0 %	52 %	40 %	0 %	0 %	48 %
Strongly agree	0 %	38 %	48 %	0 %	0 %	42 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.031

3.1.11 Beats

specific beat or subject area	Country					Total
specific beat or subject area	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	52 %	40 %	27 %	34 %	32 %	37 %
No	48 %	60 %	73 %	66 %	68 %	63 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=67.550 · df=4 · Cramer's V=0.166 · p=0.000

[1] "Simplified beats grouped by ChatGPT (see notes below)"

                        Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden Sum
General News                 48      67      81     71     75  68
Politics and Government      14       1       4      4      3   5
Economy and Business          7       5       3      4      4   5
Culture and Lifestyle        10      11       5      9      6   8
Science and Health            9       9       0      5      5   6
Sports                        4       3       5      2      3   3
Crime and Justice             3       1       0      2      1   2
Other                         5       4       2      3      5   4
Sum                         100     100     100    100    100 100

3.1.12 Hours

$Denmark
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.00    7.00   18.00   18.97   30.00   61.00      31 

$Finland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   11.00   20.00   20.42   30.00   55.00 

$Iceland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.50    5.00   12.00   15.12   21.00   50.00       5 

$Norway
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   13.00   22.00   21.44   30.00   47.00 

$Sweden
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   1.00   14.00   22.00   22.55   32.00   50.00

$Denmark
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.00    7.00   18.00   18.97   30.00   61.00      31 

$Finland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   11.00   20.00   20.42   30.00   55.00 

$Iceland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.50    5.00   12.00   15.12   21.00   50.00       5 

$Norway
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   13.00   22.00   21.44   30.00   47.00 

$Sweden
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   1.00   14.00   22.00   22.55   32.00   50.00

$Denmark
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.00    7.00   18.00   18.97   30.00   61.00      31 

$Finland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   11.00   20.00   20.42   30.00   55.00 

$Iceland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.50    5.00   12.00   15.12   21.00   50.00       5 

$Norway
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   13.00   22.00   21.44   30.00   47.00 

$Sweden
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   1.00   14.00   22.00   22.55   32.00   50.00

$Denmark
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.00    7.00   18.00   18.97   30.00   61.00      31 

$Finland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   11.00   20.00   20.42   30.00   55.00 

$Iceland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.50    5.00   12.00   15.12   21.00   50.00       5 

$Norway
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   0.00   13.00   22.00   21.44   30.00   47.00 

$Sweden
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
   1.00   14.00   22.00   22.55   32.00   50.00

3.1.13 Platforms

	Denmark (N=472)	Finland (N=409)	Iceland (N=239)	Norway (N=982)	Sweden (N=483)	Overall (N=2585)
1=Never, 5=Always
Distribution print	2.93 (1.8)	3.63 (1.6)	2.56 (1.7)	3.08 (1.7)	3.31 (1.8)	3.14 (1.7)
Distribution radio	1.72 (1.3)	1.78 (1.3)	2.52 (1.5)	1.73 (1.3)	1.82 (1.5)	1.82 (1.4)
Distribution television	2.23 (1.7)	1.60 (1.2)	2.42 (1.5)	2.05 (1.5)	1.76 (1.4)	1.99 (1.5)
Distribution websites	3.99 (1.3)	4.23 (1.0)	4.16 (0.9)	4.23 (1.1)	4.17 (1.2)	4.17 (1.1)
Distribution news apps	2.57 (1.7)	2.55 (1.7)	1.40 (1.0)	2.54 (1.7)	3.20 (1.8)	2.57 (1.7)
Distribution podcasts	1.69 (1.1)	1.45 (0.9)	1.69 (1.1)	1.66 (1.0)	1.64 (1.1)	1.63 (1.1)
Distribution social media	2.58 (1.4)	3.39 (1.3)	2.80 (1.4)	2.95 (1.3)	2.93 (1.5)	2.94 (1.4)
Distribution messaging apps	1.15 (0.6)	1.49 (0.9)	1.38 (0.9)	1.33 (0.7)	1.10 (0.4)	1.29 (0.7)
Distribution e-mail newsletters	NA (NA)	1.87 (1.2)	1.20 (0.6)	NA (NA)	NA (NA)	1.64 (1.1)

