data <- c(5, 7, 8, 5, 6, 9, 5, 8, 7, 6, 5, 9, 10, 6, 7, 5)
# Membuat histogram
hist_data <- hist(data,
breaks = 5,
main = "Histogram Data Manual",
xlab = "Nilai",
ylab = "Frekuensi",
col = "green",
border = "black")
# Menentukan warna untuk setiap batang
warna <- rainbow(length(hist_data$counts))
# Membuat histogram dengan warna berbeda untuk setiap batang
hist(hist_data$counts,
names.arg = hist_data$mids,
main = "Histogram",
xlab = "Nilai",
ylab = "Frekuensi",
col = warna,
border = "black")
## Warning in plot.window(xlim, ylim, "", ...): "names.arg" is not a graphical
## parameter
## Warning in title(main = main, sub = sub, xlab = xlab, ylab = ylab, ...):
## "names.arg" is not a graphical parameter
## Warning in axis(1, ...): "names.arg" is not a graphical parameter
## Warning in axis(2, at = yt, ...): "names.arg" is not a graphical parameter
hist_data <- hist(data,
breaks = 5,
main = "Histogram Data Manual",
xlab = "Nilai",
ylab = "Frekuensi",
col = warna,
border = "black")
#BARPLOT
# Data manual
kabupaten_kota <- c("Padang", "Pariaman", "Solok", "Sijunjung", "Payakumbuh")
stunting <- c(2, 5, 7, 2, 4)
# Membuat barplot
barplot(height = stunting,
names.arg = kabupaten_kota,
col="lightblue",
xlab ="Kabupaten/Kota)",
ylab = "Angka Stunting")
warna<-rainbow(length(stunting)) #Untuk membuat warna pelangi pada batang
barplot(height = stunting,
names.arg = kabupaten_kota,
col= warna,
xlab ="Kabupaten/Kota)",
ylab = "Angka Stunting")
# Data manual dengan pencilan
data <- c(5, 7, 8, 5, 6, 9, 5, 8, 7, 6, 5, 9, 10, 6, 7, 5, 15, -1) # 3
# Membuat boxplot
boxplot(data,
main = "Boxplot Data dengan Pencilan",
ylab = "Nilai",
xlab = "Kelompok",
col = "lightblue",
border = "darkblue")
# Data pencilan yang datanya lebih dari satu
#data harus dalam bentuk list untuk boxplot
data_group1 <- c(5, 7, 8, 5, 6, 9, 5,30)
data_group2 <- c(10, 12, 15, 14, 11, 13, 20,19,54)
data_group3 <- c(3, 4, 5, 2, 4, 3, 10) # Mengandung pencilan
# Menggabungkan data menjadi list
data_list <- list(Group1 = data_group1,
Group2 = data_group2,
Group3 = data_group3)
# Membuat boxplot
boxplot(data_list,
main = "Boxplot Banyak Kelompok Data",
ylab = "Nilai",
xlab= "kelompok",
col = c("lightblue", "lightgreen", "lightcoral"),
border = "black")
# Data manual
data <- c(5, 7, 8, 5, 6, 9, 5, 8, 7, 6, 5, 9, 10, 6, 7, 5)
# Membuat density plot
plot(density(data),
main = "Density Plot Data",
xlab = "Nilai",
ylab = "Kepadatan",
col = "blue",
lwd = 2)
# Menambahkan garis vertikal untuk median
abline(v = median(data), col = "red", lwd = 1, lty = 2)
# Data manual untuk beberapa kelompok
data_group1 <- c(5, 7, 8, 5, 6, 9, 5)
data_group2 <- c(10, 12, 15, 14, 11, 13, 20)
data_group3 <- c(3, 4, 5, 2, 4, 3, 100) # Mengandung pencilan
# Membuat density plot untuk masing-masing kelompok
plot(density(data_group1),
main = "Density Plot Banyak Kelompok Data",
xlab = "Nilai",
ylab = "Kepadatan",
col = "lightblue",
lwd = 2,
xlim = c(0, 25), # Mengatur batas sumbu x
ylim = c(0, 0.2)) # Mengatur batas sumbu y
lines(density(data_group2), col = "lightgreen", lwd = 2)
lines(density(data_group3), col = "lightcoral", lwd = 2)
# Mengisi area di bawah kurva untuk Group 1
polygon(c(density(data_group1)$x, rev(density(data_group1)$x)),
c(density(data_group1)$y, rep(0, length(density(data_group1)$y))),
col = "lightblue", border = NA)
polygon(c(density(data_group2)$x, rev(density(data_group2)$x)),
c(density(data_group2)$y, rep(0, length(density(data_group2)$y))),
col = "lightgreen", border = NA)
polygon(c(density(data_group3)$x, rev(density(data_group3)$x)),
c(density(data_group3)$y, rep(0, length(density(data_group3)$y))),
col = "lightcoral", border = NA)
# Data manual untuk beberapa kelompok
data_group1 <- c(5, 7, 8, 5, 6, 9, 5)
data_group2 <- c(10, 12, 15, 14, 11, 13, 20)
data_group3 <- c(3, 4, 5, 2, 4, 3, 100) # Mengandung pencilan
# Membuat density plot untuk masing-masing kelompok
plot(density(data_group1),
main = "Density Plot Banyak Kelompok Data",
xlab = "Nilai",
ylab = "Kepadatan",
col = "lightblue",
lwd = 2,
xlim = c(0, 25),
ylim = c(0, 0.2))
# Mengisi area di bawah kurva untuk Group 1
polygon(c(density(data_group1)$x, rev(density(data_group1)$x)),
c(density(data_group1)$y, rep(0, length(density(data_group1)$y))),
col = "lightblue", border = NA)
# Menambahkan density plot dan area untuk Group 2
lines(density(data_group2), col = "lightgreen", lwd = 2)
polygon(c(density(data_group2)$x, rev(density(data_group2)$x)),
c(density(data_group2)$y, rep(0, length(density(data_group2)$y))),
col = "lightgreen", border = NA)
7
## [1] 7
# Menambahkan density plot dan area untuk Group 3
lines(density(data_group3), col = "lightcoral", lwd = 2)
