Part 1: Introducing tidyverse package

tidyverse is the super package that provide us tool to work with data of various format. This super package contains supplemental packages such as tidyr, ggplot2, forcat, and so on. Whenever we need to explore more functions built in the tidyverse, we can refer to th documentation on their website or using the help tab.

# load the tidyverse
library(tidyverse)
## ── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
## ✔ dplyr     1.1.4     ✔ readr     2.1.5
## ✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.1
## ✔ ggplot2   3.5.1     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
## ✔ lubridate 1.9.3     ✔ tidyr     1.3.1
## ✔ purrr     1.0.2     
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
## ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
#library(flextable)

Part 2: The Penguin data-set

Data were collected and made available by Dr. Kristen Gorman and the Palmer Station, Antarctica LTER, a member of the Long Term Ecological Research Network.

Simplified data from original penguin data sets. Contains variables:

# load the data-set 
penguin <- read.csv("penguins_raw.csv")

# view the first 6 rows of the data-set
head(penguin)
##   studyName Sample.Number                             Species Region    Island
## 1   PAL0708             1 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Anvers Torgersen
## 2   PAL0708             2 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Anvers Torgersen
## 3   PAL0708             3 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Anvers Torgersen
## 4   PAL0708             4 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Anvers Torgersen
## 5   PAL0708             5 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Anvers Torgersen
## 6   PAL0708             6 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Anvers Torgersen
##                Stage Individual.ID Clutch.Completion Date.Egg
## 1 Adult, 1 Egg Stage          N1A1               Yes 11/11/07
## 2 Adult, 1 Egg Stage          N1A2               Yes 11/11/07
## 3 Adult, 1 Egg Stage          N2A1               Yes 11/16/07
## 4 Adult, 1 Egg Stage          N2A2               Yes 11/16/07
## 5 Adult, 1 Egg Stage          N3A1               Yes 11/16/07
## 6 Adult, 1 Egg Stage          N3A2               Yes 11/16/07
##   Culmen.Length..mm. Culmen.Depth..mm. Flipper.Length..mm. Body.Mass..g.    Sex
## 1               39.1              18.7                 181          3750   MALE
## 2               39.5              17.4                 186          3800 FEMALE
## 3               40.3              18.0                 195          3250 FEMALE
## 4                 NA                NA                  NA            NA       
## 5               36.7              19.3                 193          3450 FEMALE
## 6               39.3              20.6                 190          3650   MALE
##   Delta.15.N..o.oo. Delta.13.C..o.oo.                       Comments
## 1                NA                NA Not enough blood for isotopes.
## 2           8.94956         -24.69454                               
## 3           8.36821         -25.33302                               
## 4                NA                NA             Adult not sampled.
## 5           8.76651         -25.32426                               
## 6           8.66496         -25.29805
# view the first 3 rows of the data-set
head(penguin, n=3)
##   studyName Sample.Number                             Species Region    Island
## 1   PAL0708             1 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Anvers Torgersen
## 2   PAL0708             2 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Anvers Torgersen
## 3   PAL0708             3 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Anvers Torgersen
##                Stage Individual.ID Clutch.Completion Date.Egg
## 1 Adult, 1 Egg Stage          N1A1               Yes 11/11/07
## 2 Adult, 1 Egg Stage          N1A2               Yes 11/11/07
## 3 Adult, 1 Egg Stage          N2A1               Yes 11/16/07
##   Culmen.Length..mm. Culmen.Depth..mm. Flipper.Length..mm. Body.Mass..g.    Sex
## 1               39.1              18.7                 181          3750   MALE
## 2               39.5              17.4                 186          3800 FEMALE
## 3               40.3              18.0                 195          3250 FEMALE
##   Delta.15.N..o.oo. Delta.13.C..o.oo.                       Comments
## 1                NA                NA Not enough blood for isotopes.
## 2           8.94956         -24.69454                               
## 3           8.36821         -25.33302
# view the last 2 rows of the data-set
tail(penguin, n=2)
##     studyName Sample.Number                           Species Region Island
## 343   PAL0910           123 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) Anvers Biscoe
## 344   PAL0910           124 Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) Anvers Biscoe
##                  Stage Individual.ID Clutch.Completion Date.Egg
## 343 Adult, 1 Egg Stage         N43A1               Yes 11/22/09
## 344 Adult, 1 Egg Stage         N43A2               Yes 11/22/09
##     Culmen.Length..mm. Culmen.Depth..mm. Flipper.Length..mm. Body.Mass..g.
## 343               45.2              14.8                 212          5200
## 344               49.9              16.1                 213          5400
##        Sex Delta.15.N..o.oo. Delta.13.C..o.oo. Comments
## 343 FEMALE           8.24246         -26.11969         
## 344   MALE           8.36390         -26.15531
# showing the structure/dimension of the data
str(penguin)
## 'data.frame':    344 obs. of  17 variables:
##  $ studyName          : chr  "PAL0708" "PAL0708" "PAL0708" "PAL0708" ...
##  $ Sample.Number      : int  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
##  $ Species            : chr  "Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)" "Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)" "Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)" "Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)" ...
##  $ Region             : chr  "Anvers" "Anvers" "Anvers" "Anvers" ...
##  $ Island             : chr  "Torgersen" "Torgersen" "Torgersen" "Torgersen" ...
##  $ Stage              : chr  "Adult, 1 Egg Stage" "Adult, 1 Egg Stage" "Adult, 1 Egg Stage" "Adult, 1 Egg Stage" ...
##  $ Individual.ID      : chr  "N1A1" "N1A2" "N2A1" "N2A2" ...
##  $ Clutch.Completion  : chr  "Yes" "Yes" "Yes" "Yes" ...
##  $ Date.Egg           : chr  "11/11/07" "11/11/07" "11/16/07" "11/16/07" ...
##  $ Culmen.Length..mm. : num  39.1 39.5 40.3 NA 36.7 39.3 38.9 39.2 34.1 42 ...
##  $ Culmen.Depth..mm.  : num  18.7 17.4 18 NA 19.3 20.6 17.8 19.6 18.1 20.2 ...
##  $ Flipper.Length..mm.: int  181 186 195 NA 193 190 181 195 193 190 ...
##  $ Body.Mass..g.      : int  3750 3800 3250 NA 3450 3650 3625 4675 3475 4250 ...
##  $ Sex                : chr  "MALE" "FEMALE" "FEMALE" "" ...
##  $ Delta.15.N..o.oo.  : num  NA 8.95 8.37 NA 8.77 ...
##  $ Delta.13.C..o.oo.  : num  NA -24.7 -25.3 NA -25.3 ...
##  $ Comments           : chr  "Not enough blood for isotopes." "" "" "Adult not sampled." ...
dim(penguin)
## [1] 344  17
# column name
colnames(penguin)
##  [1] "studyName"           "Sample.Number"       "Species"            
##  [4] "Region"              "Island"              "Stage"              
##  [7] "Individual.ID"       "Clutch.Completion"   "Date.Egg"           
## [10] "Culmen.Length..mm."  "Culmen.Depth..mm."   "Flipper.Length..mm."
## [13] "Body.Mass..g."       "Sex"                 "Delta.15.N..o.oo."  
## [16] "Delta.13.C..o.oo."   "Comments"

1. Exploring the data in details

# studyName
typeof(penguin$studyName)
## [1] "character"
unique(penguin$studyName)
## [1] "PAL0708" "PAL0809" "PAL0910"
# Sample.Number
min(penguin$Sample.Number)
## [1] 1
max(penguin$Sample.Number)
## [1] 152
# Species
unique(penguin$Species)
## [1] "Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)"      
## [2] "Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)"
## [3] "Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)"
# Region  -- same region
unique(penguin$Region)
## [1] "Anvers"
# Island
unique(penguin$Island)
## [1] "Torgersen" "Biscoe"    "Dream"
# Stage -- same stage
unique(penguin$Stage)
## [1] "Adult, 1 Egg Stage"

Based on my exploration of the data, these variables/columns below are my interest when learning about penguins:

  • studyName
  • Species
  • Island
  • Culmen.Length..mm.
  • Culmen.Depth..mm.
  • Flipper.Length..mm.
  • Body.Mass..g.
  • Sex

These will be my main focus

The pipe character %>% - percent-greater than-percent - meaning AND THEN
Shortcut: Ctrl Shift M