distribution platform: knows in advance	Country					Total
distribution platform: knows in advance	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	97 %	94 %	100 %	96 %	95 %	96 %
No	3 %	6 %	0 %	4 %	5 %	4 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=12.788 · df=4 · Cramer's V=0.073 · p=0.012

distribution platform: print	Country					Total
distribution platform: print	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	39 %	24 %	46 %	35 %	31 %	34 %
Rarely	7 %	3 %	11 %	6 %	6 %	6 %
Sometimes	8 %	4 %	5 %	6 %	7 %	6 %
Often	13 %	22 %	15 %	20 %	12 %	17 %
Always	33 %	46 %	22 %	33 %	43 %	36 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=94.119 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.102 · p=0.000

distribution platform: radio	Country					Total
distribution platform: radio	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	71 %	70 %	42 %	71 %	74 %	69 %
Rarely	10 %	7 %	14 %	7 %	5 %	8 %
Sometimes	5 %	9 %	9 %	6 %	2 %	6 %
Often	3 %	6 %	20 %	8 %	2 %	7 %
Always	11 %	9 %	15 %	7 %	17 %	11 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=172.289 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.139 · p=0.000

distribution platform: television	Country					Total
distribution platform: television	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	58 %	76 %	47 %	60 %	74 %	64 %
Rarely	10 %	5 %	10 %	9 %	5 %	8 %
Sometimes	5 %	6 %	13 %	9 %	5 %	7 %
Often	4 %	6 %	16 %	9 %	3 %	7 %
Always	22 %	6 %	15 %	13 %	13 %	14 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=139.147 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.125 · p=0.000

distribution platform: websites	Country					Total
distribution platform: websites	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	8 %	3 %	1 %	4 %	8 %	5 %
Rarely	8 %	3 %	4 %	5 %	3 %	5 %
Sometimes	14 %	12 %	16 %	11 %	12 %	12 %
Often	19 %	32 %	36 %	23 %	19 %	24 %
Always	52 %	50 %	43 %	57 %	58 %	54 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=78.437 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.093 · p=0.000

distribution platform: news apps	Country					Total
distribution platform: news apps	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	46 %	48 %	82 %	47 %	35 %	48 %
Rarely	10 %	8 %	7 %	10 %	5 %	8 %
Sometimes	9 %	8 %	5 %	8 %	8 %	8 %
Often	11 %	15 %	4 %	13 %	11 %	12 %
Always	24 %	22 %	3 %	22 %	42 %	24 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=169.114 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.140 · p=0.000

distribution platform: podcasts	Country					Total
distribution platform: podcasts	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	63 %	74 %	64 %	63 %	69 %	66 %
Rarely	18 %	14 %	16 %	17 %	12 %	16 %
Sometimes	10 %	7 %	8 %	12 %	10 %	10 %
Often	3 %	4 %	7 %	5 %	4 %	5 %
Always	5 %	1 %	4 %	2 %	5 %	3 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=41.411 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.068 · p=0.000

distribution platform: social media	Country					Total
distribution platform: social media	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	33 %	14 %	28 %	21 %	27 %	24 %
Rarely	18 %	11 %	11 %	15 %	11 %	14 %
Sometimes	19 %	20 %	25 %	26 %	24 %	23 %
Often	17 %	34 %	24 %	27 %	18 %	24 %
Always	13 %	22 %	12 %	12 %	20 %	15 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=117.593 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.114 · p=0.000

distribution platform: messaging apps	Country					Total
distribution platform: messaging apps	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	93 %	72 %	82 %	79 %	93 %	83 %
Rarely	4 %	15 %	7 %	13 %	5 %	9 %
Sometimes	1 %	6 %	6 %	6 %	1 %	4 %
Often	1 %	4 %	4 %	2 %	1 %	2 %
Always	1 %	2 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=120.885 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.117 · Fisher's p=0.000