polygon(c(density(data_group3)$x, rev(density(data_group3)$x)),
c(density(data_group3)$y, rep(0, length(density(data_group3)$y))),
col = "lightcoral", border = NA)
# Menambahkan legenda
legend("topright",
legend = c("Group 1", "Group 2", "Group 3"),
fill = c("lightblue", "lightgreen", "lightcoral"),
border = NA)
#COPLOT (Salah satu cara mengeksplorasi data panel)
# Data manual dengan nilai acak
x <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
y <- c(5, 7, 8, 6, 10, 12, 9, 15, 14, 11,
3, 4, 6, 5, 8, 9, 7, 10, 12, 11,
2, 3, 1, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 8)
z <- c(rep(1, 10), rep(2, 10), rep(3, 10)) # Variabel untuk panel
# Membuat coplot
coplot(y ~ x | z,
panel = panel.smooth,
xlab = "X",
ylab = "Y",
main = "Coplot Y terhadap X berdasarkan Z")
#MATPLOT (Membandingkan beberapa tren data)
# Membuat vektor tahun
tahun <- 1:10
# Membuat data populasi untuk tiga spesies hewan
# Misalnya: Spesies A, Spesies B, dan Spesies C
populasi_A <- c(100, 120, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500)
populasi_B <- c(80, 90, 110, 150, 200, 250, 300, 360, 420, 480)
populasi_C <- c(60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200)
# Menggabungkan populasi ke dalam matriks
populasi_matrix <- cbind(populasi_A, populasi_B, populasi_C)
# Menggunakan matplot untuk memvisualisasikan data populasi
matplot(tahun, populasi_matrix,
type = "b", # Tipe plot garis dengan titik
pch = 1:3, # Simbol untuk masing-masing spesies
lty = 1:3, # Jenis garis
col = c("red", "blue", "green","purple"), # Warna garis
main = "Pertumbuhan Populasi Spesies",
xlab = "Tahun",
ylab = "Populasi")
# Menambahkan legenda
legend("topleft", legend = c("Spesies A", "Spesies B", "Spesies C"),
col = c("red", "blue", "green"), pch = 1:3, lty = 1:3)
populasi_D <- c(60, 45, 40, 53, 87, 77, 91, 245, 220, 180, 450, 500, 356)
# Membuat data kontingensi
data_matrix <- matrix(c(30, 10, 20, 40), nrow = 2,dimnames = list("Jenis Kelamin" = c("Pria", "Wanita"),("Preferensi Makanan" = c("Vegetarian", "Non-Vegetarian"))))
# Menampilkan tabel kontingensi
print(data_matrix)
##
## Jenis Kelamin Vegetarian Non-Vegetarian
## Pria 30 20
## Wanita 10 40
## Preferensi Makanan
## Jenis Kelamin Vegetarian Non-Vegetarian
## Pria 30 20
## Wanita 10 40
# Menggunakan mosaicplot untuk memvisualisasikan data
mosaicplot(data_matrix,
main = "Mosaic Plot Preferensi Makanan Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin",xlab = "Jenis Kelamin",
ylab = "Preferensi Makanan",
color = TRUE)
#PLOT 3 DIMENSI
# Membuat grid untuk x dan y
x <- seq(-5, 5, length.out = 50)
x
## [1] -5.0000000 -4.7959184 -4.5918367 -4.3877551 -4.1836735 -3.9795918
## [7] -3.7755102 -3.5714286 -3.3673469 -3.1632653 -2.9591837 -2.7551020
## [13] -2.5510204 -2.3469388 -2.1428571 -1.9387755 -1.7346939 -1.5306122
## [19] -1.3265306 -1.1224490 -0.9183673 -0.7142857 -0.5102041 -0.3061224
## [25] -0.1020408 0.1020408 0.3061224 0.5102041 0.7142857 0.9183673
## [31] 1.1224490 1.3265306 1.5306122 1.7346939 1.9387755 2.1428571
## [37] 2.3469388 2.5510204 2.7551020 2.9591837 3.1632653 3.3673469
## [43] 3.5714286 3.7755102 3.9795918 4.1836735 4.3877551 4.5918367
## [49] 4.7959184 5.0000000
y <- seq(-5, 5, length.out = 50)
y
## [1] -5.0000000 -4.7959184 -4.5918367 -4.3877551 -4.1836735 -3.9795918
## [7] -3.7755102 -3.5714286 -3.3673469 -3.1632653 -2.9591837 -2.7551020
## [13] -2.5510204 -2.3469388 -2.1428571 -1.9387755 -1.7346939 -1.5306122
## [19] -1.3265306 -1.1224490 -0.9183673 -0.7142857 -0.5102041 -0.3061224
## [25] -0.1020408 0.1020408 0.3061224 0.5102041 0.7142857 0.9183673
## [31] 1.1224490 1.3265306 1.5306122 1.7346939 1.9387755 2.1428571
## [37] 2.3469388 2.5510204 2.7551020 2.9591837 3.1632653 3.3673469
## [43] 3.5714286 3.7755102 3.9795918 4.1836735 4.3877551 4.5918367
## [49] 4.7959184 5.0000000
# Membuat matriks meshgrid untuk x dan y
z <- outer(x, y, function(x, y) x^2 + y^2)
z
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8]