# cleaned version of the penguin with only selected column
cleaned_penguin <- penguin %>% select(studyName, Species, Island, `Culmen.Length..mm.` , `Culmen.Depth..mm.`, `Flipper.Length..mm.`, `Body.Mass..g.`,  Sex)

# display the first 3 rows of the cleaned_penguin
head(cleaned_penguin, n = 3)
##   studyName                             Species    Island Culmen.Length..mm.
## 1   PAL0708 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen               39.1
## 2   PAL0708 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen               39.5
## 3   PAL0708 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen               40.3
##   Culmen.Depth..mm. Flipper.Length..mm. Body.Mass..g.    Sex
## 1              18.7                 181          3750   MALE
## 2              17.4                 186          3800 FEMALE
## 3              18.0                 195          3250 FEMALE
cleaned_penguin %>% head(n = 3)
##   studyName                             Species    Island Culmen.Length..mm.
## 1   PAL0708 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen               39.1
## 2   PAL0708 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen               39.5
## 3   PAL0708 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen               40.3
##   Culmen.Depth..mm. Flipper.Length..mm. Body.Mass..g.    Sex
## 1              18.7                 181          3750   MALE
## 2              17.4                 186          3800 FEMALE
## 3              18.0                 195          3250 FEMALE

2. Rename the columns

rename( new-name = old-name )
cleaned_penguin <- cleaned_penguin %>% 
  rename(culmen_length = `Culmen.Length..mm.` , 
         culmen_depth = `Culmen.Depth..mm.` , 
         flipper = `Flipper.Length..mm.` ,  
         mass = `Body.Mass..g.` , 
         gender = Sex ) 

head(cleaned_penguin, 2)
##   studyName                             Species    Island culmen_length
## 1   PAL0708 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          39.1
## 2   PAL0708 Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          39.5
##   culmen_depth flipper mass gender
## 1         18.7     181 3750   MALE
## 2         17.4     186 3800 FEMALE
unique(cleaned_penguin$Species)
## [1] "Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)"      
## [2] "Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)"
## [3] "Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)"

3. Shorten the Island value

Notice that we have 3 unique values for island which are: Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica), and Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua). However, we can shorten them as: Adelie, Chinstrap, and Gentoo

There are three methods to do this:
- using mutate() with case_when()
- using ifelse()
- extract the words

3a. mutate() and case_when()