distribution platform: e-mail newsletters	Country					Total
distribution platform: e-mail newsletters	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	60 %	89 %	0 %	0 %	70 %
Rarely	0 %	12 %	6 %	0 %	0 %	10 %
Sometimes	0 %	12 %	3 %	0 %	0 %	9 %
Often	0 %	11 %	2 %	0 %	0 %	7 %
Always	0 %	5 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	3 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

distribution platform: other	Country					Total
distribution platform: other	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	0 %	97 %	80 %	89 %	81 %
Rarely	0 %	9 %	0 %	10 %	3 %	9 %
Sometimes	0 %	64 %	3 %	7 %	3 %	7 %
Often	0 %	18 %	0 %	2 %	0 %	2 %
Always	0 %	9 %	0 %	1 %	5 %	2 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.000

                                                                                    
                                                                                     Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden
                                                                                         472     397     239    982    476
  .                                                                                        0       1       0      0      0
  Blog                                                                                     0       1       0      0      0
  Blogs                                                                                    0       1       0      0      0
  Books                                                                                    0       1       0      0      2
  Exhibitions                                                                              0       1       0      0      0
  Film productions for organizations                                                       0       0       0      0      1
  I bounce around as a journalist between TV, radio and newspapers. Right now on TV.       0       0       0      0      1
  Newsletter                                                                               0       0       0      0      1
  Our blog platform                                                                        0       1       0      0      0
  Outdoor advertisements                                                                   0       1       0      0      0
  Teletext                                                                                 0       2       0      0      0
  Text TV                                                                                  0       0       0      0      1
  Videos on our website                                                                    0       1       0      0      0
  Vimeo, YouTube                                                                           0       1       0      0      0
  Web TV                                                                                   0       0       0      0      1
  YouTube                                                                                  0       1       0      0      0

background of main employer	Country					Total
background of main employer	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Newspaper	28 %	38 %	41 %	47 %	39 %	40 %
Magazine	9 %	28 %	7 %	8 %	15 %	13 %
TV	28 %	8 %	15 %	16 %	15 %	16 %
Radio	7 %	8 %	23 %	8 %	17 %	11 %
News agency	1 %	2 %	2 %	2 %	3 %	2 %
Internet native	12 %	3 %	9 %	10 %	1 %	7 %
Telecommunications	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
Other	3 %	5 %	0 %	7 %	3 %	5 %
no main employer	12 %	8 %	2 %	3 %	8 %	6 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=419.194 · df=32 · Cramer's V=0.208 · Fisher's p=0.000

3.1.14 Use of technology

technology 1: analytics	Country					Total
technology 1: analytics	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	28 %	38 %	31 %	0 %	32 %
Rarely	0 %	14 %	14 %	16 %	0 %	15 %
Sometimes	0 %	18 %	16 %	17 %	0 %	17 %
Often	0 %	25 %	15 %	22 %	0 %	22 %
Always	0 %	15 %	17 %	13 %	0 %	14 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.090

technology 1: social media to find information	Country					Total
technology 1: social media to find information	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	3 %	3 %	4 %	0 %	4 %
Rarely	0 %	8 %	10 %	7 %	0 %	8 %
Sometimes	0 %	27 %	19 %	24 %	0 %	24 %
Often	0 %	48 %	51 %	48 %	0 %	49 %
Always	0 %	15 %	17 %	17 %	0 %	16 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.320

technology 1: social media to promote journalism	Country					Total
technology 1: social media to promote journalism	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Never	0 %	9 %	7 %	11 %	0 %	10 %
Rarely	0 %	17 %	14 %	13 %	0 %	14 %
Sometimes	0 %	22 %	21 %	28 %	0 %	25 %
Often	0 %	36 %	37 %	35 %	0 %	35 %
Always	0 %	16 %	21 %	13 %	0 %	15 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=16 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.015

technology 2: automated journalism	Country					Total
technology 2: automated journalism	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	12 %	0 %	16 %	0 %	15 %
No	0 %	88 %	0 %	84 %	0 %	85 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.061

technology 2: news personalization	Country					Total
technology 2: news personalization	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	24 %	0 %	28 %	0 %	27 %
No	0 %	76 %	0 %	72 %	0 %	73 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=NaN · df=4 · Cramer's V=NaN · Fisher's p=0.344