## [1,] 50.00000 48.00083 46.08496 44.25239 42.50312 40.83715 39.25448 37.75510
## [2,] 48.00083 46.00167 44.08580 42.25323 40.50396 38.83798 37.25531 35.75594
## [3,] 46.08496 44.08580 42.16993 40.33736 38.58809 36.92212 35.33944 33.84007
## [4,] 44.25239 42.25323 40.33736 38.50479 36.75552 35.08955 33.50687 32.00750
## [5,] 42.50312 40.50396 38.58809 36.75552 35.00625 33.34027 31.75760 30.25823
## [6,] 40.83715 38.83798 36.92212 35.08955 33.34027 31.67430 30.09163 28.59225
## [7,] 39.25448 37.25531 35.33944 33.50687 31.75760 30.09163 28.50895 27.00958
## [8,] 37.75510 35.75594 33.84007 32.00750 30.25823 28.59225 27.00958 25.51020
## [9,] 36.33903 34.33986 32.42399 30.59142 28.84215 27.17618 25.59350 24.09413
## [10,] 35.00625 33.00708 31.09121 29.25864 27.50937 25.84340 24.26072 22.76135
## [11,] 33.75677 31.75760 29.84173 28.00916 26.25989 24.59392 23.01125 21.51187
## [12,] 32.59059 30.59142 28.67555 26.84298 25.09371 23.42774 21.84506 20.34569
## [13,] 31.50771 29.50854 27.59267 25.76010 24.01083 22.34486 20.76218 19.26281
## [14,] 30.50812 28.50895 26.59309 24.76052 23.01125 21.34527 19.76260 18.26322
## [15,] 29.59184 27.59267 25.67680 23.84423 22.09496 20.42899 18.84631 17.34694
## [16,] 28.75885 26.75968 24.84382 23.01125 21.26197 19.59600 18.01333 16.51395
## [17,] 28.00916 26.01000 24.09413 22.26156 20.51229 18.84631 17.26364 15.76426
## [18,] 27.34277 25.34361 23.42774 21.59517 19.84590 18.17993 16.59725 15.09788
## [19,] 26.75968 24.76052 22.84465 21.01208 19.26281 17.59683 16.01416 14.51479
## [20,] 26.25989 24.26072 22.34486 20.51229 18.76302 17.09704 15.51437 14.01499
## [21,] 25.84340 23.84423 21.92836 20.09579 18.34652 16.68055 15.09788 13.59850
## [22,] 25.51020 23.51104 21.59517 19.76260 18.01333 16.34736 14.76468 13.26531
## [23,] 25.26031 23.26114 21.34527 19.51270 17.76343 16.09746 14.51479 13.01541
## [24,] 25.09371 23.09454 21.17868 19.34611 17.59683 15.93086 14.34819 12.84881
## [25,] 25.01041 23.01125 21.09538 19.26281 17.51354 15.84756 14.26489 12.76551
## [26,] 25.01041 23.01125 21.09538 19.26281 17.51354 15.84756 14.26489 12.76551
## [27,] 25.09371 23.09454 21.17868 19.34611 17.59683 15.93086 14.34819 12.84881
## [28,] 25.26031 23.26114 21.34527 19.51270 17.76343 16.09746 14.51479 13.01541
## [29,] 25.51020 23.51104 21.59517 19.76260 18.01333 16.34736 14.76468 13.26531
## [30,] 25.84340 23.84423 21.92836 20.09579 18.34652 16.68055 15.09788 13.59850
## [31,] 26.25989 24.26072 22.34486 20.51229 18.76302 17.09704 15.51437 14.01499
## [32,] 26.75968 24.76052 22.84465 21.01208 19.26281 17.59683 16.01416 14.51479
## [33,] 27.34277 25.34361 23.42774 21.59517 19.84590 18.17993 16.59725 15.09788
## [34,] 28.00916 26.01000 24.09413 22.26156 20.51229 18.84631 17.26364 15.76426
## [35,] 28.75885 26.75968 24.84382 23.01125 21.26197 19.59600 18.01333 16.51395
## [36,] 29.59184 27.59267 25.67680 23.84423 22.09496 20.42899 18.84631 17.34694
## [37,] 30.50812 28.50895 26.59309 24.76052 23.01125 21.34527 19.76260 18.26322
## [38,] 31.50771 29.50854 27.59267 25.76010 24.01083 22.34486 20.76218 19.26281
## [39,] 32.59059 30.59142 28.67555 26.84298 25.09371 23.42774 21.84506 20.34569
## [40,] 33.75677 31.75760 29.84173 28.00916 26.25989 24.59392 23.01125 21.51187
## [41,] 35.00625 33.00708 31.09121 29.25864 27.50937 25.84340 24.26072 22.76135
## [42,] 36.33903 34.33986 32.42399 30.59142 28.84215 27.17618 25.59350 24.09413
## [43,] 37.75510 35.75594 33.84007 32.00750 30.25823 28.59225 27.00958 25.51020
## [44,] 39.25448 37.25531 35.33944 33.50687 31.75760 30.09163 28.50895 27.00958
## [45,] 40.83715 38.83798 36.92212 35.08955 33.34027 31.67430 30.09163 28.59225
## [46,] 42.50312 40.50396 38.58809 36.75552 35.00625 33.34027 31.75760 30.25823
## [47,] 44.25239 42.25323 40.33736 38.50479 36.75552 35.08955 33.50687 32.00750
## [48,] 46.08496 44.08580 42.16993 40.33736 38.58809 36.92212 35.33944 33.84007
## [49,] 48.00083 46.00167 44.08580 42.25323 40.50396 38.83798 37.25531 35.75594
## [50,] 50.00000 48.00083 46.08496 44.25239 42.50312 40.83715 39.25448 37.75510
## [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14] [,15]
## [1,] 36.33903 35.00625 33.756768 32.590587 31.507705 30.508122 29.591837
## [2,] 34.33986 33.00708 31.757601 30.591420 29.508538 28.508955 27.592670
## [3,] 32.42399 31.09121 29.841733 28.675552 27.592670 26.593086 25.676801
## [4,] 30.59142 29.25864 28.009163 26.842982 25.760100 24.760516 23.844232
## [5,] 28.84215 27.50937 26.259892 25.093711 24.010829 23.011245 22.094960
## [6,] 27.17618 25.84340 24.593919 23.427738 22.344856 21.345273 20.428988
## [7,] 25.59350 24.26072 23.011245 21.845065 20.762182 19.762599 18.846314
## [8,] 24.09413 22.76135 21.511870 20.345689 19.262807 18.263224 17.346939
## [9,] 22.67805 21.34527 20.095793 18.929613 17.846731 16.847147 15.930862
## [10,] 21.34527 20.01249 18.763015 17.596835 16.513953 15.514369 14.598084
## [11,] 20.09579 18.76302 17.513536 16.347355 15.264473 14.264890 13.348605
## [12,] 18.92961 17.59683 16.347355 15.181175 14.098292 13.098709 12.182424
## [13,] 17.84673 16.51395 15.264473 14.098292 13.015410 12.015827 11.099542
## [14,] 16.84715 15.51437 14.264890 13.098709 12.015827 11.016243 10.099958
## [15,] 15.93086 14.59808 13.348605 12.182424 