UA Mini 3 Healthcare Equity Analysis
R Setup
1 Hospital POI data from Yelp
I imported hospital location data from the following link.
hospitals <- st_read("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ujhwang/urban-analytics-2024/main/Assignment/mini_3/yelp_hospital.geojson") :) Reading layer `yelp_hospital' from data source `https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ujhwang/urban-analytics-2024/main/Assignment/mini_3/yelp_hospital.geojson' using driver `GeoJSON'
:) Simple feature collection with 129 features and 23 fields
:) Geometry type: POINT
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.6 ymin: 33.6 xmax: -84.1 ymax: 34.1
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84:) Simple feature collection with 129 features and 23 fields
:) Geometry type: POINT
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.6 ymin: 33.6 xmax: -84.1 ymax: 34.1
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
:) First 10 features:
:) id alias name image_url is_closed url review_count categories rating transactions phone display_phone
:) 1 fiSgDb29cZO-MffxwrT_LA northside-alpharetta-medical-campus-alpharetta-2 Northside Alpharetta Medical Campus https://s3-media4.fl.yelpcdn.com/bphoto/8Pe7ZlobOywD_CakTalTdg/o.jpg FALSE https://www.yelp.com/biz/northside-alpharetta-medical-campus-alpharetta-2?adjust_creative=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ&utm_campaign=yelp_api_v3&utm_medium=api_v3_business_search&utm_source=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ 1 Hospitals 4 +17706674000 (770) 667-4000
:) 2 hWXJFx9zCVDmiO6eldgHBA regency-hospital-alpharetta Regency Hospital FALSE https://www.yelp.com/biz/regency-hospital-alpharetta?adjust_creative=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ&utm_campaign=yelp_api_v3&utm_medium=api_v3_business_search&utm_source=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ 0 Hospitals 0 +16786940553 (678) 694-0553
:) 3 kuE7B_HLP57KnSIgn-jzpw northside-alpharetta-preventive-medicine-atlanta Northside Alpharetta Preventive Medicine FALSE https://www.yelp.com/biz/northside-alpharetta-preventive-medicine-atlanta?adjust_creative=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ&utm_campaign=yelp_api_v3&utm_medium=api_v3_business_search&utm_source=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ 0 Hospitals 0 +17706674155 (770) 667-4155
:) distance coordinates.latitude coordinates.longitude location.address1 location.address2 location.address3 location.city location.zip_code location.country location.state location.display_address geometry
:) 1 1497 34.1 -84.3 3400 A & C Old Milton Pkwy Alpharetta 30004 US GA 3400 A & C Old Milton Pkwy, Alpharetta, GA 30004 POINT (-84.3 34.1)
:) 2 2126 34.1 -84.3 11175 Cicero Dr Ste 300 <NA> Alpharetta 30022 US GA 11175 Cicero Dr, Ste 300, Alpharetta, GA 30022 POINT (-84.3 34.1)
:) 3 1497 34.1 -84.3 3400 A Old Milton Pkwy Atlanta 30303 US GA 3400 A Old Milton Pkwy, Atlanta, GA 30303 POINT (-84.3 34.1)
:) [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 7 rows ]There are 129 hospitals.
:) Simple feature collection with 129 features and 23 fields
:) Geometry type: POINT
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.6 ymin: 33.6 xmax: -84.1 ymax: 34.1
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
:) First 10 features:
:) id alias name image_url is_closed url review_count categories rating transactions phone display_phone
:) 1 fiSgDb29cZO-MffxwrT_LA northside-alpharetta-medical-campus-alpharetta-2 Northside Alpharetta Medical Campus https://s3-media4.fl.yelpcdn.com/bphoto/8Pe7ZlobOywD_CakTalTdg/o.jpg FALSE https://www.yelp.com/biz/northside-alpharetta-medical-campus-alpharetta-2?adjust_creative=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ&utm_campaign=yelp_api_v3&utm_medium=api_v3_business_search&utm_source=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ 1 Hospitals 4 +17706674000 (770) 667-4000
:) 2 hWXJFx9zCVDmiO6eldgHBA regency-hospital-alpharetta Regency Hospital FALSE https://www.yelp.com/biz/regency-hospital-alpharetta?adjust_creative=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ&utm_campaign=yelp_api_v3&utm_medium=api_v3_business_search&utm_source=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ 0 Hospitals 0 +16786940553 (678) 694-0553
:) 3 kuE7B_HLP57KnSIgn-jzpw northside-alpharetta-preventive-medicine-atlanta Northside Alpharetta Preventive Medicine FALSE https://www.yelp.com/biz/northside-alpharetta-preventive-medicine-atlanta?adjust_creative=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ&utm_campaign=yelp_api_v3&utm_medium=api_v3_business_search&utm_source=kfv-AqbqsBxwk_npQxknWQ 0 Hospitals 0 +17706674155 (770) 667-4155
:) distance coordinates.latitude coordinates.longitude location.address1 location.address2 location.address3 location.city location.zip_code location.country location.state location.display_address geometry
:) 1 1497 34.1 -84.3 3400 A & C Old Milton Pkwy Alpharetta 30004 US GA 3400 A & C Old Milton Pkwy, Alpharetta, GA 30004 POINT (-84.3 34.1)
:) 2 2126 34.1 -84.3 11175 Cicero Dr Ste 300 <NA> Alpharetta 30022 US GA 11175 Cicero Dr, Ste 300, Alpharetta, GA 30022 POINT (-84.3 34.1)
:) 3 1497 34.1 -84.3 3400 A Old Milton Pkwy Atlanta 30303 US GA 3400 A Old Milton Pkwy, Atlanta, GA 30303 POINT (-84.3 34.1)
:) [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 7 rows ]No duplicates in the dataset.