mutate( column-name = case_when( condition1 ~ result1 , condtion2 ~ result2, . . . , T ~ NA ) )
cleaned_penguin %>% 
  mutate(shorten_species = case_when(Species == "Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)" ~ "Adelie" ,
                                     Species == "Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)" ~ "Chinstrap",
                                     Species == "Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)" ~ "Gentoo" ,
                                     T ~ NA))
##     studyName                                   Species    Island culmen_length
## 1     PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          39.1
## 2     PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          39.5
## 3     PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          40.3
## 4     PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen            NA
## 5     PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          36.7
## 6     PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          39.3
## 7     PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          38.9
## 8     PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          39.2
## 9     PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          34.1
## 10    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          42.0
## 11    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          37.8
## 12    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          37.8
## 13    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          41.1
## 14    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          38.6
## 15    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          34.6
## 16    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          36.6
## 17    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          38.7
## 18    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          42.5
## 19    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          34.4
## 20    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          46.0
## 21    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          37.8
## 22    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          37.7
## 23    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          35.9
## 24    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          38.2
## 25    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          38.8
## 26    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          35.3
## 27    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          40.6
## 28    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          40.5
## 29    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          37.9
## 30    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          40.5
## 31    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          39.5
## 32    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          37.2
## 33    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          39.5
## 34    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          40.9
## 35    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.4
## 36    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          39.2
## 37    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          38.8
## 38    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          42.2
## 39    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          37.6
## 40    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          39.8
## 41    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.5
## 42    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          40.8
## 43    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.0
## 44    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          44.1
## 45    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          37.0
## 46    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          39.6
## 47    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          41.1
## 48    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          37.5
## 49    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.0
## 50    PAL0708       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          42.3
## 51    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          39.6
## 52    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          40.1
## 53    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          35.0
## 54    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          42.0
## 55    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          34.5
## 56    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          41.4
## 57    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          39.0
## 58    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          40.6
## 59    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          36.5
## 60    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          37.6
## 61    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          35.7
## 62    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          41.3
## 63    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          37.6
## 64    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          41.1
## 65    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          36.4
## 66    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          41.6
## 67    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          35.5
## 68    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          41.1
## 69    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          35.9
## 70    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          41.8
## 71    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          33.5
## 72    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          39.7
## 73    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          39.6
## 74    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          45.8
## 75    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          35.5
## 76    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          42.8
## 77    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          40.9
## 78    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          37.2
## 79    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          36.2
## 80    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          42.1
## 81    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          34.6
## 82    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          42.9
## 83    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          36.7
## 84    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          35.1
## 85    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          37.3
## 86    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          41.3
## 87    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.3
## 88    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.9
## 89    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          38.3
## 90    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          38.9
## 91    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          35.7
## 92    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          41.1
## 93    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          34.0
## 94    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          39.6
## 95    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.2
## 96    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          40.8
## 97    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          38.1
## 98    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          40.3
## 99    PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          33.1
## 100   PAL0809       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          43.2
## 101   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          35.0
## 102   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          41.0
## 103   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          37.7
## 104   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          37.8
## 105   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          37.9
## 106   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          39.7
## 107   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          38.6
## 108   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          38.2
## 109   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          38.1
## 110   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          43.2
## 111   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          38.1
## 112   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          45.6
## 113   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          39.7
## 114   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          42.2
## 115   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          39.6
## 116   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)    Biscoe          42.7
## 117   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          38.6
## 118   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          37.3
## 119   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          35.7
## 120   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          41.1
## 121   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          36.2
## 122   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          37.7
## 123   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          40.2
## 124   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          41.4
## 125   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          35.2
## 126   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          40.6
## 127   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          38.8
## 128   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          41.5
## 129   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          39.0
## 130   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          44.1
## 131   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          38.5
## 132   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Torgersen          43.1
## 133   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.8
## 134   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          37.5
## 135   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          38.1
## 136   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          41.1
## 137   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          35.6
## 138   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          40.2
## 139   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          37.0
## 140   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          39.7
## 141   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          40.2
## 142   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          40.6
## 143   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          32.1
## 144   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          40.7
## 145   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          37.3
## 146   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          39.0
## 147   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          39.2
## 148   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.6
## 149   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.0
## 150   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          37.8
## 151   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          36.0
## 152   PAL0910       Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)     Dream          41.5
## 153   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          46.5
## 154   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.0
## 155   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          51.3
## 156   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          45.4
## 157   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          52.7
## 158   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          45.2
## 159   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          46.1
## 160   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          51.3
## 161   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          46.0
## 162   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          51.3
## 163   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          46.6
## 164   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          51.7
## 165   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          47.0
## 166   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          52.0
## 167   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          45.9
## 168   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.5
## 169   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.3
## 170   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          58.0
## 171   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          46.4
## 172   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          49.2
## 173   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          42.4
## 174   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          48.5
## 175   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          43.2
## 176   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.6
## 177   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          46.7
## 178   PAL0708 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          52.0
## 179   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.5
## 180   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          49.5
## 181   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          46.4
## 182   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          52.8
## 183   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          40.9
## 184   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          54.2
## 185   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          42.5
## 186   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          51.0
## 187   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          49.7
## 188   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          47.5
## 189   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          47.6
## 190   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          52.0
## 191   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          46.9
## 192   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          53.5
## 193   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          49.0
## 194   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          46.2
## 195   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.9
## 196   PAL0809 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          45.5
## 197   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.9
## 198   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.8
## 199   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.1
## 200   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          49.0
## 201   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          51.5