11.099542 10.099958 9.183673
## [16,] 15.09788 13.76510 12.515618 11.349438 10.266556 9.266972 8.350687
## [17,] 14.34819 13.01541 11.765931 10.599750 9.516868 8.517284 7.601000
## [18,] 13.68180 12.34902 11.099542 9.933361 8.850479 7.850895 6.934611
## [19,] 13.09871 11.76593 10.516451 9.350271 8.267389 7.267805 6.351520
## [20,] 12.59892 11.26614 10.016660 8.850479 7.767597 6.768013 5.851728
## [21,] 12.18242 10.84965 9.600167 8.433986 7.351104 6.351520 5.435235
## [22,] 11.84923 10.51645 9.266972 8.100791 7.017909 6.018326 5.102041
## [23,] 11.59933 10.26656 9.017076 7.850895 6.768013 5.768430 4.852145
## [24,] 11.43274 10.09996 8.850479 7.684298 6.601416 5.601833 4.685548
## [25,] 11.34944 10.01666 8.767180 7.601000 6.518117 5.518534 4.602249
## [26,] 11.34944 10.01666 8.767180 7.601000 6.518117 5.518534 4.602249
## [27,] 11.43274 10.09996 8.850479 7.684298 6.601416 5.601833 4.685548
## [28,] 11.59933 10.26656 9.017076 7.850895 6.768013 5.768430 4.852145
## [29,] 11.84923 10.51645 9.266972 8.100791 7.017909 6.018326 5.102041
## [30,] 12.18242 10.84965 9.600167 8.433986 7.351104 6.351520 5.435235
## [31,] 12.59892 11.26614 10.016660 8.850479 7.767597 6.768013 5.851728
## [32,] 13.09871 11.76593 10.516451 9.350271 8.267389 7.267805 6.351520
## [33,] 13.68180 12.34902 11.099542 9.933361 8.850479 7.850895 6.934611
## [34,] 14.34819 13.01541 11.765931 10.599750 9.516868 8.517284 7.601000
## [35,] 15.09788 13.76510 12.515618 11.349438 10.266556 9.266972 8.350687
## [36,] 15.93086 14.59808 13.348605 12.182424 11.099542 10.099958 9.183673
## [37,] 16.84715 15.51437 14.264890 13.098709 12.015827 11.016243 10.099958
## [38,] 17.84673 16.51395 15.264473 14.098292 13.015410 12.015827 11.099542
## [39,] 18.92961 17.59683 16.347355 15.181175 14.098292 13.098709 12.182424
## [40,] 20.09579 18.76302 17.513536 16.347355 15.264473 14.264890 13.348605
## [41,] 21.34527 20.01249 18.763015 17.596835 16.513953 15.514369 14.598084
## [42,] 22.67805 21.34527 20.095793 18.929613 17.846731 16.847147 15.930862
## [43,] 24.09413 22.76135 21.511870 20.345689 19.262807 18.263224 17.346939
## [44,] 25.59350 24.26072 23.011245 21.845065 20.762182 19.762599 18.846314
## [45,] 27.17618 25.84340 24.593919 23.427738 22.344856 21.345273 20.428988
## [46,] 28.84215 27.50937 26.259892 25.093711 24.010829 23.011245 22.094960
## [47,] 30.59142 29.25864 28.009163 26.842982 25.760100 24.760516 23.844232
## [48,] 32.42399 31.09121 29.841733 28.675552 27.592670 26.593086 25.676801
## [49,] 34.33986 33.00708 31.757601 30.591420 29.508538 28.508955 27.592670
## [50,] 36.33903 35.00625 33.756768 32.590587 31.507705 30.508122 29.591837
## [,16] [,17] [,18] [,19] [,20] [,21] [,22]
## [1,] 28.758850 28.009163 27.342774 26.759683 26.259892 25.8433986 25.5102041
## [2,] 26.759683 26.009996 25.343607 24.760516 24.260725 23.8442316 23.5110371
## [3,] 24.843815 24.094127 23.427738 22.844648 22.344856 21.9283632 21.5951687
## [4,] 23.011245 22.261558 21.595169 21.012078 20.512287 20.0957934 19.7625989
## [5,] 21.261974 20.512287 19.845898 19.262807 18.763015 18.3465223 18.0133278
## [6,] 19.596002 18.846314 18.179925 17.596835 17.097043 16.6805498 16.3473553
## [7,] 18.013328 17.263640 16.597251 16.014161 15.514369 15.0978759 14.7646814
## [8,] 16.513953 15.764265 15.097876 14.514786 14.014994 13.5985006 13.2653061
## [9,] 15.097876 14.348188 13.681799 13.098709 12.598917 12.1824240 11.8492295
## [10,] 13.765098 13.015410 12.349021 11.765931 11.266139 10.8496460 10.5164515
## [11,] 12.515618 11.765931 11.099542 10.516451 10.016660 9.6001666 9.2669721
## [12,] 11.349438 10.599750 9.933361 9.350271 8.850479 8.4339858 8.1007913
## [13,] 10.266556 9.516868 8.850479 8.267389 7.767597 7.3511037 7.0179092
## [14,] 9.266972 8.517284 7.850895 7.267805 6.768013 6.3515202 6.0183257
## [15,] 8.350687 7.601000 6.934611 6.351520 5.851728 5.4352353 5.1020408
## [16,] 7.517701 6.768013 6.101624 5.518534 5.018742 4.6022491 4.2690546
## [17,] 6.768013 6.018326 5.351937 4.768846 4.269055 3.8525614 3.5193669
## [18,] 6.101624 5.351937 4.685548 4.102457 3.602666 3.1861724 2.8529779
## [19,] 5.518534 4.768846 4.102457 3.519367 3.019575 2.6030820 2.2698875
## [20,] 5.018742 4.269055 3.602666 3.019575 2.519783 2.1032903 1.7700958
## [21,] 4.602249 3.852561 3.186172 2.603082 2.103290 1.6867972 1.3536027
## [22,] 4.269055 3.519367 2.852978 2.269888 1.770096 1.3536027 1.0204082
## [23,] 4.019159 3.269471 2.603082 2.019992 1.520200 1.1037068 0.7705123
## [24,] 3.852561 3.102874 2.436485 1.853394 1.353603 0.9371095 0.6039150
## [25,] 3.769263 3.019575 2.353186 1.770096 1.270304 0.8538109 0.5206164