3.1.15 Education, training

highest level of education	Country					Total
highest level of education	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Not completed high school	2 %	1 %	5 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
Completed high school	4 %	15 %	13 %	7 %	12 %	9 %
Bachelor’s degree or equivalent	63 %	26 %	34 %	66 %	49 %	53 %
Master's degree or equivalent	24 %	49 %	43 %	23 %	17 %	28 %
Doctorate	0 %	2 %	0 %	1 %	1 %	1 %
some university studies, but no degree	8 %	7 %	6 %	3 %	21 %	8 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=415.197 · df=20 · Cramer's V=0.208 · Fisher's p=0.000

formal education or professional training in journalism	Country					Total
formal education or professional training in journalism	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	82 %	54 %	44 %	59 %	73 %	64 %
No	18 %	46 %	56 %	41 %	27 %	36 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=139.673 · df=4 · Cramer's V=0.243 · p=0.000

institution: university or college	Country					Total
institution: university or college	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	83 %	81 %	64 %	80 %	86 %	81 %
No	17 %	19 %	36 %	20 %	14 %	19 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=22.965 · df=4 · Cramer's V=0.123 · p=0.000

institution: journalism apprenticeship/cadetship	Country					Total
institution: journalism apprenticeship/cadetship	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	2 %	5 %	36 %	47 %	14 %	23 %
No	98 %	95 %	64 %	53 %	86 %	77 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=324.391 · df=4 · Cramer's V=0.480 · p=0.000

institution: short-term course	Country					Total
institution: short-term course	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Yes	0 %	33 %	32 %	50 %	54 %	32 %
No	100 %	67 %	68 %	50 %	46 %	68 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=315.024 · df=4 · Cramer's V=0.469 · p=0.000

3.1.16 Gender, age, political leaning, income

gender	Country					Total
gender	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Female	50 %	60 %	36 %	47 %	53 %	50 %
Male	50 %	39 %	64 %	53 %	46 %	50 %
Other	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	1 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=41.206 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.093 · Fisher's p=0.000

$Denmark
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
  24.00   32.00   45.00   45.67   59.00   80.00      29 

$Finland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
  21.00   38.00   47.50   47.38   57.00   73.00       5 

$Iceland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
  21.00   34.00   42.00   43.99   54.00   73.00      59 

$Norway
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   21.0    40.0    50.0    48.6    58.0    81.0      93 

$Sweden
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   22.0    40.0    50.0    49.1    58.0    77.0      63

$Denmark
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
  0.000   3.000   4.000   4.029   5.000   8.000     227 

$Finland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
   0.00    3.00    4.00    4.17    6.00   10.00      80 

$Iceland
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
     NA      NA      NA     NaN      NA      NA     239 

$Norway
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
  0.000   3.000   4.000   4.047   5.000  10.000     153 

$Sweden
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
  0.000   2.000   4.000   3.875   5.000  10.000     100

3.1.17 Rank, reach, ownership

rank of respondent	Country					Total
rank of respondent	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
No management role	75 %	56 %	76 %	67 %	86 %	71 %
Middle management role	21 %	13 %	6 %	17 %	7 %	14 %
Top management role	4 %	31 %	17 %	16 %	7 %	15 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=202.204 · df=8 · Cramer's V=0.204 · p=0.000