:) [1] 0Check for missing values. Missing values in the columns
location.address1-3 won’t be a big issue because we have
location.display_address.
:) id alias name image_url is_closed url review_count categories rating transactions phone display_phone distance coordinates.latitude coordinates.longitude location.address1 location.address2 location.address3 location.city
:) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 13 23 0
:) location.zip_code location.country location.state location.display_address geometry
:) 0 0 0 0 0I scanned through the categories column. While the
categories vary in their names, most of them refer to healthcare service
facilities.
:) categories n
:) 1 Hospitals 98
:) 2 Doctors, Hospitals 9
:) 3 Emergency Rooms 2
:) 4 Family Practice, Hospitals 2
:) 5 Hospitals, Medical Centers 2
:) 6 Anesthesiologists, Hospitals 1
:) 7 Cardiologists, Hospitals 1
:) 8 Gyms, Hospitals 1
:) 9 Hospitals, Emergency Rooms 1
:) 10 Hospitals, Pediatricians 1
:) 11 Hospitals, Pediatricians, Emergency Rooms 1
:) 12 Hospitals, Pediatricians, Medical Centers 1
:) 13 Hospitals, Rehabilitation Center, Community Service/Non-Profit 1
:) 14 Hospitals, Surgeons 1
:) 15 Hospitals, Surgeons, Oncologist 1
:) 16 Medical Centers, Internal Medicine, Hospitals 1
:) 17 Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Cardiologists, Hospitals 1
:) 18 Occupational Therapy, Hospitals, Physical Therapy 1
:) 19 Orthopedists, Hospitals 1
:) 20 Physical Therapy, Hospitals 1
:) 21 Web Design, Software Development, Hospitals 1There are some duplicates having the exact same address and phone number. I guess there are some medical facilities operated as one large medical complex (or a group of physicians in a clinic) but counted and registered in API for more than once. I will delete these duplicates.
:) [1] 36:) [1] 22:) [1] 22Now we have 122 hospitals, each of which having distinct address and phone number.
hospitals %>%
group_by(location.display_address, display_phone, phone) %>%
relocate(name, location.display_address, display_phone, categories, coordinates.latitude, coordinates.longitude) :) # A tibble: 129 × 24
:) # Groups: location.display_address, display_phone, phone [122]
:) name location.display_address display_phone categories coordinates.latitude coordinates.longitude id alias image_url is_closed url review_count rating transactions phone distance location.address1 location.address2 location.address3 location.city location.zip_code location.country location.state geometry
:) <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <chr> <lgl> <chr> <int> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <POINT [°]>
:) 1 Northside Alpharetta Medical Campus 3400 A & C Old Milton Pkwy, Alpharetta, GA 30004 "(770) 667-4000" Hospitals 34.1 -84.3 fiSgDb29cZO-MffxwrT_LA northside-alpharetta-m… "https:/… FALSE http… 1 4 "" "+17… 1497. 3400 A & C Old M… "" "" Alpharetta 30004 US GA (-84.3 34.1)
:) 2 Regency Hospital 11175 Cicero Dr, Ste 300, Alpharetta, GA 30022 "(678) 694-0553" Hospitals 34.1 -84.3 hWXJFx9zCVDmiO6eldgHBA regency-hospital-alpha… "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" "+16… 2126. 11175 Cicero Dr "Ste 300" <NA> Alpharetta 30022 US GA (-84.3 34.1)
:) 3 Northside Alpharetta Preventive Medicine 3400 A Old Milton Pkwy, Atlanta, GA 30303 "(770) 667-4155" Hospitals 34.1 -84.3 kuE7B_HLP57KnSIgn-jzpw northside-alpharetta-p… "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" "+17… 1497. 3400 A Old Milto… "" "" Atlanta 30303 US GA (-84.3 34.1)
:) 4 Health Direct 2550 Northwinds Pkwy, Alpharetta, GA 30004 "(770) 870-2500" Hospitals 34.1 -84.3 0B80Az6DXX8ZLXZXhU1bCQ health-direct-alpharet… "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" "+17… 2460. 2550 Northwinds … "" "" Alpharetta 30004 US GA (-84.3 34.1)
:) 5 Ultimatemedicalhousecall 3495 Buckhead Lp NE, Atlanta, GA 30305 "" Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 EaD2lKlKh4NpeSD25_vrHw ultimatemedicalhouseca… "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" "" 595. 3495 Buckhead Lp… "" <NA> Atlanta 30305 US GA (-84.4 33.8)
:) 6 Shepherd Center 2020 Peachtree Rd NW, Atlanta, GA 30309 "(404) 352-2020" Hospitals, Rehabilitation Center, Community Service/Non-Profit 33.8 -84.4 O4DoAVRc6oTjUe9ufieTjA shepherd-center-atlanta "https:/… FALSE http… 34 3.2 "" "+14… 770. 2020 Peachtree R… "" "" Atlanta 30309 US GA (-84.4 33.8)
:) 7 Mahan Thomas P MD 1968 Peachtree Rd NW, Atlanta, GA 30309 "(404) 605-5000" Doctors, Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 RBdhggpKEymoXRBpMR6ebg mahan-thomas-p-md-atla… "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" "+14… 553. 1968 Peachtree R… "" "" Atlanta 30309 US GA (-84.4 33.8)
