Desenho amostral e tabelas de dados

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Departamento de Ecologia, Biologia e Genética

Andrés F. Ramírez-Mejía, PhD

Desenho amostral e tabelas de dados

o que é o desenho amostral

Como a disponibilidade de recursos florais afecta a abundancia de polinizadores em ambientes agrícolas?

$X \rightarrow Y =$ efeito da disponibilidade de recursos florais na diversidade de polinizadores

Então…

As variáveis que geram agrupamentos em nossas observações estruturam o conjunto de dados, determinam a forma como tabulamos os dados e como os analisamos.

Que tipo de variáveis: Fatores (níveis de fator)

e.g.

Localização: local 1, local 2, local 3…
Tratamento: tratamento 1, tratamento 2, tratamento 3…
Temporário: dia/semana/mês

Como organizamos os dados?

Existem vários formatos, os mais utilizados são long format e wide format.

Wide format:

sp	local1	local2	local3
sp1	8	14	10
sp1	9	10	15

Long format:

sp	sitio	abundancia
sp1	local1	8
sp1	local1	9
sp1	local2	14
sp1	local2	10
sp1	local3	10
sp1	local3	15

Este é o tipo de tabela que geralmente usamos.

Tabulando os dados

$X \rightarrow Y =$ efeito da disponibilidade de recursos florais na diversidade de polinizadores

Passos para tabular os dados

1. Quais são as variáveis que agrupam os dados (aquelas que dão estrutura ao nosso conjunto de dados).

2. Nomeie as variáveis e organize-as da esquerda para a direita considerando seu aninhamento

Dicas:

Utilize nomes simples, sem espaços entre palavras e sem caracteres especiais:

Bem: $precipitacao\_Lm2$ - $preci\_Lm2$ - $preci\_lm2$

Ruim: $precipitação~L\times m^2$

NUNCA! valores médios antes de tabular. Os dados ‘brutos’ são sempre tabulados.
Gere os metadados para cada variável.

Foram amostrados três meses, dois locais por mês, duas condições florestais por local e, em cada um, foram coletados dados de densidade de flores por m2 e abundância de polinizadores.

mes	local	floresta	flores_m2	abun_pol
junho	a	sim	125	25
junho	a	nao	36	14
junho	b	sim	405	68
junho	b	nao	46	12
julho	a	sim	327	82
julho	a	nao	213	48
julho	b	sim	127	21
julho	b	nao	264	42
agosto	a	sim	83	25
agosto	a	nao	124	29
agosto	b	sim	296	65
agosto	b	nao	167	37

$flores\_m2=$ número de flores por metro quadrado

$abu\_pol =$ abundância de polinizadores

Resumindo

O design da sua pesquisa determina a estrutura dos seus dados.
Esta estrutura é dada pelas variáveis de agrupamento.

Dicas:

Simplifique os nomes das variáveis.
Gere metadados.
Organize as variáveis de agrupamento da esquerda para a direita, da menos aninhada para a mais aninhada.
NÃO FAÇA A MÉDIA DAS VARIÁVEIS.

Explorando e filtrando a tabela

Vamos trabalhar com um conjunto de dados real. São dados morfométricos (tamanho do corpo, comprimento da asa, comprimento do bico e altura) de pinguins Pygoscelis spp. da Antártica.

Vamos carregar os dados e iniciar a exploração. Os dados estão no pacote palmerpenguins.

library(palmerpenguins)

dados <- penguins

dim(dados)

[1] 344   8

ncol(dados)

[1] 8

nrow(dados)

[1] 344

colnames(dados)

[1] "species"           "island"            "bill_length_mm"   
[4] "bill_depth_mm"     "flipper_length_mm" "body_mass_g"      
[7] "sex"               "year"

Podemos começar com dim(), ncol(), nrow(), rownames() o colnames() para explorar o data frame.

Notação: data_frame$nome_variavel.