                  
                   Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden
                         0       0       0    982      0
  1                    249       0     214      0    183
  2                    145       0      16      0    162
  3                     19       0       9      0      9
  4                      0       0       0      0      4
  555                    0       0       0      0     34
  Capital                0     184       0      0      0
  City (other)           0     161       0      0      0
  No answer              0       1       0      0      0
  No main employer       0      42       0      0      0
  Rural                  0      21       0      0      0

reach of main medium	Country					Total
reach of main medium	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Local	11 %	19 %	3 %	18 %	22 %	16 %
Regional	18 %	19 %	8 %	16 %	17 %	16 %
National	59 %	52 %	89 %	61 %	45 %	59 %
Transnational	0 %	2 %	1 %	4 %	7 %	3 %
No main medium	12 %	8 %	0 %	0 %	9 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=282.689 · df=16 · Cramer's V=0.170 · p=0.000

primary ownership of main medium	Country					Total
primary ownership of main medium	Denmark	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	Total
Private/commercial media	55 %	59 %	72 %	60 %	55 %	59 %
Public Service Media	34 %	20 %	28 %	26 %	27 %	27 %
State-run media	0 %	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	1 %
Community media	0 %	0 %	0 %	4 %	1 %	2 %
Non-profit media	0 %	9 %	0 %	9 %	10 %	6 %
Other, specify	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %	0 %
No main medium	11 %	10 %	0 %	0 %	7 %	5 %
Total	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %	100 %
χ²=280.602 · df=24 · Cramer's V=0.169 · Fisher's p=0.000

  
   Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden
       472     409     239    982     13

4 Comments to the questionnaire

$Denmark

472

$Finland

                                                                                                                                                                                               auto1&2: what is the "freedom" referred to in these questions? 
                                                                                                                         338                                                                                                                                1 
                                       epist2: questions related to instincts led to some extra pondering by the respondent.                                            ethic2_H: respondent said he would accept a cup of coffee from a source, but no more. 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                     influ1&2: It was hard to answer because you didn't specify what kind of influence you were looking for.              Influ1&2: respondent was pondering different kinds of influences here and took a broad view of them when answering. 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                                                      Influ1&2: respondent was pondering different kinds of influences here.                                                                 Influ1&2: respondent was pondering what is meant by "influence". 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                                      influ1&2: these were ambiguous questions as you can understand influence in many ways.     influ2: Statements were difficult because the type of influence was not mentioned. ethic2: Why only 3 choices for answering? 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
          platf2_H: What exactly is meant by content production to messaging apps? Does normal messaging with sources count?    Respondent didn't understand what role_J entails and felt that questions of influences left a lot of room for interpretation. 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                               Respondent didn't want to reveal her age, main medium, or position within newsroom hierarchy.                                                             Respondent found statements on ethical practices (ethic2) difficult. 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                                                                           Respondent: a good survey, well-formed questions!         Respondent: a potential ethical question to add to survey could be "One always has to publish news when one notices it". 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                                                               Respondent: a very good survey and a much-needed one as well!                                                 Respondent: a very interesting and good survey - looking forward to the results! 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
            Respondent: although the study sets out from news journalism, other journalists also encounter similar problems.                                          Respondent: An extremely extensive and solid survey. The creators have done a good job. 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                                                          Respondent: an interesting study - looking forward to the results!                                                                                               Respondent: Difficult questions =) 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                               Respondent: finding exact answers to questions was often hard - things are often complicated.                                                             Respondent: Great that questions about ethics were well represented! 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                   Respondent: I am a cultural journalist, and for me, the wording in many questions bordered on the absurd.     Respondent: I am editor-in-chief in a women's magazine. Answering was difficult as many questions were for news journalists. 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                                               Respondent: I couldn't understand what a "para-military group" is (influ2_R).                       Respondent: I work for a magazine focusing on fine arts. Positioning myself for some questions was a task. 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                   Respondent: I work for an NGO-published media, and some questions were hard to answer from this position.                                                                                 Respondent: interesting to ponder these, thanks! 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1 
                              Respondent: it was very difficult to estimate the percentage of COVID-related stories in 2020. Respondent: many questions assume a state of journalistic practices that doesn't exist. Thus you will make incorrect inferences. 
                                                                                                                           1                                                                                                                                1