:) 8 Sacks Leonard L MD 1968 Peachtree Rd NW, Atlanta, GA 30309 "(404) 605-5000" Doctors, Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 9vt27MZX76Rl7UJ6V0rIbg sacks-leonard-l-md-atl… "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" "+14… 553. 1968 Peachtree R… "" "" Atlanta 30309 US GA (-84.4 33.8)
:) 9 McDuffie Frederic MD 2001 Peachtree Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30309 "(404) 351-9238" Doctors, Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 SAcgoiJwKMPpCkqU9tKOrg mcduffie-frederic-md-a… "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" "+14… 689. 2001 Peachtree R… "" "" Atlanta 30309 US GA (-84.4 33.8)
:) 10 Arthritis Center Piedmont Hospital 2001 Peachtree Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30309 "(404) 351-9238" Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 JabEhtmBlRJhhLfWmRZnhA arthritis-center-piedm… "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" "+14… 689. 2001 Peachtree R… "" "" Atlanta 30309 US GA (-84.4 33.8)
:) # ℹ 119 more rowshospitals %>%
group_by(location.display_address, display_phone, phone) %>%
relocate(name, location.display_address, display_phone, categories, coordinates.latitude, coordinates.longitude) %>%
mutate(n = n()) %>%
filter(n > 1):) # A tibble: 14 × 25
:) # Groups: location.display_address, display_phone, phone [7]
:) name location.display_address display_phone categories coordinates.latitude coordinates.longitude id alias image_url is_closed url review_count rating transactions phone distance location.address1 location.address2 location.address3 location.city location.zip_code location.country location.state geometry n
:) <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <chr> <lgl> <chr> <int> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <POINT [°]> <int>
:) 1 Mahan Thomas P MD 1968 Peachtree Rd NW, Atlanta, GA 30309 (404) 605-5000 Doctors, Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 RBdhggpKEymoXRBpMR6ebg mahan-thomas-p-md-atlanta "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" +140… 553. "1968 Peachtree … "" "" Atlanta 30309 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 2 Sacks Leonard L MD 1968 Peachtree Rd NW, Atlanta, GA 30309 (404) 605-5000 Doctors, Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 9vt27MZX76Rl7UJ6V0rIbg sacks-leonard-l-md-atlanta "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" +140… 553. "1968 Peachtree … "" "" Atlanta 30309 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 3 McDuffie Frederic MD 2001 Peachtree Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30309 (404) 351-9238 Doctors, Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 SAcgoiJwKMPpCkqU9tKOrg mcduffie-frederic-md-atlanta "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" +140… 689. "2001 Peachtree … "" "" Atlanta 30309 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 4 Arthritis Center Piedmont Hospital 2001 Peachtree Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30309 (404) 351-9238 Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 JabEhtmBlRJhhLfWmRZnhA arthritis-center-piedmont-hospital-atlanta "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" +140… 689. "2001 Peachtree … "" "" Atlanta 30309 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 5 Yancey ASA G MD Sr 1247 Donald Lee Hollowell, Atlanta, GA 30318 (404) 616-2265 Doctors, Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 A42PNVAGYl9uwzrQi8yrjg yancey-asa-g-md-sr-atlanta "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" +140… 817. "1247 Donald Lee… "" "" Atlanta 30318 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 6 ASA G Yancey Sr MD Health Center 1247 Donald Lee Hollowell, Atlanta, GA 30318 (404) 616-2265 Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 0oC8MShsFNKWIv8GqrjcqQ asa-g-yancey-sr-md-health-center-atlanta "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" +140… 817. "1247 Donald Lee… "" "" Atlanta 30318 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 7 Select Specialty Hospital - Midtown Atlanta 705 Juniper St NE, Atlanta, GA 30308 (404) 873-2871 Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 vRYMnWuDvpWGFISEpEdnjw select-specialty-hospital-atlanta-2 "https://s3-m… FALSE http… 3 3.7 "" +140… 206. "705 Juniper St … "" <NA> Atlanta 30308 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 8 Gentiva Hospice 705 Juniper St NE, Atlanta, GA 30308 (404) 873-2871 Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 bCC26LoVA3zSXvTH2wJ0eQ gentiva-hospice-atlanta-4 "" FALSE http… 4 2.3 "" +140… 204. "705 Juniper St … "" "" Atlanta 30308 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 9 Emory University Hospital Midtown 550 Peachtree St NE, Atlanta, GA 30308 (404) 686-4411 Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 JoKNGTkMeDNCZ3HdZmXhsA emory-university-hospital-midtown-atlanta-2 "https://s3-m… FALSE http… 202 2.1 "" +140… 345. "550 Peachtree S… "" <NA> Atlanta 30308 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 10 Emory Rehabilitation Outpatient Center - Midtown 550 Peachtree St NE, Atlanta, GA 30308 (404) 686-4411 Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 HwPgTv71TG_iwa-SvuwSHw emory-rehabilitation-outpatient-center-midtown-atlanta "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" +140… 350. "550 Peachtree S… "" <NA> Atlanta 30308 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 11 The Children's Resource Line Atlanta, GA 30303 (404) 250-5437 Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 TugEC9F0ZspdWcPordLGOA the-childrens-resource-line-atlanta "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" +140… 316. "" "" "" Atlanta 30303 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 12 Pedline the Doctor Connection Atlanta, GA 30303 (404) 250-5437 Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 0T-o0Bllv5SHIre_UAkz8g pedline-the-doctor-connection-atlanta "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" +140… 316. "" "" "" Atlanta 30303 US GA (-84.4 33.8) 2
:) 13 Grady Health System 1595 Cleveland Ave, East Point, GA 30344 (404) 616-2886 Hospitals 33.7 -84.4 b6bAUS8jde0GSa8mcvrtDg grady-health-system-east-point "https://s3-m… FALSE http… 1 4 "" +140… 2121. "1595 Cleveland … "" "" East Point 30344 US GA (-84.4 33.7) 2
:) 14 Blumenthal Daniel S MD 1595 Cleveland Ave, East Point, GA 30344 (404) 616-2886 Doctors, Hospitals 33.7 -84.4 u1LsjvDgBkiW4eY7DNYtvQ blumenthal-daniel-s-md-east-point "" FALSE http… 0 0 "" +140… 2121. "1595 Cleveland … "" "" East Point 30344 US GA (-84.4 33.7) 2The following dataset show hospitals with distinct addresses and phone numbers.
hospitals_distinct <- hospitals %>%
group_by(location.display_address, display_phone, phone) %>%
summarise(location.display_address = first(location.display_address),
display_phone = first(display_phone),
phone = first(phone),
categories = first(categories),
coordinates.latitude = first(coordinates.latitude),
coordinates.longitude = first(coordinates.longitude))
hospitals_distinct:) Simple feature collection with 122 features and 6 fields
:) Geometry type: GEOMETRY
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.6 ymin: 33.6 xmax: -84.1 ymax: 34.1
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
:) # A tibble: 122 × 7
:) # Groups: location.display_address, display_phone [122]
:) location.display_address display_phone phone categories coordinates.latitude coordinates.longitude geometry
:) <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <POINT [°]>
:) 1 1000 Johnson Ferry Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30342 "" "" Hospitals 33.9 -84.4 (-84.4 33.9)
:) 2 1000 Johnson Ferry Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30342 "(404) 845-5858" "+14048455858" Hospitals 33.9 -84.4 (-84.4 33.9)
:) 3 1000 Johnson Ferry Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30342 "(404) 851-8000" "+14048518000" Hospitals 33.9 -84.4 (-84.4 33.9)
:) 4 1001 Johnson Ferry Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30342 "(404) 785-5437" "+14047855437" Hospitals 33.9 -84.4 (-84.4 33.9)
:) 5 101 Ponce De Leon Ave NE, Atlanta, GA 30308 "(404) 325-9800" "+14043259800" Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 (-84.4 33.8)
:) 6 1015 Donald Lee Hollowell Pkwy NW, Atlanta, GA 30318 "(404) 888-9966" "+14048889966" Hospitals 33.8 -84.4 (-84.4 33.8)
:) 7 11175 Cicero Dr, Ste 300, Alpharetta, GA 30022 "(678) 694-0553" "+16786940553" Hospitals 34.1 -84.3 (-84.3 34.1)
:) 8 1140 Hammond Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30328 "(404) 851-8830" "+14048518830" Hospitals 33.9 -84.3 (-84.3 33.9)
:) 9 1155 Hammond Dr NE, Ste B, Atlanta, GA 30328 "(770) 668-9622" "+17706689622" Hospitals 33.9 -84.3 (-84.3 33.9)
:) 10 11835 Alpharetta Hwy, Roswell, GA 30076 "(404) 785-8470" "+14047858470" Hospitals, Pediatricians, Medical Centers 34.1 -84.3 (-84.3 34.1)
:) # ℹ 112 more rows2 Socioeconomic variables from census API
https://api.census.gov/data.html I see a pattern in
which the name column has multi-level categories.
