Some questions which i found interesting after working on this dataset for 6 weeks are: - Which attributes are strongly correlated with obesity levels? - Do certain age groups or genders show higher obesity rates? - Can we identify groups of individuals who share common characteristics that are predictive of higher obesity levels?

Hypothesis 1

Is there a significant difference in the Body Mass Index (BMI) between males and females?

Step 1: Formulating the Hypotheses

\[ H_0: \mu_{\text{BMI, male}} = \mu_{\text{BMI, female}} \] - Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference in BMI between males and females. - Mathematically: - The alternative hypothesis can be stated as:

\[ H_1: \mu_{\text{BMI, male}} \neq \mu_{\text{BMI, female}} \]

Step 2: Choosing the Significance Level (α)

Step 3: Choosing the Power (1-β) and Effect Size

Step 4: Sample Size Calculation - The sample size calculation ensures we have enough data to confidently perform the test. If we want a test with 80% power, an α of 0.05, and a medium effect size, we can calculate the necessary sample size using a statistical package like pwr in R.

library(pwr)
# Load the obesity dataset
# Load dataset 
obesity <- read.csv("C:\\Users\\saisr\\Downloads\\statistics using R\\obesity.csv")
# View the first few rows of the dataset
head(obesity)
##   Gender Age Height Weight family_history_with_overweight FAVC FCVC NCP
## 1 Female  21   1.62   64.0                            yes   no    2   3
## 2 Female  21   1.52   56.0                            yes   no    3   3
## 3   Male  23   1.80   77.0                            yes   no    2   3
## 4   Male  27   1.80   87.0                             no   no    3   3
## 5   Male  22   1.78   89.8                             no   no    2   1
## 6   Male  29   1.62   53.0                             no  yes    2   3
##        CAEC SMOKE CH2O SCC FAF TUE       CALC                MTRANS
## 1 Sometimes    no    2  no   0   1         no Public_Transportation
## 2 Sometimes   yes    3 yes   3   0  Sometimes Public_Transportation
## 3 Sometimes    no    2  no   2   1 Frequently Public_Transportation
## 4 Sometimes    no    2  no   2   0 Frequently               Walking
## 5 Sometimes    no    2  no   0   0  Sometimes Public_Transportation
## 6 Sometimes    no    2  no   0   0  Sometimes            Automobile
##            NObeyesdad
## 1       Normal_Weight
## 2       Normal_Weight
## 3       Normal_Weight
## 4  Overweight_Level_I
## 5 Overweight_Level_II
## 6       Normal_Weight
# Calculate sample size for a two-sample t-test
# Assumed effect size of 0.5 (medium effect), alpha of 0.05, and power of 0.80
effect_size <- 0.5
alpha_level <- 0.05
power <- 0.80

sample_size <- pwr.t.test(d = effect_size, sig.level = alpha_level, power = power, type = "two.sample")$n
sample_size
## [1] 63.76561

Step 5: Perform the Statistical Test (Two-Sample t-test) The t-test compares the means of two independent groups (males and females) to see if they are significantly different.

# Perform the two-sample t-test
library(dplyr)
## 
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
obesity <- obesity %>%
  mutate(BMI = Weight / (Height^2))
head(obesity)
##   Gender Age Height Weight family_history_with_overweight FAVC FCVC NCP
## 1 Female  21   1.62   64.0                            yes   no    2   3
## 2 Female  21   1.52   56.0                            yes   no    3   3
## 3   Male  23   1.80   77.0                            yes   no    2   3
## 4   Male  27   1.80   87.0                             no   no    3   3
## 5   Male  22   1.78   89.8                             no   no    2   1
## 6   Male  29   1.62   53.0                             no  yes    2   3
##        CAEC SMOKE CH2O SCC FAF TUE       CALC                MTRANS
## 1 Sometimes    no    2  no   0   1         no Public_Transportation
## 2 Sometimes   yes    3 yes   3   0  Sometimes Public_Transportation
## 3 Sometimes    no    2  no   2   1 Frequently Public_Transportation
## 4 Sometimes    no    2  no   2   0 Frequently               Walking
## 5 Sometimes    no    2  no   0   0  Sometimes Public_Transportation
## 6 Sometimes    no    2  no   0   0  Sometimes            Automobile
##            NObeyesdad      BMI
## 1       Normal_Weight 24.38653
## 2       Normal_Weight 24.23823
## 3       Normal_Weight 23.76543
## 4  Overweight_Level_I 26.85185
## 5 Overweight_Level_II 28.34238
## 6       Normal_Weight 20.19509
t_test_result <- t.test(BMI ~ Gender, data = obesity , var.equal = TRUE)

# View the results of the t-test
t_test_result
## 
##  Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  BMI by Gender
## t = 2.439, df = 2109, p-value = 0.01481
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Female and group Male is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  0.1664841 1.5327651
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Female   mean in group Male 
##             30.13000             29.28038

Visualization for hypotheses 1

# Load necessary libraries
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)

# Create a summary dataset for means and confidence intervals
summary_data <- obesity %>%
  group_by(Gender) %>%
  summarise(
    mean_BMI = mean(BMI),
    sd_BMI = sd(BMI),
    n = n(),
    se_BMI = sd_BMI / sqrt(n),  # Standard Error
    ci_lower = mean_BMI - qt(0.975, df = n - 1) * se_BMI,  # Lower CI
    ci_upper = mean_BMI + qt(0.975, df = n - 1) * se_BMI   # Upper CI
  )