Respondent: many questions seemed to be for news reporters, not for me. Therefore there can be some discrepancy in my answers. Respondent: many questions were notably ambiguous (e.g., statements related to influences). 1 1 Respondent: many questions were tendentious. Respondent: my answers may be slightly contradictory because I have recently worked for 2 very different publications. 1 1 Respondent: please make a shorter survey next time. Time is money. Respondent: Question “freedom” was difficult. Finland has a free press but ownership concentration is changing the picture. 1 1 Respondent: question about influences was ambiguous. Respondent: questions are not ideal for a freelancer. 1 1 Respondent: questions might be mostly for people who cooperate with others, which I don’t do. Respondent: questions of influence were difficult; hence I had a lot of “I don’t know” answers. 1 1 Respondent: questions of influence were really difficult, and it felt best to choose “moderately influential” in many cases. Respondent: Questions of objectivity and personal attitudes (epist1&2) were difficult; in real life, things are not B/W. 1 1 Respondent: Questions on influence were ambiguous because the word itself is ambiguous. Respondent: questions related to influences were difficult. Influence in what way? 1 1 Respondent: several questions were difficult/poorly formed for journalists who are not news reporters on a permanent contract. Respondent: some questions and options were ambiguous. E.g. who are “those in power?” 1 1 Respondent: some questions had difficult abstract wording and alternatives. Respondent: some questions necessitated neutral answers. 1 1 Respondent: some questions related to employer were difficult for a freelancer. I thought about all outlets I work for. Respondent: some questions were ambiguous and can be interpreted in a number of ways, esp. internationally. 1 1 Respondent: some questions were difficult to answer; things are not always so exact. However, in the main, they were relevant. Respondent: some questions were not a good fit for a freelancer like me. I answered the best I could. 1 1 Respondent: some questions were not so easy for a freelancer, esp. when you could only refer to main outlet or client. Respondent: some questions were not so easy for a freelancer. 1 1 Respondent: some questions were really difficult. I did my best. Respondent: some questions were worded in a weird way. 1 1 Respondent: statements on influences were difficult because you can interpret influence in so many ways. Respondent: the survey was clearly intended for news journalists - it was harder to answer for me as a magazine journalist. 1 1 Respondent: these questions were a bit difficult because I don’t work in a newsroom. Respondent: very extensive! One question remains: do we and you researchers understand concepts like “truth” in the same way? 1 1 Respondent: very interesting but difficult with so many questions and options. At times I wasn’t sure if I got things right. Respondent: very nice that you did this survey! 1 1 Respondent: well-planned questions! Nonetheless, they leave some room for interpretations… safe1_C: Respondent has recently worked in a country where media are strictly monitored, impacting answer on surveillance. 1 1 safe2: apart from the Y/N option, there should’ve been a “doesn’t concern me” option too. safe2: Respondent felt Y/N choice was weird; “haven’t experienced this” option was missing. Questions about ethics were odd. 1 1 safe2: there should be a “doesn’t concern me” option too. Otherwise, answering options were clear, unlike in many other surveys! T8a: Respondent didn’t have any main outlet to mention. 1 1 T8a: Respondent works for a newspaper co-operative owned by 8 municipalities. T8a: respondent works for both commercial & non-profit outlets. 1 1

$Iceland

                               Location north Iceland       Location south Iceland Location west fjords Iceland        Location west Iceland 
                     232                            4                            1                            1                            1

$Norway

982

$Sweden

483

5 Code for the recoding of open questions

Quick recoding aided by ChatGPT. Needs to be revised before being used in publications.

#### POSIIONS
# Recode 'job_ttle' into 'jobtitle10' with the specified categories
wjs$jobtitle10 <- dplyr::case_when(
    # 1. Journalist/Reporter
    grepl("ordinary journalist|\\bjournalist\\b|\\breporter\\b|columnist|critic|sports journalist|foreign correspondent|special reporter|senior reporter|medical reporter|political editor", wjs$job_ttle, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Journalist/Reporter",
    
    # 2. Editor-in-Chief
    grepl("chief editor|editor-in-chief|editor in chief", wjs$job_ttle, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Editor-in-Chief",
    