Agora vamos explorar a estrutura completa do data frame str()

str(dados)

tibble [344 × 8] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
 $ species          : Factor w/ 3 levels "Adelie","Chinstrap",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
 $ island           : Factor w/ 3 levels "Biscoe","Dream",..: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
 $ bill_length_mm   : num [1:344] 39.1 39.5 40.3 NA 36.7 39.3 38.9 39.2 34.1 42 ...
 $ bill_depth_mm    : num [1:344] 18.7 17.4 18 NA 19.3 20.6 17.8 19.6 18.1 20.2 ...
 $ flipper_length_mm: int [1:344] 181 186 195 NA 193 190 181 195 193 190 ...
 $ body_mass_g      : int [1:344] 3750 3800 3250 NA 3450 3650 3625 4675 3475 4250 ...
 $ sex              : Factor w/ 2 levels "female","male": 2 1 1 NA 1 2 1 2 NA NA ...
 $ year             : int [1:344] 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 ...

summary()

summary(dados)

      species          island    bill_length_mm  bill_depth_mm  
 Adelie   :152   Biscoe   :168   Min.   :32.10   Min.   :13.10  
 Chinstrap: 68   Dream    :124   1st Qu.:39.23   1st Qu.:15.60  
 Gentoo   :124   Torgersen: 52   Median :44.45   Median :17.30  
                                 Mean   :43.92   Mean   :17.15  
                                 3rd Qu.:48.50   3rd Qu.:18.70  
                                 Max.   :59.60   Max.   :21.50  
                                 NA's   :2       NA's   :2      
 flipper_length_mm  body_mass_g       sex           year     
 Min.   :172.0     Min.   :2700   female:165   Min.   :2007  
 1st Qu.:190.0     1st Qu.:3550   male  :168   1st Qu.:2007  
 Median :197.0     Median :4050   NA's  : 11   Median :2008  
 Mean   :200.9     Mean   :4202                Mean   :2008  
 3rd Qu.:213.0     3rd Qu.:4750                3rd Qu.:2009  
 Max.   :231.0     Max.   :6300                Max.   :2009  
 NA's   :2         NA's   :2

Vamos interpretar: Tipos de variáveis, quantis e NA

Fatores:

str(dados$island)

 Factor w/ 3 levels "Biscoe","Dream",..: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...

summary(dados$island)

   Biscoe     Dream Torgersen 
      168       124        52

str(dados$species)

 Factor w/ 3 levels "Adelie","Chinstrap",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...

summary(dados$species)

   Adelie Chinstrap    Gentoo 
      152        68       124

str(dados$sex)

 Factor w/ 2 levels "female","male": 2 1 1 NA 1 2 1 2 NA NA ...

summary(dados$sex)

female   male   NA's 
   165    168     11

Fatores e characters:

Vejamos a variável year.

unique(dados$year)

[1] 2007 2008 2009

Apenas três valores em year: $2007, ~2008$ e $2009$. Podemos considerá-lo como uma variável do tipo fator.

as.factor()

dados$year <- as.factor(dados$year)
class(dados$year)

[1] "factor"

levels()

levels(dados$year)

[1] "2007" "2008" "2009"

Quantil

summary(dados$bill_length_mm)

   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
  32.10   39.23   44.45   43.92   48.50   59.60       2

Que são:

summary(dados$bill_length_mm)

   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max.    NA's 
  32.10   39.23   44.45   43.92   48.50   59.60       2

table()

Número de observações em cada agrupamento.

str(dados)

tibble [344 × 8] (S3: tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
 $ species          : Factor w/ 3 levels "Adelie","Chinstrap",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
 $ island           : Factor w/ 3 levels "Biscoe","Dream",..: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
 $ bill_length_mm   : num [1:344] 39.1 39.5 40.3 NA 36.7 39.3 38.9 39.2 34.1 42 ...
 $ bill_depth_mm    : num [1:344] 18.7 17.4 18 NA 19.3 20.6 17.8 19.6 18.1 20.2 ...
 $ flipper_length_mm: int [1:344] 181 186 195 NA 193 190 181 195 193 190 ...
 $ body_mass_g      : int [1:344] 3750 3800 3250 NA 3450 3650 3625 4675 3475 4250 ...
 $ sex              : Factor w/ 2 levels "female","male": 2 1 1 NA 1 2 1 2 NA NA ...
 $ year             : Factor w/ 3 levels "2007","2008",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...