## [26,] 3.769263 3.019575 2.353186 1.770096 1.270304 0.8538109 0.5206164
## [27,] 3.852561 3.102874 2.436485 1.853394 1.353603 0.9371095 0.6039150
## [28,] 4.019159 3.269471 2.603082 2.019992 1.520200 1.1037068 0.7705123
## [29,] 4.269055 3.519367 2.852978 2.269888 1.770096 1.3536027 1.0204082
## [30,] 4.602249 3.852561 3.186172 2.603082 2.103290 1.6867972 1.3536027
## [31,] 5.018742 4.269055 3.602666 3.019575 2.519783 2.1032903 1.7700958
## [32,] 5.518534 4.768846 4.102457 3.519367 3.019575 2.6030820 2.2698875
## [33,] 6.101624 5.351937 4.685548 4.102457 3.602666 3.1861724 2.8529779
## [34,] 6.768013 6.018326 5.351937 4.768846 4.269055 3.8525614 3.5193669
## [35,] 7.517701 6.768013 6.101624 5.518534 5.018742 4.6022491 4.2690546
## [36,] 8.350687 7.601000 6.934611 6.351520 5.851728 5.4352353 5.1020408
## [37,] 9.266972 8.517284 7.850895 7.267805 6.768013 6.3515202 6.0183257
## [38,] 10.266556 9.516868 8.850479 8.267389 7.767597 7.3511037 7.0179092
## [39,] 11.349438 10.599750 9.933361 9.350271 8.850479 8.4339858 8.1007913
## [40,] 12.515618 11.765931 11.099542 10.516451 10.016660 9.6001666 9.2669721
## [41,] 13.765098 13.015410 12.349021 11.765931 11.266139 10.8496460 10.5164515
## [42,] 15.097876 14.348188 13.681799 13.098709 12.598917 12.1824240 11.8492295
## [43,] 16.513953 15.764265 15.097876 14.514786 14.014994 13.5985006 13.2653061
## [44,] 18.013328 17.263640 16.597251 16.014161 15.514369 15.0978759 14.7646814
## [45,] 19.596002 18.846314 18.179925 17.596835 17.097043 16.6805498 16.3473553
## [46,] 21.261974 20.512287 19.845898 19.262807 18.763015 18.3465223 18.0133278
## [47,] 23.011245 22.261558 21.595169 21.012078 20.512287 20.0957934 19.7625989
## [48,] 24.843815 24.094127 23.427738 22.844648 22.344856 21.9283632 21.5951687
## [49,] 26.759683 26.009996 25.343607 24.760516 24.260725 23.8442316 23.5110371
## [50,] 28.758850 28.009163 27.342774 26.759683 26.259892 25.8433986 25.5102041
## [,23] [,24] [,25] [,26] [,27] [,28]
## [1,] 25.2603082 25.0937110 25.01041233 25.01041233 25.0937110 25.2603082
## [2,] 23.2611412 23.0945439 23.01124531 23.01124531 23.0945439 23.2611412
## [3,] 21.3452728 21.1786756 21.09537693 21.09537693 21.1786756 21.3452728
## [4,] 19.5127030 19.3461058 19.26280716 19.26280716 19.3461058 19.5127030
## [5,] 17.7634319 17.5968347 17.51353603 17.51353603 17.5968347 17.7634319
## [6,] 16.0974594 15.9308621 15.84756352 15.84756352 15.9308621 16.0974594
## [7,] 14.5147855 14.3481883 14.26488963 14.26488963 14.3481883 14.5147855
## [8,] 13.0154102 12.8488130 12.76551437 12.76551437 12.8488130 13.0154102
## [9,] 11.5993336 11.4327364 11.34943773 11.34943773 11.4327364 11.5993336
## [10,] 10.2665556 10.0999584 10.01665973 10.01665973 10.0999584 10.2665556
## [11,] 9.0170762 8.8504790 8.76718034 8.76718034 8.8504790 9.0170762
## [12,] 7.8508955 7.6842982 7.60099958 7.60099958 7.6842982 7.8508955
## [13,] 6.7680133 6.6014161 6.51811745 6.51811745 6.6014161 6.7680133
## [14,] 5.7684298 5.6018326 5.51853394 5.51853394 5.6018326 5.7684298
## [15,] 4.8521449 4.6855477 4.60224906 4.60224906 4.6855477 4.8521449
## [16,] 4.0191587 3.8525614 3.76926281 3.76926281 3.8525614 4.0191587
## [17,] 3.2694711 3.1028738 3.01957518 3.01957518 3.1028738 3.2694711
## [18,] 2.6030820 2.4364848 2.35318617 2.35318617 2.4364848 2.6030820
## [19,] 2.0199917 1.8533944 1.77009579 1.77009579 1.8533944 2.0199917
## [20,] 1.5201999 1.3536027 1.27030404 1.27030404 1.3536027 1.5201999
## [21,] 1.1037068 0.9371095 0.85381091 0.85381091 0.9371095 1.1037068
## [22,] 0.7705123 0.6039150 0.52061641 0.52061641 0.6039150 0.7705123
## [23,] 0.5206164 0.3540192 0.27072053 0.27072053 0.3540192 0.5206164
## [24,] 0.3540192 0.1874219 0.10412328 0.10412328 0.1874219 0.3540192
## [25,] 0.2707205 0.1041233 0.02082466 0.02082466 0.1041233 0.2707205
## [26,] 0.2707205 0.1041233 0.02082466 0.02082466 0.1041233 0.2707205
## [27,] 0.3540192 0.1874219 0.10412328 0.10412328 0.1874219 0.3540192
## [28,] 0.5206164 0.3540192 0.27072053 0.27072053 0.3540192 0.5206164
## [29,] 0.7705123 0.6039150 0.52061641 0.52061641 0.6039150 0.7705123
## [30,] 1.1037068 0.9371095 0.85381091 0.85381091 0.9371095 1.1037068
## [31,] 1.5201999 1.3536027 1.27030404 1.27030404 1.3536027 1.5201999
## [32,] 2.0199917 1.8533944 1.77009579 1.77009579 1.8533944 2.0199917
## [33,] 2.6030820 2.4364848 2.35318617 2.35318617 2.4364848 2.6030820
## [34,] 3.2694711 3.1028738 3.01957518 3.01957518 3.1028738 3.2694711
## [35,] 4.0191587 3.8525614 3.76926281 3.76926281 3.8525614 4.0191587
## [36,] 4.8521449 4.6855477 4.60224906 4.60224906 4.6855477 4.8521449
## [37,] 5.7684298 5.6018326 