## 202   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          49.8
## 203   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          48.1
## 204   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          51.4
## 205   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          45.7
## 206   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.7
## 207   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          42.5
## 208   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          52.2
## 209   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          45.2
## 210   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          49.3
## 211   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.2
## 212   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          45.6
## 213   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          51.9
## 214   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          46.8
## 215   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          45.7
## 216   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          55.8
## 217   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          43.5
## 218   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          49.6
## 219   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.8
## 220   PAL0910 Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)     Dream          50.2
## 221   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.1
## 222   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.0
## 223   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.7
## 224   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.0
## 225   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.6
## 226   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.5
## 227   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.4
## 228   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.7
## 229   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          43.3
## 230   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.8
## 231   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          40.9
## 232   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.0
## 233   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.5
## 234   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.4
## 235   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.8
## 236   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.3
## 237   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          42.0
## 238   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.2
## 239   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.2
## 240   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.7
## 241   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.2
## 242   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.1
## 243   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.5
## 244   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.3
## 245   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          42.9
## 246   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.1
## 247   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          44.5
## 248   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.8
## 249   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.2
## 250   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.0
## 251   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.3
## 252   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          42.8
## 253   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.1
## 254   PAL0708         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          59.6
## 255   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.1
## 256   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.4
## 257   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          42.6
## 258   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          44.4
## 259   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          44.0
## 260   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.7
## 261   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          42.7
## 262   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.6
## 263   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.3
## 264   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.6
## 265   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.5
## 266   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          43.6
## 267   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.5
## 268   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.5
## 269   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          44.9
## 270   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.2
## 271   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.6
## 272   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.5
## 273   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.1
## 274   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.1
## 275   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.5
## 276   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.0
## 277   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          43.8
## 278   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.5
## 279   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          43.2
## 280   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.4
## 281   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.3
## 282   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.2
## 283   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.7
## 284   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          54.3
## 285   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.8
## 286   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.8
## 287   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.2
## 288   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.5
## 289   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          43.5
## 290   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.7
## 291   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.7
## 292   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.4
## 293   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.2
## 294   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.5
## 295   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.4
## 296   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.6
## 297   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.5
## 298   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          51.1
## 299   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.2
## 300   PAL0809         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.2
## 301   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.1
## 302   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          52.5
## 303   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.4
## 304   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.0
## 305   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          44.9
## 306   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.8
## 307   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          43.4
## 308   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          51.3
## 309   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.5
## 310   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          52.1
## 311   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.5
## 312   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          52.2
## 313   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.5
## 314   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.5
## 315   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          44.5
## 316   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.8
## 317   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.4
## 318   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.9
## 319   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.4
## 320   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          51.1
## 321   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.5
## 322   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          55.9
## 323   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.2
## 324   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.1
## 325   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.3
## 326   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.8
## 327   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          41.7
## 328   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          53.4
## 329   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          43.3
## 330   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.1
## 331   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.5
## 332   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.8
## 333   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          43.5
## 334   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          51.5
## 335   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.2
## 336   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          55.1
## 337   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          44.5
## 338   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          48.8
## 339   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          47.2
## 340   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe            NA
## 341   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          46.8
## 342   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          50.4
## 343   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          45.2
## 344   PAL0910         Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)    Biscoe          49.9
##     culmen_depth flipper mass gender shorten_species
## 1           18.7     181 3750   MALE          Adelie
## 2           17.4     186 3800 FEMALE          Adelie
## 3           18.0     195 3250 FEMALE          Adelie
## 4             NA      NA   NA                 Adelie
## 5           19.3     193 3450 FEMALE          Adelie
## 6           20.6     190 3650   MALE          Adelie
## 7           17.8     181 3625 FEMALE          Adelie
## 8           19.6     195 4675   MALE          Adelie
## 9           18.1     193 3475                 Adelie
## 10          20.2     190 4250                 Adelie
## 11          17.1     186 3300                 Adelie
## 12          17.3     180 3700                 Adelie
## 13          17.6     182 3200 FEMALE          Adelie
## 14          21.2     191 3800   MALE          Adelie
## 15          21.1     198 4400   MALE          Adelie
## 16          17.8     185 3700 FEMALE          Adelie
## 17          19.0     195 3450 FEMALE          Adelie
## 18          20.7     197 4500   MALE          Adelie
## 19          18.4     184 3325 FEMALE          Adelie
## 20          21.5     194 4200   MALE          Adelie
## 21          18.3     174 3400 FEMALE          Adelie
## 22          18.7     180 3600   MALE          Adelie
## 23          19.2     189 3800 FEMALE          Adelie
## 24          18.1     185 3950   MALE          Adelie
## 25          17.2     180 3800   MALE          Adelie
## 26          18.9     187 3800 FEMALE          Adelie
## 27          18.6     183 3550   MALE          Adelie
## 28          17.9     187 3200 FEMALE          Adelie
## 29          18.6     172 3150 FEMALE          Adelie
## 30          18.9     180 3950   MALE          Adelie
## 31          16.7     178 3250 FEMALE          Adelie
## 32          18.1     178 3900   MALE          Adelie
## 33          17.8     188 3300 FEMALE          Adelie
## 34          18.9     184 3900   MALE          Adelie
## 35          17.0     195 3325 FEMALE          Adelie
## 36          21.1     196 4150   MALE          Adelie
## 37          20.0     190 3950   MALE          Adelie
## 38          18.5     180 3550 FEMALE          Adelie
## 39          19.3     181 3300 FEMALE          Adelie
## 40          19.1     184 4650   MALE          Adelie
## 41          18.0     182 3150 FEMALE          Adelie
## 42          18.4     195 3900   MALE          Adelie
## 43          18.5     186 3100 FEMALE          Adelie
## 44          19.7     196 4400   MALE          Adelie
## 45          16.9     185 3000 FEMALE          Adelie
## 46          18.8     190 4600   MALE          Adelie
## 47          19.0     182 3425   MALE          Adelie
## 48          18.9     179 2975                 Adelie
## 49          17.9     190 3450 FEMALE          Adelie
## 50          21.2     191 4150   MALE          Adelie
## 51          17.7     186 3500 FEMALE          Adelie
## 52          18.9     188 4300   MALE          Adelie
## 53          17.9     190 3450 FEMALE          Adelie
## 54          19.5     200 4050   MALE          Adelie
## 55          18.1     187 2900 FEMALE          Adelie
## 56          18.6     191 3700   MALE          Adelie
## 57          17.5     186 3550 FEMALE          Adelie
## 58          18.8     193 3800   MALE          Adelie
## 59          16.6     181 2850 FEMALE          Adelie
## 60          19.1     194 3750   MALE          Adelie
## 61          16.9     185 3150 FEMALE          Adelie
## 62          21.1     195 4400   MALE          Adelie
## 63          17.0     185 3600 FEMALE          Adelie
## 64          18.2     192 4050   MALE          Adelie
## 65          17.1     184 2850 FEMALE          Adelie
## 66          18.0     192 3950   MALE          Adelie
## 67          16.2     195 3350 FEMALE          Adelie
## 68          19.1     188 4100   MALE          Adelie
## 69          16.6     190 3050 FEMALE          Adelie
## 70          19.4     198 4450   MALE          Adelie
## 71          19.0     190 3600 FEMALE          Adelie
## 72          18.4     190 3900   MALE          Adelie
## 73          17.2     196 3550 FEMALE          Adelie
## 74          18.9     197 4150   MALE          Adelie
## 75          17.5     190 3700 FEMALE          Adelie
## 76          18.5     195 4250   MALE          Adelie
## 77          16.8     191 3700 FEMALE          Adelie
## 78          19.4     184 3900   MALE          Adelie
## 79          16.1     187 3550 FEMALE          Adelie
## 80          19.1     195 4000   MALE          Adelie
## 81          17.2     189 3200 FEMALE          Adelie
## 82          17.6     196 4700   MALE          Adelie
## 83          18.8     187 3800 FEMALE          Adelie
## 84          19.4     193 4200   MALE          Adelie
## 85          17.8     191 3350 FEMALE          Adelie
## 86          20.3     194 3550   MALE          Adelie
## 87          19.5     190 3800   MALE          Adelie
## 88          18.6     189 3500 FEMALE          Adelie
## 89          19.2     189 3950   MALE          Adelie
## 90          18.8     190 3600 FEMALE          Adelie
## 91          18.0     202 3550 FEMALE          Adelie
## 92          18.1     205 4300   MALE          Adelie
## 93          17.1     185 3400 FEMALE          Adelie
## 94          18.1     186 4450   MALE          Adelie
## 95          17.3     187 3300 FEMALE          Adelie
## 96          18.9     208 4300   MALE          Adelie
## 97          18.6     190 3700 FEMALE          Adelie
## 98          18.5     196 4350   MALE          Adelie
## 99          16.1     178 2900 FEMALE          Adelie
## 100         18.5     192 4100   MALE          Adelie
## 101         17.9     192 3725 FEMALE          Adelie
## 102         20.0     203 4725   MALE          Adelie
## 103         16.0     183 3075 FEMALE          Adelie
## 104         20.0     190 4250   MALE          Adelie
## 105         