    # 3. Subeditor
    grepl("\\beditor\\b|sub[- ]editor|assistant editor|news editor|video/sound editor|assignment editor|desk editor|beat editor|managing editor|department head|head of news|head of section|director|management", wjs$job_ttle, ignore.case = TRUE) &
    !grepl("chief editor|editor-in-chief|editor in chief", wjs$job_ttle, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Subeditor",
    
    # 4. Producer
    grepl("producer|program manager|executive producer", wjs$job_ttle, ignore.case = TRUE) &
    !grepl("presenter|host|anchor|program leader", wjs$job_ttle, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Producer",
    
    # 5. Presenter
    grepl("presenter|host|anchor|program leader", wjs$job_ttle, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Presenter",
    
    # 6. Photographer/Visual Journalist
    grepl("photo|photographer|photojournalist|videographer|camera", wjs$job_ttle, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Photographer/Visual Journalist",
    
    # 7. Other
    grepl("freelance|intern|trainee", wjs$job_ttle, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Other",
    
    # 8. Other (remaining non-empty titles)
    wjs$job_ttle != "" & !is.na(wjs$job_ttle) ~ "Other",
    
    # 9. NA (empty or missing responses)
    TRUE ~ NA_character_
)

# Convert to factor with specified levels
wjs$jobtitle10 <- factor(wjs$jobtitle10, levels = c(
    "Journalist/Reporter",
    "Editor-in-Chief",
    "Subeditor",
    "Producer",
    "Presenter",
    "Photographer/Visual Journalist",
    "Other"
))

# Drop unused levels if any
wjs$jobtitle10 <- droplevels(wjs$jobtitle10)

###### BEATS

# Create the new factor variable 'wjs$beat10' using 'beat2' and including empty or missing entries in 'General News'
wjs$beat10 <- dplyr::case_when(
    # 1. General News / No Specific Beat, including empty or missing entries
    is.na(wjs$beat2) | wjs$beat2 == "" |
    grepl("999\\.0|Not answered|Don't know|diverse|various|general|no specific beat|general news|news|allgemein|generelt|yleiset|allmänt|almenn|almennt", wjs$beat2, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "General News",
    
    # 2. Politics and Government
    grepl("politics|government|policy|diplomacy|elections|parliament|domestic policy|foreign policy|national politics|local politics|EU|political", wjs$beat2, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Politics and Government",
    
    # 3. Economy and Business
    grepl("economy|economic|business|finance|commerce|trade|industry|banking|investment|retail|market|labor market|labour market|work life|management|insurance|transport|transportation|construction|real estate", wjs$beat2, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Economy and Business",
    
    # 4. Culture, Entertainment, and Lifestyle
    grepl("culture|entertainment|arts|music|film|literature|lifestyle|fashion|food|travel|leisure|hobby|family|society|religion|photography|history|media|beauty|arts and culture", wjs$beat2, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Culture and Lifestyle",
    
    # 5. Science, Health, Environment, and Technology
    grepl("science|technology|research|health|medicine|environment|climate|nature|energy|innovation|education|development|sustainability|agriculture|forestry|space|healthcare", wjs$beat2, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Science and Health",
    
    # 6. Sports
    grepl("sport\\b|sports|football|basketball|hockey|athletics|equestrian|fishing|hunting|soccer", wjs$beat2, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Sports",
    
    # 7. Crime and Justice
    grepl("crime|justice|law|legal|court|police|criminal", wjs$beat2, ignore.case = TRUE) ~ "Crime and Justice",
    
    # 8. Other
    TRUE ~ "Other"
)

# Convert to factor with specified levels
wjs$beat10 <- factor(wjs$beat10, levels = c(
    "General News",
    "Politics and Government",
    "Economy and Business",
    "Culture and Lifestyle",
    "Science and Health",
    "Sports",
    "Crime and Justice",
    "Other"
))

# Drop unused levels
wjs$beat10 <- droplevels(wjs$beat10)

Footnotes

N are for the final, cleaned dataset. Final response rates: 19% (N), 3% (F).↩︎