5.51853394 5.51853394 5.6018326 5.7684298
## [38,] 6.7680133 6.6014161 6.51811745 6.51811745 6.6014161 6.7680133
## [39,] 7.8508955 7.6842982 7.60099958 7.60099958 7.6842982 7.8508955
## [40,] 9.0170762 8.8504790 8.76718034 8.76718034 8.8504790 9.0170762
## [41,] 10.2665556 10.0999584 10.01665973 10.01665973 10.0999584 10.2665556
## [42,] 11.5993336 11.4327364 11.34943773 11.34943773 11.4327364 11.5993336
## [43,] 13.0154102 12.8488130 12.76551437 12.76551437 12.8488130 13.0154102
## [44,] 14.5147855 14.3481883 14.26488963 14.26488963 14.3481883 14.5147855
## [45,] 16.0974594 15.9308621 15.84756352 15.84756352 15.9308621 16.0974594
## [46,] 17.7634319 17.5968347 17.51353603 17.51353603 17.5968347 17.7634319
## [47,] 19.5127030 19.3461058 19.26280716 19.26280716 19.3461058 19.5127030
## [48,] 21.3452728 21.1786756 21.09537693 21.09537693 21.1786756 21.3452728
## [49,] 23.2611412 23.0945439 23.01124531 23.01124531 23.0945439 23.2611412
## [50,] 25.2603082 25.0937110 25.01041233 25.01041233 25.0937110 25.2603082
## [,29] [,30] [,31] [,32] [,33] [,34] [,35]
## [1,] 25.5102041 25.8433986 26.259892 26.759683 27.342774 28.009163 28.758850
## [2,] 23.5110371 23.8442316 24.260725 24.760516 25.343607 26.009996 26.759683
## [3,] 21.5951687 21.9283632 22.344856 22.844648 23.427738 24.094127 24.843815
## [4,] 19.7625989 20.0957934 20.512287 21.012078 21.595169 22.261558 23.011245
## [5,] 18.0133278 18.3465223 18.763015 19.262807 19.845898 20.512287 21.261974
## [6,] 16.3473553 16.6805498 17.097043 17.596835 18.179925 18.846314 19.596002
## [7,] 14.7646814 15.0978759 15.514369 16.014161 16.597251 17.263640 18.013328
## [8,] 13.2653061 13.5985006 14.014994 14.514786 15.097876 15.764265 16.513953
## [9,] 11.8492295 12.1824240 12.598917 13.098709 13.681799 14.348188 15.097876
## [10,] 10.5164515 10.8496460 11.266139 11.765931 12.349021 13.015410 13.765098
## [11,] 9.2669721 9.6001666 10.016660 10.516451 11.099542 11.765931 12.515618
## [12,] 8.1007913 8.4339858 8.850479 9.350271 9.933361 10.599750 11.349438
## [13,] 7.0179092 7.3511037 7.767597 8.267389 8.850479 9.516868 10.266556
## [14,] 6.0183257 6.3515202 6.768013 7.267805 7.850895 8.517284 9.266972
## [15,] 5.1020408 5.4352353 5.851728 6.351520 6.934611 7.601000 8.350687
## [16,] 4.2690546 4.6022491 5.018742 5.518534 6.101624 6.768013 7.517701
## [17,] 3.5193669 3.8525614 4.269055 4.768846 5.351937 6.018326 6.768013
## [18,] 2.8529779 3.1861724 3.602666 4.102457 4.685548 5.351937 6.101624
## [19,] 2.2698875 2.6030820 3.019575 3.519367 4.102457 4.768846 5.518534
## [20,] 1.7700958 2.1032903 2.519783 3.019575 3.602666 4.269055 5.018742
## [21,] 1.3536027 1.6867972 2.103290 2.603082 3.186172 3.852561 4.602249
## [22,] 1.0204082 1.3536027 1.770096 2.269888 2.852978 3.519367 4.269055
## [23,] 0.7705123 1.1037068 1.520200 2.019992 2.603082 3.269471 4.019159
## [24,] 0.6039150 0.9371095 1.353603 1.853394 2.436485 3.102874 3.852561
## [25,] 0.5206164 0.8538109 1.270304 1.770096 2.353186 3.019575 3.769263
## [26,] 0.5206164 0.8538109 1.270304 1.770096 2.353186 3.019575 3.769263
## [27,] 0.6039150 0.9371095 1.353603 1.853394 2.436485 3.102874 3.852561
## [28,] 0.7705123 1.1037068 1.520200 2.019992 2.603082 3.269471 4.019159
## [29,] 1.0204082 1.3536027 1.770096 2.269888 2.852978 3.519367 4.269055
## [30,] 1.3536027 1.6867972 2.103290 2.603082 3.186172 3.852561 4.602249
## [31,] 1.7700958 2.1032903 2.519783 3.019575 3.602666 4.269055 5.018742
## [32,] 2.2698875 2.6030820 3.019575 3.519367 4.102457 4.768846 5.518534
## [33,] 2.8529779 3.1861724 3.602666 4.102457 4.685548 5.351937 6.101624
## [34,] 3.5193669 3.8525614 4.269055 4.768846 5.351937 6.018326 6.768013
## [35,] 4.2690546 4.6022491 5.018742 5.518534 6.101624 6.768013 7.517701
## [36,] 5.1020408 5.4352353 5.851728 6.351520 6.934611 7.601000 8.350687
## [37,] 6.0183257 6.3515202 6.768013 7.267805 7.850895 8.517284 9.266972
## [38,] 7.0179092 7.3511037 7.767597 8.267389 8.850479 9.516868 10.266556
## [39,] 8.1007913 8.4339858 8.850479 9.350271 9.933361 10.599750 11.349438
## [40,] 9.2669721 9.6001666 10.016660 10.516451 11.099542 11.765931 12.515618
## [41,] 10.5164515 10.8496460 11.266139 11.765931 12.349021 13.015410 13.765098
## [42,] 11.8492295 12.1824240 12.598917 13.098709 13.681799 14.348188 15.097876
## [43,] 13.2653061 13.5985006 14.014994 14.514786 15.097876 15.764265 16.513953
## [44,] 14.7646814 15.0978759 15.514369 16.014161 16.597251 17.263640 18.013328
## [45,] 16.3473553 16.6805498 17.097043 17.596835 18.179925 18.846314 19.596002
## [46,] 18.0133278 18.3465223 18.763015 19.262807 19.845898 20.512287 21.261974
## [47,] 19.7625989 