18.6     193 2925 FEMALE          Adelie
## 106         18.9     184 3550   MALE          Adelie
## 107         17.2     199 3750 FEMALE          Adelie
## 108         20.0     190 3900   MALE          Adelie
## 109         17.0     181 3175 FEMALE          Adelie
## 110         19.0     197 4775   MALE          Adelie
## 111         16.5     198 3825 FEMALE          Adelie
## 112         20.3     191 4600   MALE          Adelie
## 113         17.7     193 3200 FEMALE          Adelie
## 114         19.5     197 4275   MALE          Adelie
## 115         20.7     191 3900 FEMALE          Adelie
## 116         18.3     196 4075   MALE          Adelie
## 117         17.0     188 2900 FEMALE          Adelie
## 118         20.5     199 3775   MALE          Adelie
## 119         17.0     189 3350 FEMALE          Adelie
## 120         18.6     189 3325   MALE          Adelie
## 121         17.2     187 3150 FEMALE          Adelie
## 122         19.8     198 3500   MALE          Adelie
## 123         17.0     176 3450 FEMALE          Adelie
## 124         18.5     202 3875   MALE          Adelie
## 125         15.9     186 3050 FEMALE          Adelie
## 126         19.0     199 4000   MALE          Adelie
## 127         17.6     191 3275 FEMALE          Adelie
## 128         18.3     195 4300   MALE          Adelie
## 129         17.1     191 3050 FEMALE          Adelie
## 130         18.0     210 4000   MALE          Adelie
## 131         17.9     190 3325 FEMALE          Adelie
## 132         19.2     197 3500   MALE          Adelie
## 133         18.5     193 3500 FEMALE          Adelie
## 134         18.5     199 4475   MALE          Adelie
## 135         17.6     187 3425 FEMALE          Adelie
## 136         17.5     190 3900   MALE          Adelie
## 137         17.5     191 3175 FEMALE          Adelie
## 138         20.1     200 3975   MALE          Adelie
## 139         16.5     185 3400 FEMALE          Adelie
## 140         17.9     193 4250   MALE          Adelie
## 141         17.1     193 3400 FEMALE          Adelie
## 142         17.2     187 3475   MALE          Adelie
## 143         15.5     188 3050 FEMALE          Adelie
## 144         17.0     190 3725   MALE          Adelie
## 145         16.8     192 3000 FEMALE          Adelie
## 146         18.7     185 3650   MALE          Adelie
## 147         18.6     190 4250   MALE          Adelie
## 148         18.4     184 3475 FEMALE          Adelie
## 149         17.8     195 3450 FEMALE          Adelie
## 150         18.1     193 3750   MALE          Adelie
## 151         17.1     187 3700 FEMALE          Adelie
## 152         18.5     201 4000   MALE          Adelie
## 153         17.9     192 3500 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 154         19.5     196 3900   MALE       Chinstrap
## 155         19.2     193 3650   MALE       Chinstrap
## 156         18.7     188 3525 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 157         19.8     197 3725   MALE       Chinstrap
## 158         17.8     198 3950 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 159         18.2     178 3250 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 160         18.2     197 3750   MALE       Chinstrap
## 161         18.9     195 4150 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 162         19.9     198 3700   MALE       Chinstrap
## 163         17.8     193 3800 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 164         20.3     194 3775   MALE       Chinstrap
## 165         17.3     185 3700 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 166         18.1     201 4050   MALE       Chinstrap
## 167         17.1     190 3575 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 168         19.6     201 4050   MALE       Chinstrap
## 169         20.0     197 3300   MALE       Chinstrap
## 170         17.8     181 3700 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 171         18.6     190 3450 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 172         18.2     195 4400   MALE       Chinstrap
## 173         17.3     181 3600 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 174         17.5     191 3400   MALE       Chinstrap
## 175         16.6     187 2900 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 176         19.4     193 3800   MALE       Chinstrap
## 177         17.9     195 3300 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 178         19.0     197 4150   MALE       Chinstrap
## 179         18.4     200 3400 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 180         19.0     200 3800   MALE       Chinstrap
## 181         17.8     191 3700 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 182         20.0     205 4550   MALE       Chinstrap
## 183         16.6     187 3200 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 184         20.8     201 4300   MALE       Chinstrap
## 185         16.7     187 3350 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 186         18.8     203 4100   MALE       Chinstrap
## 187         18.6     195 3600   MALE       Chinstrap
## 188         16.8     199 3900 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 189         18.3     195 3850 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 190         20.7     210 4800   MALE       Chinstrap
## 191         16.6     192 2700 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 192         19.9     205 4500   MALE       Chinstrap
## 193         19.5     210 3950   MALE       Chinstrap
## 194         17.5     187 3650 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 195         19.1     196 3550   MALE       Chinstrap
## 196         17.0     196 3500 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 197         17.9     196 3675 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 198         18.5     201 4450   MALE       Chinstrap
## 199         17.9     190 3400 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 200         19.6     212 4300   MALE       Chinstrap
## 201         18.7     187 3250   MALE       Chinstrap
## 202         17.3     198 3675 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 203         16.4     199 3325 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 204         19.0     201 3950   MALE       Chinstrap
## 205         17.3     193 3600 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 206         19.7     203 4050   MALE       Chinstrap
## 207         17.3     187 3350 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 208         18.8     197 3450   MALE       Chinstrap
## 209         16.6     191 3250 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 210         19.9     203 4050   MALE       Chinstrap
## 211         18.8     202 3800   MALE       Chinstrap
## 212         19.4     194 3525 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 213         19.5     206 3950   MALE       Chinstrap
## 214         16.5     189 3650 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 215         17.0     195 3650 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 216         19.8     207 4000   MALE       Chinstrap
## 217         18.1     202 3400 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 218         18.2     193 3775   MALE       Chinstrap
## 219         19.0     210 4100   MALE       Chinstrap
## 220         18.7     198 3775 FEMALE       Chinstrap
## 221         13.2     211 4500 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 222         16.3     230 5700   MALE          Gentoo
## 223         14.1     210 4450 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 224         15.2     218 5700   MALE          Gentoo
## 225         14.5     215 5400   MALE          Gentoo
## 226         13.5     210 4550 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 227         14.6     211 4800 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 228         15.3     219 5200   MALE          Gentoo
## 229         13.4     209 4400 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 230         15.4     215 5150   MALE          Gentoo
## 231         13.7     214 4650 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 232         16.1     216 5550   MALE          Gentoo
## 233         13.7     214 4650 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 234         14.6     213 5850   MALE          Gentoo
## 235         14.6     210 4200 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 236         15.7     217 5850   MALE          Gentoo
## 237         13.5     210 4150 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 238         15.2     221 6300   MALE          Gentoo
## 239         14.5     209 4800 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 240         15.1     222 5350   MALE          Gentoo
## 241         14.3     218 5700   MALE          Gentoo
## 242         14.5     215 5000 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 243         14.5     213 4400 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 244         15.8     215 5050   MALE          Gentoo
## 245         13.1     215 5000 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 246         15.1     215 5100   MALE          Gentoo
## 247         14.3     216 4100                 Gentoo
## 248         15.0     215 5650   MALE          Gentoo
## 249         14.3     210 4600 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 250         15.3     220 5550   MALE          Gentoo
## 251         15.3     222 5250   MALE          Gentoo
## 252         14.2     209 4700 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 253         14.5     207 5050 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 254         17.0     230 6050   MALE          Gentoo
## 255         14.8     220 5150 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 256         16.3     220 5400   MALE          Gentoo
## 257         13.7     213 4950 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 258         17.3     219 5250   MALE          Gentoo
## 259         13.6     208 4350 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 260         15.7     208 5350   MALE          Gentoo
## 261         13.7     208 3950 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 262         16.0     225 5700   MALE          Gentoo
## 263         13.7     210 4300 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 264         15.0     216 4750   MALE          Gentoo
## 265         15.9     222 5550   MALE          Gentoo
## 266         13.9     217 4900 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 267         13.9     210 4200 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 268         15.9     225 5400   MALE          Gentoo
## 269         13.3     213 5100 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 270         15.8     215 5300   MALE          Gentoo
## 271         14.2     210 4850 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 272         14.1     220 5300   MALE          Gentoo
## 273         14.4     210 4400 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 274         15.0     225 5000   MALE          Gentoo
## 275         14.4     217 4900 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 276         15.4     220 5050   MALE          Gentoo
## 277         13.9     208 4300 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 278         15.0     220 5000   MALE          Gentoo
## 279         14.5     208 4450 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 280         15.3     224 5550   MALE          Gentoo
## 281         13.8     208 4200 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 282         14.9     221 5300   MALE          Gentoo
## 283         13.9     214 4400 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 284         15.7     231 5650   MALE          Gentoo
## 285         14.2     219 4700 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 286         16.8     230 5700   MALE          Gentoo
## 287         14.4     214 4650                 Gentoo
## 288         16.2     229 5800   MALE          Gentoo
## 289         14.2     220 4700 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 290         15.0     223 5550   MALE          Gentoo
## 291         15.0     216 4750 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 292         15.6     221 5000   MALE          Gentoo
## 293         15.6     221 5100   MALE          Gentoo
## 294         14.8     217 5200 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 295         15.0     216 4700 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 296         16.0     230 5800   MALE          Gentoo
## 297         14.2     209 4600 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 298         16.3     220 6000   MALE          Gentoo
## 299         13.8     215 4750 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 300         16.4     223 5950   MALE          Gentoo
## 301         14.5     212 4625 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 302         15.6     221 5450   MALE          Gentoo
## 303         14.6     212 4725 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 304         15.9     224 5350   MALE          Gentoo
## 305         13.8     212 4750 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 306         17.3     228 5600   MALE          Gentoo
## 307         14.4     218 4600 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 308         14.2     218 5300   MALE          Gentoo
## 309         14.0     212 4875 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 310         17.0     230 5550   MALE          Gentoo
## 311         15.0     218 4950 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 312         17.1     228 5400   MALE          Gentoo
## 313         14.5     212 4750 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 314         16.1     224 5650   MALE          Gentoo
## 315         14.7     214 4850 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 316         15.7     226 5200   MALE          Gentoo
## 317         15.8     216 4925   MALE          Gentoo
## 318         14.6     222 4875 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 319         14.4     203 4625 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 320         16.5     225 5250   MALE          Gentoo
## 321         15.0     219 4850 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 322         17.0     228 5600   MALE          Gentoo
## 323         15.5     215 4975 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 324         15.0     228 5500   MALE          Gentoo
## 325         13.8     216 4725                 Gentoo
## 326         16.1     215 5500   MALE          Gentoo
## 327         14.7     210 4700 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 328         15.8     219 5500   MALE          Gentoo
## 329         14.0     208 4575 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 330         15.1     209 5500   MALE          Gentoo
## 331         15.2     216 5000 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 332         15.9     229 5950   MALE          Gentoo
## 333         15.2     213 4650 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 334         16.3     230 5500   MALE          Gentoo
## 335         14.1     217 4375 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 336         16.0     230 5850   MALE          Gentoo
## 337         15.7     217 4875      .          Gentoo
## 338         16.2     222 6000   MALE          Gentoo
## 339         13.7     214 4925 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 340           NA      NA   NA                 Gentoo
## 341         14.3     215 4850 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 342         15.7     222 5750   MALE          Gentoo
## 343         14.8     212 5200 FEMALE          Gentoo
## 344         16.1     213 5400   MALE          Gentoo