:) # A tibble: 20 × 4
:) name label concept geography
:) <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
:) 1 B01001A_001 Estimate!!Total: SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 2 B01001A_002 Estimate!!Total:!!Male: SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 3 B01001A_003 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!Under 5 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 4 B01001A_004 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!5 to 9 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 5 B01001A_005 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!10 to 14 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 6 B01001A_006 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!15 to 17 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 7 B01001A_007 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!18 and 19 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 8 B01001A_008 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!20 to 24 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 9 B01001A_009 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!25 to 29 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 10 B01001A_010 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!30 to 34 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 11 B01001A_011 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!35 to 44 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 12 B01001A_012 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!45 to 54 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 13 B01001A_013 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!55 to 64 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 14 B01001A_014 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!65 to 74 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 15 B01001A_015 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!75 to 84 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 16 B01001A_016 Estimate!!Total:!!Male:!!85 years and over SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 17 B01001A_017 Estimate!!Total:!!Female: SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 18 B01001A_018 Estimate!!Total:!!Female:!!Under 5 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 19 B01001A_019 Estimate!!Total:!!Female:!!5 to 9 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tract
:) 20 B01001A_020 Estimate!!Total:!!Female:!!10 to 14 years SEX BY AGE (WHITE ALONE) tractB19013: I believe that
household income reflects the overall economic resources people have.
Since healthcare services cost a lot and people with high-incomes (or a
good healthcare insurance sponsered by employers) can afford the
services, it is important to examine whether the economic disparity in
healthcare services is also associated with spatial disparities. It
seems that median household income is more suitable that the per capita
income because the latter is more subject to variability depending on
the number of household members not working. * Educational Attainment
B15003: Education attainment is an also widely used measure
to see the overall socioeconomic level. * Race B02001: Race
is an important aspect of social disparities especially in the American
context. It also reflects residential segreation patterns among racial
groups in American cities.
A caption
The following is a set a variables that I want to use and retrieve from the census API.
vars <- vars %>%
filter(str_detect(name, "B19013") | str_detect(name, "B15003") | str_detect(name, "B02001")) %>%
mutate(name_1 = str_sub(name, 1, 6)) %>%
relocate(name, name_1, label, concept)
vars:) # A tibble: 45 × 5
:) name name_1 label concept geography
:) <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
:) 1 B02001_001 B02001 Estimate!!Total: RACE block group
:) 2 B02001_002 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!White alone RACE block group
:) 3 B02001_003 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Black or African American alone RACE block group
:) 4 B02001_004 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!American Indian and Alaska Native alone RACE block group
:) 5 B02001_005 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Asian alone RACE block group
:) 6 B02001_006 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone RACE block group
:) 7 B02001_007 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Some other race alone RACE block group
:) 8 B02001_008 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Two or more races: RACE block group
:) 9 B02001_009 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Two or more races:!!Two races including Some other race RACE block group
:) 10 B02001_010 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Two or more races:!!Two races excluding Some other race, and three or more races RACE block group
:) # ℹ 35 more rowsLet’s take a look in detail by each category. We may only need the
last one, without specifics on the household income for each racial
group. B19013_001.
:) # A tibble: 10 × 5
:) name name_1 label concept geography
:) <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
:) 1 B19013A_001 B19013 Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars) MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) (WHITE ALONE HOUSEHOLDER) tract
:) 2 B19013B_001 B19013 Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars) MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) (BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN ALONE HOUSEHOLDER) tract
:) 3 B19013C_001 B19013 Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars) MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) (AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE ALONE HOUSEHOLDER) tract
:) 4 B19013D_001 B19013 Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars) MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) (ASIAN ALONE HOUSEHOLDER) tract
:) 5 B19013E_001 B19013 Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars) MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) (NATIVE HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER ALONE HOUSEHOLDER) county
:) 6 B19013F_001 B19013 Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars) MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) (SOME OTHER RACE ALONE HOUSEHOLDER) tract
:) 7 B19013G_001 B19013 Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars) MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) (TWO OR MORE RACES HOUSEHOLDER) tract
:) 8 B19013H_001 B19013 Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars) MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) (WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO HOUSEHOLDER) tract
:) 9 B19013I_001 B19013 Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars) MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) (HISPANIC OR LATINO HOUSEHOLDER) tract
:) 10 B19013_001 B19013 Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2021 inflation-adjusted dollars) MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2021 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) block groupWe may need the total estimate and a few subcategories: * B15003_022
Bachelor’s degree
* B15003_023 Master’s degree * B15003_024 Professional school
degree
* B15003_025 Doctorate to get the ratio of college graduates and etc.
“B15003_001”, “B15003_022”, “B15003_023”, “B15003_024”, “B15003_025”
:) # A tibble: 25 × 5
:) name name_1 label concept geography
:) <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
:) 1 B15003_001 B15003 Estimate!!Total: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER block group
:) 2 B15003_002 B15003 Estimate!!Total:!!No schooling completed EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER block group
:) 3 B15003_003 B15003 Estimate!!Total:!!Nursery school EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER block group
:) 4 B15003_004 B15003 Estimate!!Total:!!Kindergarten EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER block group
:) 5 B15003_005 B15003 Estimate!!Total:!!1st grade EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER block group
:) 6 B15003_006 B15003 Estimate!!Total:!!2nd grade EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER block group
:) 7 B15003_007 B15003 Estimate!!Total:!!3rd grade EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER block group
:) 8 B15003_008 B15003 Estimate!!Total:!!4th grade EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER block group
:) 9 B15003_009 B15003 Estimate!!Total:!!5th grade EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER block group
:) 10 B15003_010 B15003 Estimate!!Total:!!6th grade EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OVER block group
:) # ℹ 15 more rowsWe may need the total estimate (B02001_001) and a few
subcategories: * B02001_003 Black or African American
(B02001_003) to get the ratio of Black or African American
residents.