20.0957934 20.512287 21.012078 21.595169 22.261558 23.011245
## [48,] 21.5951687 21.9283632 22.344856 22.844648 23.427738 24.094127 24.843815
## [49,] 23.5110371 23.8442316 24.260725 24.760516 25.343607 26.009996 26.759683
## [50,] 25.5102041 25.8433986 26.259892 26.759683 27.342774 28.009163 28.758850
## [,36] [,37] [,38] [,39] [,40] [,41] [,42]
## [1,] 29.591837 30.508122 31.507705 32.590587 33.756768 35.00625 36.33903
## [2,] 27.592670 28.508955 29.508538 30.591420 31.757601 33.00708 34.33986
## [3,] 25.676801 26.593086 27.592670 28.675552 29.841733 31.09121 32.42399
## [4,] 23.844232 24.760516 25.760100 26.842982 28.009163 29.25864 30.59142
## [5,] 22.094960 23.011245 24.010829 25.093711 26.259892 27.50937 28.84215
## [6,] 20.428988 21.345273 22.344856 23.427738 24.593919 25.84340 27.17618
## [7,] 18.846314 19.762599 20.762182 21.845065 23.011245 24.26072 25.59350
## [8,] 17.346939 18.263224 19.262807 20.345689 21.511870 22.76135 24.09413
## [9,] 15.930862 16.847147 17.846731 18.929613 20.095793 21.34527 22.67805
## [10,] 14.598084 15.514369 16.513953 17.596835 18.763015 20.01249 21.34527
## [11,] 13.348605 14.264890 15.264473 16.347355 17.513536 18.76302 20.09579
## [12,] 12.182424 13.098709 14.098292 15.181175 16.347355 17.59683 18.92961
## [13,] 11.099542 12.015827 13.015410 14.098292 15.264473 16.51395 17.84673
## [14,] 10.099958 11.016243 12.015827 13.098709 14.264890 15.51437 16.84715
## [15,] 9.183673 10.099958 11.099542 12.182424 13.348605 14.59808 15.93086
## [16,] 8.350687 9.266972 10.266556 11.349438 12.515618 13.76510 15.09788
## [17,] 7.601000 8.517284 9.516868 10.599750 11.765931 13.01541 14.34819
## [18,] 6.934611 7.850895 8.850479 9.933361 11.099542 12.34902 13.68180
## [19,] 6.351520 7.267805 8.267389 9.350271 10.516451 11.76593 13.09871
## [20,] 5.851728 6.768013 7.767597 8.850479 10.016660 11.26614 12.59892
## [21,] 5.435235 6.351520 7.351104 8.433986 9.600167 10.84965 12.18242
## [22,] 5.102041 6.018326 7.017909 8.100791 9.266972 10.51645 11.84923
## [23,] 4.852145 5.768430 6.768013 7.850895 9.017076 10.26656 11.59933
## [24,] 4.685548 5.601833 6.601416 7.684298 8.850479 10.09996 11.43274
## [25,] 4.602249 5.518534 6.518117 7.601000 8.767180 10.01666 11.34944
## [26,] 4.602249 5.518534 6.518117 7.601000 8.767180 10.01666 11.34944
## [27,] 4.685548 5.601833 6.601416 7.684298 8.850479 10.09996 11.43274
## [28,] 4.852145 5.768430 6.768013 7.850895 9.017076 10.26656 11.59933
## [29,] 5.102041 6.018326 7.017909 8.100791 9.266972 10.51645 11.84923
## [30,] 5.435235 6.351520 7.351104 8.433986 9.600167 10.84965 12.18242
## [31,] 5.851728 6.768013 7.767597 8.850479 10.016660 11.26614 12.59892
## [32,] 6.351520 7.267805 8.267389 9.350271 10.516451 11.76593 13.09871
## [33,] 6.934611 7.850895 8.850479 9.933361 11.099542 12.34902 13.68180
## [34,] 7.601000 8.517284 9.516868 10.599750 11.765931 13.01541 14.34819
## [35,] 8.350687 9.266972 10.266556 11.349438 12.515618 13.76510 15.09788
## [36,] 9.183673 10.099958 11.099542 12.182424 13.348605 14.59808 15.93086
## [37,] 10.099958 11.016243 12.015827 13.098709 14.264890 15.51437 16.84715
## [38,] 11.099542 12.015827 13.015410 14.098292 15.264473 16.51395 17.84673
## [39,] 12.182424 13.098709 14.098292 15.181175 16.347355 17.59683 18.92961
## [40,] 13.348605 14.264890 15.264473 16.347355 17.513536 18.76302 20.09579
## [41,] 14.598084 15.514369 16.513953 17.596835 18.763015 20.01249 21.34527
## [42,] 15.930862 16.847147 17.846731 18.929613 20.095793 21.34527 22.67805
## [43,] 17.346939 18.263224 19.262807 20.345689 21.511870 22.76135 24.09413
## [44,] 18.846314 19.762599 20.762182 21.845065 23.011245 24.26072 25.59350
## [45,] 20.428988 21.345273 22.344856 23.427738 24.593919 25.84340 27.17618
## [46,] 22.094960 23.011245 24.010829 25.093711 26.259892 27.50937 28.84215
## [47,] 23.844232 24.760516 25.760100 26.842982 28.009163 29.25864 30.59142
## [48,] 25.676801 26.593086 27.592670 28.675552 29.841733 31.09121 32.42399
## [49,] 27.592670 28.508955 29.508538 30.591420 31.757601 33.00708 34.33986
## [50,] 29.591837 30.508122 31.507705 32.590587 33.756768 35.00625 36.33903
## [,43] [,44] [,45] [,46] [,47] [,48] [,49] [,50]
## [1,] 37.75510 39.25448 40.83715 42.50312 44.25239 46.08496 48.00083 50.00000
## [2,] 35.75594 37.25531 38.83798 40.50396 42.25323 44.08580 46.00167 48.00083
## [3,] 33.84007 35.33944 36.92212 38.58809 40.33736 42.16993 44.08580 46.08496
## [4,] 32.00750 33.50687 35.08955 36.75552 38.50479 40.33736 42.25323 44.25239
## [5,] 30.25823 31.75760 33.34027 35.00625 36.75552 38.58809 40.50396 42.50312
## [6,] 28.59225 30.09163 31.67430 33.34027 