3b. mutate() and ifelse()

mutate(column-name = ifelse(condition, result1, result2 ) )

  - when condition is true, return result1  
  - when condition is false, return result2  

mutate(column-name = ifelse( condition1 , result1 , ifelse( condition2, result2 , ifelse (condition3 , result3, NA ))))

cleaned_penguin %>% 
  mutate(Species = ifelse( Species == "Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)" , "Adelie",
                           ifelse(Species == "Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)" , "Chinstrap" ,
                                  ifelse(Species == "Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)", "Gentoo", NA))))
##     studyName   Species    Island culmen_length culmen_depth flipper mass
## 1     PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          39.1         18.7     181 3750
## 2     PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          39.5         17.4     186 3800
## 3     PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          40.3         18.0     195 3250
## 4     PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen            NA           NA      NA   NA
## 5     PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          36.7         19.3     193 3450
## 6     PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          39.3         20.6     190 3650
## 7     PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          38.9         17.8     181 3625
## 8     PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          39.2         19.6     195 4675
## 9     PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          34.1         18.1     193 3475
## 10    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          42.0         20.2     190 4250
## 11    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          37.8         17.1     186 3300
## 12    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          37.8         17.3     180 3700
## 13    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          41.1         17.6     182 3200
## 14    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          38.6         21.2     191 3800
## 15    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          34.6         21.1     198 4400
## 16    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          36.6         17.8     185 3700
## 17    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          38.7         19.0     195 3450
## 18    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          42.5         20.7     197 4500
## 19    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          34.4         18.4     184 3325
## 20    PAL0708    Adelie Torgersen          46.0         21.5     194 4200
## 21    PAL0708    Adelie    Biscoe          37.8         18.3     174 3400
## 22    PAL0708    Adelie    Biscoe          37.7         18.7     180 3600
## 23    PAL0708    Adelie    Biscoe          35.9         19.2     189 3800
## 24    PAL0708    Adelie    Biscoe          38.2         18.1     185 3950
## 25    PAL0708    Adelie    Biscoe          38.8         17.2     180 3800
## 26    PAL0708    Adelie    Biscoe          35.3         18.9     187 3800
## 27    PAL0708    Adelie    Biscoe          40.6         18.6     183 3550
## 28    PAL0708    Adelie    Biscoe          40.5         17.9     187 3200
## 29    PAL0708    Adelie    Biscoe          37.9         18.6     172 3150
## 30    PAL0708    Adelie    Biscoe          40.5         18.9     180 3950
## 31    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          39.5         16.7     178 3250
## 32    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          37.2         18.1     178 3900
## 33    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          39.5         17.8     188 3300
## 34    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          40.9         18.9     184 3900
## 35    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          36.4         17.0     195 3325
## 36    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          39.2         21.1     196 4150
## 37    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          38.8         20.0     190 3950
## 38    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          42.2         18.5     180 3550
## 39    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          37.6         19.3     181 3300
## 40    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          39.8         19.1     184 4650
## 41    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          36.5         18.0     182 3150
## 42    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          40.8         18.4     195 3900
## 43    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          36.0         18.5     186 3100
## 44    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          44.1         19.7     196 4400
## 45    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          37.0         16.9     185 3000
## 46    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          39.6         18.8     190 4600
## 47    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          41.1         19.0     182 3425
## 48    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          37.5         18.9     179 2975
## 49    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          36.0         17.9     190 3450
## 50    PAL0708    Adelie     Dream          42.3         21.2     191 4150
## 51    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          39.6         17.7     186 3500
## 52    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          40.1         18.9     188 4300
## 53    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          35.0         17.9     190 3450
## 54    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          42.0         19.5     200 4050
## 55    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          34.5         18.1     187 2900
## 56    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          41.4         18.6     191 3700
## 57    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          39.0         17.5     186 3550
## 58    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          40.6         18.8     193 3800
## 59    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          36.5         16.6     181 2850
## 60    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          37.6         19.1     194 3750
## 61    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          35.7         16.9     185 3150
## 62    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          41.3         21.1     195 4400
## 63    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          37.6         17.0     185 3600
## 64    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          41.1         18.2     192 4050
## 65    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          36.4         17.1     184 2850
## 66    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          41.6         18.0     192 3950
## 67    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          35.5         16.2     195 3350
## 68    PAL0809    Adelie    Biscoe          41.1         19.1     188 4100
## 69    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          35.9         16.6     190 3050
## 70    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          41.8         19.4     198 4450
## 71    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          33.5         19.0     190 3600
## 72    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          39.7         18.4     190 3900
## 73    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          39.6         17.2     196 3550
## 74    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          45.8         18.9     197 4150
## 75    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          35.5         17.5     190 3700
## 76    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          42.8         18.5     195 4250
## 77    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          40.9         16.8     191 3700
## 78    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          37.2         19.4     184 3900
## 79    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          36.2         16.1     187 3550
## 80    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          42.1         19.1     195 4000
## 81    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          34.6         17.2     189 3200
## 82    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          42.9         17.6     196 4700
## 83    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          36.7         18.8     187 3800
## 84    PAL0809    Adelie Torgersen          35.1         19.4     193 4200
## 85    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          37.3         17.8     191 3350
## 86    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          41.3         20.3     194 3550
## 87    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          36.3         19.5     190 3800
## 88    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          36.9         18.6     189 3500
## 89    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          38.3         19.2     189 3950
## 90    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          38.9         18.8     190 3600
## 91    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          35.7         18.0     202 3550
## 92    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          41.1         18.1     205 4300
## 93    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          34.0         17.1     185 3400
## 94    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          39.6         18.1     186 4450
## 95    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          36.2         17.3     187 3300
## 96    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          40.8         18.9     208 4300
## 97    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          38.1         18.6     190 3700
## 98    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          40.3         18.5     196 4350
## 99    PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          33.1         16.1     178 2900
## 100   PAL0809    Adelie     Dream          43.2         18.5     192 4100
## 101   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          35.0         17.9     192 3725
## 102   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          41.0         20.0     203 4725
## 103   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          37.7         16.0     183 3075
## 104   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          37.8         20.0     190 4250
## 105   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          37.9         18.6     193 2925
## 106   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          39.7         18.9     184 3550
## 107   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          38.6         17.2     199 3750
## 108   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          38.2         20.0     190 3900
## 109   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          38.1         17.0     181 3175
## 110   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          43.2         19.0     197 4775
## 111   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          38.1         16.5     198 3825
## 112   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          45.6         20.3     191 4600
## 113   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          39.7         17.7     193 3200
## 114   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          42.2         19.5     197 4275
## 115   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          39.6         20.7     191 3900
## 116   PAL0910    Adelie    Biscoe          42.7         18.3     196 4075
## 117   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          38.6         17.0     188 2900
## 118   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          37.3         20.5     199 3775
## 119   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          35.7         17.0     189 3350
## 120   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          41.1         18.6     189 3325
## 121   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          36.2         17.2     187 3150
## 122   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          37.7         19.8     198 3500
## 123   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          40.2         17.0     176 3450
## 124   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          41.4         18.5     202 3875
## 125   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          35.2         15.9     186 3050
## 126   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          40.6         19.0     199 4000
## 127   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          38.8         17.6     191 3275
## 128   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          41.5         18.3     195 4300
## 129   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          39.0         17.1     191 3050
## 130   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          44.1         18.0     210 4000
## 131   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          38.5         17.9     190 3325
## 132   PAL0910    Adelie Torgersen          43.1         19.2     197 3500
## 133   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          36.8         18.5     193 3500
## 134   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          37.5         18.5     199 4475
## 135   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          38.1         17.6     187 3425
## 136   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          41.1         17.5     190 3900
## 137   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          35.6         17.5     191 3175
## 138   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          40.2         20.1     200 3975
## 139   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          37.0         16.5     185 3400
## 140   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          39.7         17.9     193 4250
## 141   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          40.2         17.1     193 3400
## 142   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          40.6         17.2     187 3475
## 143   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          32.1         15.5     188 3050
## 144   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          40.7         17.0     190 3725
## 145   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          37.3         16.8     192 3000
## 146   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          39.0         18.7     185 3650
## 147   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          39.2         18.6     190 4250
## 148   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          36.6         18.4     184 3475
## 149   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          36.0         17.8     195 3450
## 150   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          37.8         18.1     193 3750
## 151   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          36.0         17.1     187 3700
## 152   PAL0910    Adelie     Dream          41.5         18.5     201 4000
## 153   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          46.5         17.9     192 3500
## 154   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          50.0         19.5     196 3900
## 155   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          51.3         19.2     193 3650
## 156   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          45.4         18.7     188 3525
## 157   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          52.7         19.8     197 3725
## 158   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          45.2         17.8     198 3950
## 159   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          46.1         18.2     178 3250
## 160   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          51.3         18.2     197 3750
## 161   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          46.0         18.9     195 4150
## 162   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          51.3         19.9     198 3700
## 163   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          46.6         17.8     193 3800
## 164   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          51.7         20.3     194 3775
## 165   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          47.0         17.3     185 3700
## 166   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          52.0         18.1     201 4050
## 167   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          45.9         17.1     190 3575
## 168   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          50.5         19.6     201 4050
## 169   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          50.3         20.0     197 3300
## 170   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          58.0         17.8     181 3700
## 171   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          46.4         18.6     190 3450
## 172   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          49.2         18.2     195 4400
## 173   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          42.4         17.3     181 3600
## 174   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          48.5         17.5     191 3400
## 175   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          43.2         16.6     187 2900
## 176   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          50.6         19.4     193 3800
## 177   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          46.7         17.9     195 3300
## 178   PAL0708 Chinstrap     Dream          52.0         19.0     197 4150
## 179   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          50.5         18.4     200 3400
## 180   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          49.5         19.0     200 3800
## 181   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          46.4         17.8     191 3700
## 182   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          52.8         20.0     205 4550
## 183   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          40.9         16.6     187 3200
## 184   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          54.2         20.8     201 4300
## 185   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          42.5         16.7     187 3350
## 186   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          51.0         18.8     203 4100
## 187   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          49.7         18.6     195 3600
## 188   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          47.5         16.8     199 3900
## 189   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          47.6         