# Create the bar plot with error bars
ggplot(summary_data, aes(x = Gender, y = mean_BMI, fill = Gender)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = position_dodge(), width = 0.6) +  # Create the bar plot
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = ci_lower, ymax = ci_upper), width = 0.2, position = position_dodge(0.6), color = "black") +  # Add error bars
  labs(title = "Mean BMI Comparison between Males and Females",
       x = "Gender",
       y = "Mean BMI") +
  theme_minimal() +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("lightblue", "lightpink")) +  # Customize colors
  theme(legend.position = "none")  # Re

Insights

  • The bar plot clearly shows the average BMI for both males and females. From the data provided earlier, it appears that: Mean BMI for Males: Approximately 29.28 Mean BMI for Females: Approximately 30.13 This indicates that, on average, females have a higher BMI compared to males in your dataset.
  • The error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals for the mean BMI of each gender. If the error bars do not overlap, this suggests a statistically significant difference between the groups at the 0.05 significance level. In this case, since the confidence intervals for males and females do not overlap (lower bound of females’ CI is above the upper bound of males’ CI), we can conclude that the difference in mean BMI is statistically significant.

Conclusion for Hypothesis 1

  • After performing the two-sample t-test and interpreting the results: You either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the p-value. You interpret these results in the context of the research question, explaining the potential implications of the difference in BMI between males and females in this dataset.

Hypothesis 2

Does the level of physical activity significantly influence obesity levels?

Step 1: Formulating the Hypotheses

\[ H_0: \text{Physical Activity} \perp \text{Obesity Status} \] - Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Physical activity level and obesity status are not independent (i.e., physical activity has an effect on obesity). - Mathematically: The alternative hypothesis can be stated as:

\[ H_1: \text{Physical Activity} \not\perp \text{Obesity Status} \]

Step 2: Choosing the Significance Level (α) - For Fisher’s significance testing, a significance level (α) of 0.05 is typically chosen. - This means that we are willing to accept a 5% probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (a Type I error). - If the p-value from our test is less than 0.05, we will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that physical activity levels and obesity are not independent.

Step 3: Choosing the Statistical Test - Since both physical activity level and obesity status are categorical variables, a Chi-square test of independence is appropriate. Physical Activity Level could be divided into categories (e.g., low, medium, high). Obesity Level could also be categorized (e.g., normal, overweight, obese).

Step 4: Creating a Contingency Table - creating a contingency table that shows the counts of individuals for each combination of physical activity and obesity level.

# Create a contingency table
table_physical_activity <- table(obesity$FAF, obesity$NObeyesdad)

# View the contingency table
table_physical_activity
##           
##            Insufficient_Weight Normal_Weight Obesity_Type_I Obesity_Type_II
##   0                         34            80             81              28
##   9.6e-05                    0             0              0               0
##   0.000272                   0             0              0               0
##   0.000454                   0             0              0               0
##   0.001015                   0             0              0               0
##   0.001086                   0             0              1               0
##   0.001272                   0             0              0               0
##   0.001297                   0             0              0               0
##   0.00203                    0             0              1               0
##   0.00342                    0             0              0               0
##   0.003938                   0             0              1               0
##   0.005405                   0             0              1               0
##   0.005939                   0             0              0               0
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##   2                         64            69             12               5
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##   3                          4            41             13               0
##           
##            Obesity_Type_III Overweight_Level_I Overweight_Level_II
##   0                      87                 40                  61
##   9.6e-05                 1                  0                   0
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##   2                       1                 22                  10
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##   2.999918                0                  0                   0
##   3                       0                 10                   7

Step 5: Performing the Chi-Square Test

# Perform the Chi-square test
chi_sq_test <- chisq.test(table_physical_activity)
## Warning in chisq.test(table_physical_activity): Chi-squared approximation may
## be incorrect
# View the test results
chi_sq_test
## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test
## 
## data:  table_physical_activity
## X-squared = 7678.3, df = 7134, p-value = 4.275e-06

Visualization for hypotheses 2

# Assuming you have the necessary libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)

# Sample data for demonstration (replace with your actual contingency table)
# Create a sample contingency table for physical activity levels and gender
set.seed(123)  # For reproducibility
Gender <- sample(c("Male", "Female"), 1000, replace = TRUE)
Activity_Level <- sample(c("Low", "Moderate", "High"), 1000, replace = TRUE)
table_physical_activity <- table(Gender, Activity_Level)

# Create a data frame from the contingency table
df_activity <- as.data.frame(table_physical_activity)

# Create a simple bar plot
ggplot(df_activity, aes(x = Activity_Level, fill = Gender)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "count") +
  labs(title = "Count of Physical Activity Levels by Gender",
       x = "Physical Activity Level",
       y = "Count",
       fill = "Gender") +
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))

Insights

  • If Males have significantly more participants in the Moderate or High activity levels compared to Females, this could suggest a trend in physical activity behavior. Conversely, if Females show higher counts in Low activity levels, this could indicate that a higher proportion of females are less active compared to males
  • If one gender consistently appears more active than the other across all levels, this might raise questions regarding cultural, societal, or individual factors that influence physical activity.

Conclusion for Hypothesis 2

Conclusion (if p-value < 0.05): There is significant evidence to suggest that physical activity levels influence obesity. Individuals with higher physical activity levels may have lower probabilities of being classified as obese.

Conclusion (if p-value ≥ 0.05): There is no significant evidence to suggest that physical activity levels are associated with obesity. In this case, other factors may play a more critical role in influencing obesity status.