35.08955 36.92212 38.83798 40.83715
## [7,] 27.00958 28.50895 30.09163 31.75760 33.50687 35.33944 37.25531 39.25448
## [8,] 25.51020 27.00958 28.59225 30.25823 32.00750 33.84007 35.75594 37.75510
## [9,] 24.09413 25.59350 27.17618 28.84215 30.59142 32.42399 34.33986 36.33903
## [10,] 22.76135 24.26072 25.84340 27.50937 29.25864 31.09121 33.00708 35.00625
## [11,] 21.51187 23.01125 24.59392 26.25989 28.00916 29.84173 31.75760 33.75677
## [12,] 20.34569 21.84506 23.42774 25.09371 26.84298 28.67555 30.59142 32.59059
## [13,] 19.26281 20.76218 22.34486 24.01083 25.76010 27.59267 29.50854 31.50771
## [14,] 18.26322 19.76260 21.34527 23.01125 24.76052 26.59309 28.50895 30.50812
## [15,] 17.34694 18.84631 20.42899 22.09496 23.84423 25.67680 27.59267 29.59184
## [16,] 16.51395 18.01333 19.59600 21.26197 23.01125 24.84382 26.75968 28.75885
## [17,] 15.76426 17.26364 18.84631 20.51229 22.26156 24.09413 26.01000 28.00916
## [18,] 15.09788 16.59725 18.17993 19.84590 21.59517 23.42774 25.34361 27.34277
## [19,] 14.51479 16.01416 17.59683 19.26281 21.01208 22.84465 24.76052 26.75968
## [20,] 14.01499 15.51437 17.09704 18.76302 20.51229 22.34486 24.26072 26.25989
## [21,] 13.59850 15.09788 16.68055 18.34652 20.09579 21.92836 23.84423 25.84340
## [22,] 13.26531 14.76468 16.34736 18.01333 19.76260 21.59517 23.51104 25.51020
## [23,] 13.01541 14.51479 16.09746 17.76343 19.51270 21.34527 23.26114 25.26031
## [24,] 12.84881 14.34819 15.93086 17.59683 19.34611 21.17868 23.09454 25.09371
## [25,] 12.76551 14.26489 15.84756 17.51354 19.26281 21.09538 23.01125 25.01041
## [26,] 12.76551 14.26489 15.84756 17.51354 19.26281 21.09538 23.01125 25.01041
## [27,] 12.84881 14.34819 15.93086 17.59683 19.34611 21.17868 23.09454 25.09371
## [28,] 13.01541 14.51479 16.09746 17.76343 19.51270 21.34527 23.26114 25.26031
## [29,] 13.26531 14.76468 16.34736 18.01333 19.76260 21.59517 23.51104 25.51020
## [30,] 13.59850 15.09788 16.68055 18.34652 20.09579 21.92836 23.84423 25.84340
## [31,] 14.01499 15.51437 17.09704 18.76302 20.51229 22.34486 24.26072 26.25989
## [32,] 14.51479 16.01416 17.59683 19.26281 21.01208 22.84465 24.76052 26.75968
## [33,] 15.09788 16.59725 18.17993 19.84590 21.59517 23.42774 25.34361 27.34277
## [34,] 15.76426 17.26364 18.84631 20.51229 22.26156 24.09413 26.01000 28.00916
## [35,] 16.51395 18.01333 19.59600 21.26197 23.01125 24.84382 26.75968 28.75885
## [36,] 17.34694 18.84631 20.42899 22.09496 23.84423 25.67680 27.59267 29.59184
## [37,] 18.26322 19.76260 21.34527 23.01125 24.76052 26.59309 28.50895 30.50812
## [38,] 19.26281 20.76218 22.34486 24.01083 25.76010 27.59267 29.50854 31.50771
## [39,] 20.34569 21.84506 23.42774 25.09371 26.84298 28.67555 30.59142 32.59059
## [40,] 21.51187 23.01125 24.59392 26.25989 28.00916 29.84173 31.75760 33.75677
## [41,] 22.76135 24.26072 25.84340 27.50937 29.25864 31.09121 33.00708 35.00625
## [42,] 24.09413 25.59350 27.17618 28.84215 30.59142 32.42399 34.33986 36.33903
## [43,] 25.51020 27.00958 28.59225 30.25823 32.00750 33.84007 35.75594 37.75510
## [44,] 27.00958 28.50895 30.09163 31.75760 33.50687 35.33944 37.25531 39.25448
## [45,] 28.59225 30.09163 31.67430 33.34027 35.08955 36.92212 38.83798 40.83715
## [46,] 30.25823 31.75760 33.34027 35.00625 36.75552 38.58809 40.50396 42.50312
## [47,] 32.00750 33.50687 35.08955 36.75552 38.50479 40.33736 42.25323 44.25239
## [48,] 33.84007 35.33944 36.92212 38.58809 40.33736 42.16993 44.08580 46.08496
## [49,] 35.75594 37.25531 38.83798 40.50396 42.25323 44.08580 46.00167 48.00083
## [50,] 37.75510 39.25448 40.83715 42.50312 44.25239 46.08496 48.00083 50.00000
# Menggunakan persp() untuk membuat plot 3D
persp(x, y, z,
main = "Plot 3D dari z = x^2 + y^2",
xlab = "X",
ylab = "Y",
zlab = "Z",
col = "lightcoral", # Warna permukaan
theta = 30, # Sudut rotasi pada sumbu horizontal
phi = 30, # Sudut rotasi pada sumbu vertikal
expand = 0.5) # Perkalian skala vertikal
# Data manual
data <- data.frame(
A = c(3,2,8,6,4,8,2,5,3,3),
B = c(2, 3, 5, 4, 6, 8, 7, 9, 10, 12),
C = c(5, 7, 8, 6, 10, 12, 9, 15, 14, 11),
D = c(3, 4 ,6,3,4,6,2,4,5,6))
# Melakukan eksplorasi pairs
pairs(data,
main = "Eksplorasi Pairs dari Data Manual",
pch = 19, # Tipe titik
col = "blue")
# Data manual
data <- data.frame(
kategori = c("A", "B", "C", "D", "E"),
nilai = c(10, 15, 7, 20, 12)
)
# Membuat dotchart dengan ukuran huruf yang lebih kecil
dotchart(data$nilai,
labels = data$kategori,
main = "Dotchart dengan Data Manual",
xlab = "Nilai",
ylab = "Kategori",
col = "lightgreen",
pch = 19,
cex = 1.5, # Ukuran titik
cex.axis = 0.8, # Ukuran huruf pada sumbu
cex.lab = 0.8) # Ukuran huruf label