18.3     195 3850
## 190   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          52.0         20.7     210 4800
## 191   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          46.9         16.6     192 2700
## 192   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          53.5         19.9     205 4500
## 193   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          49.0         19.5     210 3950
## 194   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          46.2         17.5     187 3650
## 195   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          50.9         19.1     196 3550
## 196   PAL0809 Chinstrap     Dream          45.5         17.0     196 3500
## 197   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          50.9         17.9     196 3675
## 198   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          50.8         18.5     201 4450
## 199   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          50.1         17.9     190 3400
## 200   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          49.0         19.6     212 4300
## 201   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          51.5         18.7     187 3250
## 202   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          49.8         17.3     198 3675
## 203   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          48.1         16.4     199 3325
## 204   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          51.4         19.0     201 3950
## 205   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          45.7         17.3     193 3600
## 206   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          50.7         19.7     203 4050
## 207   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          42.5         17.3     187 3350
## 208   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          52.2         18.8     197 3450
## 209   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          45.2         16.6     191 3250
## 210   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          49.3         19.9     203 4050
## 211   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          50.2         18.8     202 3800
## 212   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          45.6         19.4     194 3525
## 213   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          51.9         19.5     206 3950
## 214   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          46.8         16.5     189 3650
## 215   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          45.7         17.0     195 3650
## 216   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          55.8         19.8     207 4000
## 217   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          43.5         18.1     202 3400
## 218   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          49.6         18.2     193 3775
## 219   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          50.8         19.0     210 4100
## 220   PAL0910 Chinstrap     Dream          50.2         18.7     198 3775
## 221   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.1         13.2     211 4500
## 222   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.0         16.3     230 5700
## 223   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.7         14.1     210 4450
## 224   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.0         15.2     218 5700
## 225   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.6         14.5     215 5400
## 226   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.5         13.5     210 4550
## 227   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.4         14.6     211 4800
## 228   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.7         15.3     219 5200
## 229   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          43.3         13.4     209 4400
## 230   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.8         15.4     215 5150
## 231   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          40.9         13.7     214 4650
## 232   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.0         16.1     216 5550
## 233   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.5         13.7     214 4650
## 234   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.4         14.6     213 5850
## 235   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.8         14.6     210 4200
## 236   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.3         15.7     217 5850
## 237   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          42.0         13.5     210 4150
## 238   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.2         15.2     221 6300
## 239   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.2         14.5     209 4800
## 240   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.7         15.1     222 5350
## 241   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.2         14.3     218 5700
## 242   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.1         14.5     215 5000
## 243   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.5         14.5     213 4400
## 244   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.3         15.8     215 5050
## 245   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          42.9         13.1     215 5000
## 246   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.1         15.1     215 5100
## 247   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          44.5         14.3     216 4100
## 248   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.8         15.0     215 5650
## 249   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.2         14.3     210 4600
## 250   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.0         15.3     220 5550
## 251   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.3         15.3     222 5250
## 252   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          42.8         14.2     209 4700
## 253   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.1         14.5     207 5050
## 254   PAL0708    Gentoo    Biscoe          59.6         17.0     230 6050
## 255   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.1         14.8     220 5150
## 256   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.4         16.3     220 5400
## 257   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          42.6         13.7     213 4950
## 258   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          44.4         17.3     219 5250
## 259   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          44.0         13.6     208 4350
## 260   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.7         15.7     208 5350
## 261   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          42.7         13.7     208 3950
## 262   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.6         16.0     225 5700
## 263   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.3         13.7     210 4300
## 264   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.6         15.0     216 4750
## 265   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.5         15.9     222 5550
## 266   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          43.6         13.9     217 4900
## 267   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.5         13.9     210 4200
## 268   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.5         15.9     225 5400
## 269   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          44.9         13.3     213 5100
## 270   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.2         15.8     215 5300
## 271   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.6         14.2     210 4850
## 272   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.5         14.1     220 5300
## 273   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.1         14.4     210 4400
## 274   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.1         15.0     225 5000
## 275   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.5         14.4     217 4900
## 276   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.0         15.4     220 5050
## 277   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          43.8         13.9     208 4300
## 278   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.5         15.0     220 5000
## 279   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          43.2         14.5     208 4450
## 280   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.4         15.3     224 5550
## 281   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.3         13.8     208 4200
## 282   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.2         14.9     221 5300
## 283   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.7         13.9     214 4400
## 284   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          54.3         15.7     231 5650
## 285   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.8         14.2     219 4700
## 286   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.8         16.8     230 5700
## 287   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.2         14.4     214 4650
## 288   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.5         16.2     229 5800
## 289   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          43.5         14.2     220 4700
## 290   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.7         15.0     223 5550
## 291   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.7         15.0     216 4750
## 292   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.4         15.6     221 5000
## 293   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.2         15.6     221 5100
## 294   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.5         14.8     217 5200
## 295   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.4         15.0     216 4700
## 296   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.6         16.0     230 5800
## 297   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.5         14.2     209 4600
## 298   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          51.1         16.3     220 6000
## 299   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.2         13.8     215 4750
## 300   PAL0809    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.2         16.4     223 5950
## 301   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.1         14.5     212 4625
## 302   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          52.5         15.6     221 5450
## 303   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.4         14.6     212 4725
## 304   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.0         15.9     224 5350
## 305   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          44.9         13.8     212 4750
## 306   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.8         17.3     228 5600
## 307   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          43.4         14.4     218 4600
## 308   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          51.3         14.2     218 5300
## 309   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.5         14.0     212 4875
## 310   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          52.1         17.0     230 5550
## 311   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.5         15.0     218 4950
## 312   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          52.2         17.1     228 5400
## 313   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.5         14.5     212 4750
## 314   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.5         16.1     224 5650
## 315   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          44.5         14.7     214 4850
## 316   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.8         15.7     226 5200
## 317   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.4         15.8     216 4925
## 318   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.9         14.6     222 4875
## 319   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.4         14.4     203 4625
## 320   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          51.1         16.5     225 5250
## 321   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.5         15.0     219 4850
## 322   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          55.9         17.0     228 5600
## 323   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.2         15.5     215 4975
## 324   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.1         15.0     228 5500
## 325   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.3         13.8     216 4725
## 326   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.8         16.1     215 5500
## 327   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          41.7         14.7     210 4700
## 328   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          53.4         15.8     219 5500
## 329   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          43.3         14.0     208 4575
## 330   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.1         15.1     209 5500
## 331   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.5         15.2     216 5000
## 332   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.8         15.9     229 5950
## 333   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          43.5         15.2     213 4650
## 334   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          51.5         16.3     230 5500
## 335   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.2         14.1     217 4375
## 336   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          55.1         16.0     230 5850
## 337   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          44.5         15.7     217 4875
## 338   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          48.8         16.2     222 6000
## 339   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          47.2         13.7     214 4925
## 340   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe            NA           NA      NA   NA
## 341   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          46.8         14.3     215 4850
## 342   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          50.4         15.7     222 5750
## 343   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          45.2         14.8     212 5200
## 344   PAL0910    Gentoo    Biscoe          49.9         16.1     213 5400
##     gender
## 1     MALE
## 2   FEMALE
## 3   FEMALE
## 4         
## 5   FEMALE
## 6     MALE
## 7   FEMALE
## 8     MALE
## 9         
## 10        
## 11        
## 12        
## 13  FEMALE
## 14    MALE
## 15    MALE
## 16  FEMALE
## 17  FEMALE
## 18    MALE
## 19  FEMALE
## 20    MALE
## 21  FEMALE
## 22    MALE
## 23  FEMALE
## 24    MALE
## 25    MALE
## 26  FEMALE
## 27    MALE
## 28  FEMALE
## 29  FEMALE
## 30    MALE
## 31  FEMALE
## 32    MALE
## 33  FEMALE
## 34    MALE
## 35  FEMALE
## 36    MALE
## 37    MALE
## 38  FEMALE
## 39  FEMALE
## 40    MALE
## 41  FEMALE
## 42    MALE
## 43  FEMALE
## 44    MALE
## 45  FEMALE
## 46    MALE
## 47    MALE
## 48        
## 49  FEMALE
## 50    MALE
## 51  FEMALE
## 52    MALE
## 53  FEMALE
## 54    MALE
## 55  FEMALE
## 56    MALE
## 57  FEMALE
## 58    MALE
## 59  FEMALE
## 60    MALE
## 61  FEMALE
## 62    MALE
## 63  FEMALE
## 64    MALE
## 65  FEMALE
## 66    MALE
## 67  FEMALE
## 68    MALE
## 69  FEMALE
## 70    MALE
## 71  FEMALE
## 72    MALE
## 73  FEMALE
## 74    MALE
## 75  FEMALE
## 76    MALE
## 77  FEMALE
## 78    MALE
## 79  FEMALE
## 80    MALE
## 81  FEMALE
## 82    MALE
## 83  FEMALE
## 84    MALE
## 85  FEMALE
## 86    MALE
## 87    MALE
## 88  FEMALE
## 89    MALE
## 90  FEMALE
## 91  FEMALE
## 92    MALE
## 93  FEMALE
## 94    MALE
## 95  FEMALE
## 96    MALE
## 97  FEMALE
## 98    MALE
## 99  FEMALE
## 100   MALE
## 101 FEMALE
## 102   MALE
## 103 FEMALE
## 104   MALE
## 105 FEMALE
## 106   MALE
## 107 FEMALE
## 108   MALE
## 109 FEMALE
## 110   MALE
## 111 FEMALE
## 112   MALE
## 113 FEMALE
## 114   MALE
## 115 FEMALE
## 116   MALE
## 117 FEMALE
## 118   MALE
## 119 FEMALE
## 120   MALE
## 121 FEMALE
## 122   MALE
## 123 FEMALE
## 124   MALE
## 125 FEMALE
## 126   MALE
## 127 FEMALE
## 128   MALE
## 129 FEMALE
## 130   MALE
## 131 FEMALE
## 132   MALE
## 133 FEMALE
## 134   MALE
## 135 FEMALE
## 136   MALE
## 137 FEMALE
## 138   MALE
## 139 FEMALE
## 140   MALE
## 141 FEMALE
## 142   MALE
## 143 FEMALE
## 144   MALE
## 145 FEMALE
## 146   MALE
## 147   MALE
## 148 FEMALE
## 149 FEMALE
## 150   MALE
## 151 FEMALE
## 152   MALE
## 153 FEMALE
## 154   MALE
## 155   MALE
## 156 FEMALE
## 157   MALE
## 158 FEMALE
## 159 FEMALE
## 160   MALE
## 161 FEMALE
## 162   MALE
## 163 FEMALE
## 164   MALE
## 165 FEMALE
## 166   MALE
## 167 FEMALE
## 168   MALE
## 169   MALE
## 170 FEMALE
## 171 FEMALE
## 172   MALE
## 173 FEMALE
## 174   MALE
## 175 FEMALE
## 176   MALE
## 177 FEMALE
## 178   MALE
## 179 FEMALE
## 180   MALE
## 181 FEMALE
## 182   MALE
## 183 FEMALE
## 184   MALE
## 185 FEMALE
## 186   MALE
## 187   MALE
## 188 FEMALE
## 189 FEMALE
## 190   MALE
## 191 FEMALE
## 192   MALE
## 193   MALE
## 194 FEMALE
## 195   MALE
## 196 FEMALE
## 197 FEMALE
## 198   MALE
## 199 FEMALE
## 200   MALE
## 201   MALE
## 202 FEMALE
## 203 FEMALE
## 204   MALE
## 205 FEMALE
## 206   MALE
## 207 FEMALE
## 208   MALE
## 209 FEMALE
## 210   MALE
## 211   MALE
## 212 FEMALE
## 213   MALE
## 214 FEMALE
## 215 FEMALE
## 216   MALE
## 217 FEMALE
## 218   MALE
## 219   MALE
## 220 FEMALE
## 221 FEMALE
## 222   MALE
## 223 FEMALE
## 224   MALE
## 225   MALE
## 226 FEMALE
## 227 FEMALE
## 228   MALE
## 229 FEMALE
## 230   MALE
## 231 FEMALE
## 232   MALE
## 233 FEMALE
## 234   MALE
## 235 FEMALE
## 236   MALE
## 237 FEMALE
## 238   MALE
## 239 FEMALE
## 240   MALE
## 241   MALE
## 242 FEMALE
## 243 FEMALE
## 244   MALE
## 245 FEMALE
## 246   MALE
## 247       
## 248   MALE
## 249 FEMALE
## 250   MALE
## 251   MALE
## 252 FEMALE
## 253 FEMALE
## 254   MALE
## 255 FEMALE
## 256   MALE
## 257 FEMALE
## 258   MALE
## 259 FEMALE
## 260   MALE
## 261 FEMALE
## 262   MALE
## 263 FEMALE
## 264   MALE
## 265   MALE
## 266 FEMALE
## 267 FEMALE
## 268   MALE
## 269 FEMALE
## 270   MALE
## 271 FEMALE
## 272   MALE
## 273 FEMALE
## 274   MALE
## 275 FEMALE
## 276   MALE
## 277 FEMALE
## 278   MALE
## 279 FEMALE
## 280   MALE
## 281 FEMALE
## 282   MALE
## 283 FEMALE
## 284   MALE
## 285 FEMALE
## 286   MALE
## 287       
## 288   MALE
## 289 FEMALE
## 290   MALE
## 291 FEMALE
## 292   MALE
## 293   MALE
## 294 FEMALE
## 295 FEMALE
## 296   MALE
## 297 FEMALE
## 298   MALE
## 299 FEMALE
## 300   MALE
## 301 FEMALE
## 302   MALE
## 303 FEMALE
## 304   MALE
## 305 FEMALE
## 306   MALE
## 307 FEMALE
## 308   MALE
## 309 FEMALE
## 310   MALE
## 311 FEMALE
## 312   MALE
## 313 FEMALE
## 314   MALE
## 315 FEMALE
## 316   MALE
## 317   MALE
## 318 FEMALE
## 319 FEMALE
## 320   MALE
## 321 FEMALE
## 322   MALE
## 323 FEMALE
## 324   MALE
## 325       
## 326   MALE
## 327 FEMALE
## 328   MALE
## 329 FEMALE
## 330   MALE
## 331 FEMALE
## 332   MALE
## 333 FEMALE
## 334   MALE
## 335 FEMALE
## 336   MALE
## 337      .
## 338   MALE
## 339 FEMALE
## 340       
## 341 FEMALE
## 342   MALE
## 343 FEMALE
## 344   MALE