:) # A tibble: 10 × 5
:) name name_1 label concept geography
:) <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
:) 1 B02001_001 B02001 Estimate!!Total: RACE block group
:) 2 B02001_002 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!White alone RACE block group
:) 3 B02001_003 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Black or African American alone RACE block group
:) 4 B02001_004 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!American Indian and Alaska Native alone RACE block group
:) 5 B02001_005 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Asian alone RACE block group
:) 6 B02001_006 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone RACE block group
:) 7 B02001_007 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Some other race alone RACE block group
:) 8 B02001_008 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Two or more races: RACE block group
:) 9 B02001_009 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Two or more races:!!Two races including Some other race RACE block group
:) 10 B02001_010 B02001 Estimate!!Total:!!Two or more races:!!Two races excluding Some other race, and three or more races RACE block grouptracts <- tidycensus::get_acs(geography = "tract", # or "block group", "county", "state" etc.
state = "GA",
county = c("Fulton", "DeKalb"),
variables = c("B19013_001", # median hh income
"B15003_001", "B15003_022", "B15003_023", "B15003_024", "B15003_025", # educational attainment
"B02001_001", "B02001_003"), # race
year = 2021,
survey = "acs5",
geometry = TRUE,
output = "wide") %>%
st_transform(4326):) | | | 0% | |=== | 1% | |======= | 1% | |========== | 2% | |============== | 3% | |================= | 4% | |===================== | 4% | |======================== | 5% | |=========================== | 6% | |=============================== | 7% | |================================== | 7% | |====================================== | 8% | |========================================= | 9% | |============================================= | 9% | |================================================ | 10% | |=================================================== | 11% | |========================================================= | 12% | |============================================================= | 13% | |================================================================ | 14% | |==================================================================== | 14% | |======================================================================= | 15% | 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|======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================| 100%:) Simple feature collection with 530 features and 18 fields
:) Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.9 ymin: 33.5 xmax: -84 ymax: 34.2
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
:) First 10 features:
:) GEOID NAME B19013_001E B19013_001M B15003_001E B15003_001M B15003_022E B15003_022M B15003_023E B15003_023M B15003_024E B15003_024M B15003_025E B15003_025M B02001_001E B02001_001M B02001_003E B02001_003M geometry
:) 1 13089023218 Census Tract 232.18, DeKalb County, Georgia 36159 10272 1691 430 228 135 42 52 4 14 0 14 3071 668 2761 521 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.2 33.7,...
:) 2 13121005700 Census Tract 57, Fulton County, Georgia 35607 6801 927 237 110 71 143 140 0 14 0 14 1335 295 1291 303 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.4 33.7,...
:) 3 13121011618 Census Tract 116.18, Fulton County, Georgia 137500 58605 3411 552 1753 513 856 226 51 39 21 24 5004 1015 855 393 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.3 34.1,...
:) [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 7 rows ]I will only use the estimates not margins of errors for simplicity.
tracts <- tracts %>%
dplyr::select(!dplyr::ends_with("M")) %>%
rename(med_hh_income = B19013_001E,
edu_total = B15003_001E,
bachelor = B15003_022E,
master = B15003_023E,
professional = B15003_024E,
doctorate = B15003_025E,
race_total = B02001_001E,
race_black = B02001_003E)
tracts:) Simple feature collection with 530 features and 10 fields
:) Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.9 ymin: 33.5 xmax: -84 ymax: 34.2
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
:) First 10 features:
:) GEOID NAME med_hh_income edu_total bachelor master professional doctorate race_total race_black geometry
:) 1 13089023218 Census Tract 232.18, DeKalb County, Georgia 36159 1691 228 42 4 0 3071 2761 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.2 33.7,...
:) 2 13121005700 Census Tract 57, Fulton County, Georgia 35607 927 110 143 0 0 1335 1291 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.4 33.7,...
:) 3 13121011618 Census Tract 116.18, Fulton County, Georgia 137500 3411 1753 856 51 21 5004 855 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.3 34.1,...
:) 4 13121010006 Census Tract 100.06, Fulton County, Georgia 83803 2991 1106 749 500 52 3622 596 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.4 33.9,...
:) 5 13089022012 Census Tract 220.12, DeKalb County, Georgia 30061 1821 38 0 15 0 3404 927 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.2 33.8,...
:) 6 13089023323 Census Tract 233.23, DeKalb County, Georgia 70160 2966 833 230 38 63 3875 3490 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.1 33.8,...
:) [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 4 rows ]tracts <- tracts %>%
dplyr::select(!dplyr::ends_with("M")) %>%
mutate(med_hh_income = med_hh_income,
edu_college_ratio = (bachelor+master+professional+doctorate)/edu_total,
race_black_ratio = race_black/race_total) %>%
relocate(GEOID, NAME, med_hh_income, edu_college_ratio, race_black_ratio)
tracts:) Simple feature collection with 530 features and 12 fields
:) Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.9 ymin: 33.5 xmax: -84 ymax: 34.2
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
:) First 10 features:
:) GEOID NAME med_hh_income edu_college_ratio race_black_ratio edu_total bachelor master professional doctorate race_total race_black geometry
:) 1 13089023218 Census Tract 232.18, DeKalb County, Georgia 36159 0.1620 0.899 1691 228 42 4 0 3071 2761 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.2 33.7,...
:) 2 13121005700 Census Tract 57, Fulton County, Georgia 35607 0.2729 0.967 927 110 143 0 0 1335 1291 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.4 33.7,...
:) 3 13121011618 Census Tract 116.18, Fulton County, Georgia 137500 0.7860 0.171 3411 1753 856 51 21 5004 855 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.3 34.1,...
:) 4 13121010006 Census Tract 100.06, Fulton County, Georgia 83803 0.8047 0.165 2991 1106 749 500 52 3622 596 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.4 33.9,...
:) 5 13089022012 Census Tract 220.12, DeKalb County, Georgia 30061 0.0291 0.272 1821 38 0 15 0 3404 927 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.2 33.8,...
:) [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 5 rows ]tracts <- tracts %>%
mutate(county = str_split_i(NAME, ", ", 2)) %>%
mutate(county = str_split_i(county, " ", 1)) %>%
relocate(GEOID, county, NAME)
tracts:) Simple feature collection with 530 features and 13 fields
:) Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.9 ymin: 33.5 xmax: -84 ymax: 34.2
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
:) First 10 features:
:) GEOID county NAME med_hh_income edu_college_ratio race_black_ratio edu_total bachelor master professional doctorate race_total race_black geometry
:) 1 13089023218 DeKalb Census Tract 232.18, DeKalb County, Georgia 36159 0.1620 0.899 1691 228 42 4 0 3071 2761 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.2 33.7,...
:) 2 13121005700 Fulton Census Tract 57, Fulton County, Georgia 35607 0.2729 0.967 927 110 143 0 0 1335 1291 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.4 33.7,...
:) 3 13121011618 Fulton Census Tract 116.18, Fulton County, Georgia 137500 0.7860 0.171 3411 1753 856 51 21 5004 855 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.3 34.1,...
:) 4 13121010006 Fulton Census Tract 100.06, Fulton County, Georgia 83803 0.8047 0.165 2991 1106 749 500 52 3622 596 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.4 33.9,...
:) 5 13089022012 DeKalb Census Tract 220.12, DeKalb County, Georgia 30061 0.0291 0.272 1821 38 0 15 0 3404 927 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.2 33.8,...
:) [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 5 rows ]counties <- tidycensus::get_acs(geography = "county", # or "block group", "county", "state" etc.
state = "GA",
county = c("Fulton", "DeKalb"),
variables = c("B19013_001"), # race
year = 2021,
survey = "acs5",
geometry = TRUE,
output = "wide") %>%
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|===================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================== | 100% | |======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================| 100%:) Simple feature collection with 2 features and 4 fields
:) Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.9 ymin: 33.5 xmax: -84 ymax: 34.2
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
:) GEOID NAME B19013_001E B19013_001M geometry
:) 1 13089 DeKalb County, Georgia 69423 1227 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.3 33.7,...
:) 2 13121 Fulton County, Georgia 77635 1126 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.8 33.5,...The following maps show the spatial distribution of socioconomic attributes.
3 Integrate hospital locations data and ACS data
tm_shape(tracts) +
tm_polygons(col = "med_hh_income", border.col = "grey50", alpha = 1, title = "med_hh_income") +
tm_shape(counties) +
tm_borders(alpha = 1, col = "grey30") +
tm_shape(hospitals_distinct) +
tm_dots(size = 0.05, col = "red") +
tm_layout(
frame = F,
legend.title.size = 3, legend.text.size = 2, legend.position = c("right","bottom"), legend.bg.color = "white", legend.bg.alpha = 0) +
tm_compass(type = "4star", size = 3, position = c("left", "top")) +
tm_scale_bar(size = 1, position = c("left", "top"))I will use the distance to the nearest hospital rather than the number of buffers within a certain radius, because there are census tracts very far away from any hospital on the map. There would be a lot of zero-values in that case. The distance to the nearest hospital would be a more suitable metric to attain consistent measurements.
:) Simple feature collection with 530 features and 13 fields
:) Geometry type: POINT
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.7 ymin: 33.5 xmax: -84.1 ymax: 34.2
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
:) First 10 features:
:) GEOID county NAME med_hh_income edu_college_ratio race_black_ratio edu_total bachelor master professional doctorate race_total race_black geometry
:) 1 13089023218 DeKalb Census Tract 232.18, DeKalb County, Georgia 36159 0.1620 0.899 1691 228 42 4 0 3071 2761 POINT (-84.2 33.8)
:) 2 13121005700 Fulton Census Tract 57, Fulton County, Georgia 35607 0.2729 0.967 927 110 143 0 0 1335 1291 POINT (-84.4 33.7)
:) 3 13121011618 Fulton Census Tract 116.18, Fulton County, Georgia 137500 0.7860 0.171 3411 1753 856 51 21 5004 855 POINT (-84.3 34.1)
:) 4 13121010006 Fulton Census Tract 100.06, Fulton County, Georgia 83803 0.8047 0.165 2991 1106 749 500 52 3622 596 POINT (-84.4 33.9)
:) 5 13089022012 DeKalb Census Tract 220.12, DeKalb County, Georgia 30061 0.0291 0.272 1821 38 0 15 0 3404 927 POINT (-84.2 33.8)
:) [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 5 rows ]The geographical distance between each tract centroid and each
hospital can be measure as below using st_distance.