3c. extracting words using word()

word(x,start=1,end=20,sep=fixed(” “))

cleaned_penguin <- cleaned_penguin %>% 
  mutate(Species = word(Species , 1))

head(cleaned_penguin , 3)
##   studyName Species    Island culmen_length culmen_depth flipper mass gender
## 1   PAL0708  Adelie Torgersen          39.1         18.7     181 3750   MALE
## 2   PAL0708  Adelie Torgersen          39.5         17.4     186 3800 FEMALE
## 3   PAL0708  Adelie Torgersen          40.3         18.0     195 3250 FEMALE

4. Factoring QuaLitative variables.

Notice that there are 3 variables that we need to factor (1) Species, (2) Island, and (3) gender

Before factoring, checking on the unique values of these column to make sure the data are as expected

unique(cleaned_penguin$Species)
## [1] "Adelie"    "Chinstrap" "Gentoo"
unique(cleaned_penguin$Island)
## [1] "Torgersen" "Biscoe"    "Dream"
unique(cleaned_penguin$gender)
## [1] "MALE"   "FEMALE" ""       "."

As the result, we see that gender contains unexpected values which should be recorded as NA before factoring

cleaned_penguin <- cleaned_penguin %>% 
  mutate(across(c(gender), na_if, "")) %>% 
  mutate(across(c(gender), na_if, ".")) %>% 
  mutate(Species = factor(Species) , 
         Island = factor(Island) ,
         gender = factor(gender))
## Warning: There was 1 warning in `mutate()`.
## ℹ In argument: `across(c(gender), na_if, "")`.
## Caused by warning:
## ! The `...` argument of `across()` is deprecated as of dplyr 1.1.0.
## Supply arguments directly to `.fns` through an anonymous function instead.
## 
##   # Previously
##   across(a:b, mean, na.rm = TRUE)
## 
##   # Now
##   across(a:b, \(x) mean(x, na.rm = TRUE))
head(cleaned_penguin, 3)
##   studyName Species    Island culmen_length culmen_depth flipper mass gender
## 1   PAL0708  Adelie Torgersen          39.1         18.7     181 3750   MALE
## 2   PAL0708  Adelie Torgersen          39.5         17.4     186 3800 FEMALE
## 3   PAL0708  Adelie Torgersen          40.3         18.0     195 3250 FEMALE

5. count()

5a. count Species

cleaned_penguin %>% count(Species) %>% flextable::flextable()

Species

n

Adelie

152

Chinstrap

68

Gentoo

124

5b. count species per gender

cleaned_penguin %>% count(Species, gender)
##     Species gender  n
## 1    Adelie FEMALE 73
## 2    Adelie   MALE 73
## 3    Adelie   <NA>  6
## 4 Chinstrap FEMALE 34
## 5 Chinstrap   MALE 34
## 6    Gentoo FEMALE 58
## 7    Gentoo   MALE 61
## 8    Gentoo   <NA>  5

5c. count species per island per gender

cleaned_penguin %>% count(Species, Island, gender) %>% flextable::flextable()

Species

Island

gender

n

Adelie

Biscoe

FEMALE

22

Adelie

Biscoe

MALE

22

Adelie

Dream

FEMALE

27

Adelie

Dream

MALE

28

Adelie

Dream

1

Adelie

Torgersen

FEMALE

24

Adelie

Torgersen

MALE

23

Adelie

Torgersen

5

Chinstrap

Dream

FEMALE

34

Chinstrap

Dream

MALE

34

Gentoo

Biscoe

FEMALE

58

Gentoo

Biscoe

MALE

61

Gentoo

Biscoe

5

6. filter()

Condition symbols:

  • == : is/Match with
  • != : is NOT/NOT Match with
  • > : greater than
  • < : less than
  • >= : greater than or equal to
  • <= : less than or equal to
  • & : AND - when we need both condition to present
  • | : OR - when only one of the two conditions need to be present

6a. Filter the data to only Chinstrap species

cleaned_penguin %>% filter(Species == "Chinstrap") %>% head(n=5)
##   studyName   Species Island culmen_length culmen_depth flipper mass gender
## 1   PAL0708 Chinstrap  Dream          46.5         17.9     192 3500 FEMALE
## 2   PAL0708 Chinstrap  Dream          50.0         19.5     196 3900   MALE
## 3   PAL0708 Chinstrap  Dream          51.3         19.2     193 3650   MALE
## 4   PAL0708 Chinstrap  Dream          45.4         18.7     188 3525 FEMALE
## 5   PAL0708 Chinstrap  Dream          52.7         19.8     197 3725   MALE