:) Units: [m]
:) [,1]
:) [1,] 14.1To measure all pairs, I initially tried to use
purrr::map, but it ran into a problem of failing to
identify the crs of each object. I guess the geometrical attributes of
each census tract get lost over the course.
#dist_func <- function(x){
# dists <- map_dbl(x, function(x) st_distance(x, hospitals_distinct$geometry))
# dist <- min(dists)
# return(dist)
#}
#
#purrr::map(tracts_cent$geometry, function(x) st_distance(x, hospitals_distinct$geometry))I just go by using apply.
dist_near_hosp <- sapply(1:nrow(tracts_cent),
function(i){
min(
st_distance(
tracts_cent$geometry[i],
hospitals_distinct$geometry)) * 0.000621371 # 1meter = 0.000621371 mile
})
dist_near_hosp:) [1] 3.425 1.336 0.980 0.341 1.781 2.992 3.509 2.784 0.355 2.452 0.857 0.934 0.633 0.769 3.145 0.422 4.146 0.669 0.513 0.998 5.232 3.398 0.735 0.483 3.559 1.808 0.968 1.399 0.292 1.933 1.391 2.005 1.457 0.784 1.322 2.296 0.588 0.961 0.447 4.160 1.876 1.364 1.181 2.470 1.501 1.766 2.967 0.915 0.840 1.286 1.546 0.261 0.510 0.679 1.041 3.500 2.042 0.247 1.366 4.512 1.310 0.956 0.981 1.499 0.489 1.056 0.667 2.675 2.503 2.341 1.513 2.189 1.718 2.341 1.226
:) [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 455 entries ]Attach the nearest distance to hospitals calculated above to the
census tract sf.
:) [1] 530:) [1] 530tracts$dist_near_hosp <- dist_near_hosp
tracts <- tracts %>%
relocate(NAME, dist_near_hosp, med_hh_income, edu_college_ratio, race_black_ratio)
tracts:) Simple feature collection with 530 features and 14 fields
:) Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
:) Dimension: XY
:) Bounding box: xmin: -84.9 ymin: 33.5 xmax: -84 ymax: 34.2
:) Geodetic CRS: WGS 84
:) First 10 features:
:) NAME dist_near_hosp med_hh_income edu_college_ratio race_black_ratio GEOID county edu_total bachelor master professional doctorate race_total race_black geometry
:) 1 Census Tract 232.18, DeKalb County, Georgia 3.425 36159 0.1620 0.899 13089023218 DeKalb 1691 228 42 4 0 3071 2761 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.2 33.7,...
:) 2 Census Tract 57, Fulton County, Georgia 1.336 35607 0.2729 0.967 13121005700 Fulton 927 110 143 0 0 1335 1291 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.4 33.7,...
:) 3 Census Tract 116.18, Fulton County, Georgia 0.980 137500 0.7860 0.171 13121011618 Fulton 3411 1753 856 51 21 5004 855 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.3 34.1,...
:) 4 Census Tract 100.06, Fulton County, Georgia 0.341 83803 0.8047 0.165 13121010006 Fulton 2991 1106 749 500 52 3622 596 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.4 33.9,...
:) 5 Census Tract 220.12, DeKalb County, Georgia 1.781 30061 0.0291 0.272 13089022012 DeKalb 1821 38 0 15 0 3404 927 MULTIPOLYGON (((-84.2 33.8,...
:) [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 5 rows ]The average of the distance to the nearest hospital is about 1.9 miles.
:) [1] 1.914 Equity analysis
I analyzed the correlation between each socioeconomic variable and
the distance to the nearest hospital as below. I found (1) the negative
correlation between the education attainment level and the nearest
distance to hospital and (2) the positive correlation bewteen between
the ratio of Black population and the nearest distance to hospital with
a 1 percent level of significance (p<0.01). These two findings
indicate that people living with neighborhoods with a lower average
education level and a larger share of the black population have to
travel farther to access hospitals from their residences.
The following maps also provide evidence that hospitals in the counties are mostly located in census tracts with higher education levels and lower ratios of black population. It is worth noting that there is no significant correlation between income level and hospital accessibility. I suspect that this pattern may partly result from high-income households living in suburbs with a relatively lower density of facilities including hospitals.
In conclusion, the accessibility to hospitals in the two counties in the Atlanta metropolitan area significantly varies across educational attainment levels and racial groups. People with lower education levels and black color have to on average travel farther distances to reach hospitals. Integrating both correlation analyses and map visualizations, I want to note that the stark residential segregation between whites and blacks in Atlanta, having been divided between the southern and northern parts of the city for decades, contributes to the disparities in healthcare accessibility until today.