Observações por espécie:

table(dados$species)


   Adelie Chinstrap    Gentoo 
      152        68       124

Observações por espécie ~ sexo

table(dados$species, dados$sex)

           
            female male
  Adelie        73   73
  Chinstrap     34   34
  Gentoo        58   61

Observações por espécie ~ sexo + ano:

table(dados$species, dados$sex, dados$year)

, ,  = 2007

           
            female male
  Adelie        22   22
  Chinstrap     13   13
  Gentoo        16   17

, ,  = 2008

           
            female male
  Adelie        25   25
  Chinstrap      9    9
  Gentoo        22   23

, ,  = 2009

           
            female male
  Adelie        26   26
  Chinstrap     12   12
  Gentoo        20   21

Observações por espécie ~ sexo + ilha:

table(dados$species, dados$sex, dados$island)

, ,  = Biscoe

           
            female male
  Adelie        22   22
  Chinstrap      0    0
  Gentoo        58   61

, ,  = Dream

           
            female male
  Adelie        27   28
  Chinstrap     34   34
  Gentoo         0    0

, ,  = Torgersen

           
            female male
  Adelie        24   23
  Chinstrap      0    0
  Gentoo         0    0

Observações por spp ~ ilha + ano:

table(dados$species, dados$island, dados$year)

, ,  = 2007

           
            Biscoe Dream Torgersen
  Adelie        10    20        20
  Chinstrap      0    26         0
  Gentoo        34     0         0

, ,  = 2008

           
            Biscoe Dream Torgersen
  Adelie        18    16        16
  Chinstrap      0    18         0
  Gentoo        46     0         0

, ,  = 2009

           
            Biscoe Dream Torgersen
  Adelie        16    20        16
  Chinstrap      0    24         0
  Gentoo        44     0         0

`NA` = not available (não disponível)

summary(dados)

      species          island    bill_length_mm  bill_depth_mm  
 Adelie   :152   Biscoe   :168   Min.   :32.10   Min.   :13.10  
 Chinstrap: 68   Dream    :124   1st Qu.:39.23   1st Qu.:15.60  
 Gentoo   :124   Torgersen: 52   Median :44.45   Median :17.30  
                                 Mean   :43.92   Mean   :17.15  
                                 3rd Qu.:48.50   3rd Qu.:18.70  
                                 Max.   :59.60   Max.   :21.50  
                                 NA's   :2       NA's   :2      
 flipper_length_mm  body_mass_g       sex        year    
 Min.   :172.0     Min.   :2700   female:165   2007:110  
 1st Qu.:190.0     1st Qu.:3550   male  :168   2008:114  
 Median :197.0     Median :4050   NA's  : 11   2009:120  
 Mean   :200.9     Mean   :4202                          
 3rd Qu.:213.0     3rd Qu.:4750                          
 Max.   :231.0     Max.   :6300                          
 NA's   :2         NA's   :2

Funções para lidar com NA

is.na(x)

na.omit(x)

Argumentos em operações matemáticas:

mean(x, na.rm = FALSE)

median(x, na.rm = FALSE)

sd(x, na.rm = FALSE)

quantile(x, na.rm = FALSE)

sum(x, na.rm = FALSE)

is.na(x)

v1 <- c(2, 3, 5, 0, NA, 0, NA)
v1

[1]  2  3  5  0 NA  0 NA

is.na(v1)

[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE

sum(is.na(v1))

[1] 2

v1	is.na(v1)	R entiende
2	FALSE	0
3	FALSE	0
5	FALSE	0
0	FALSE	0
NA	TRUE	1
0	FALSE	0
NA	TRUE	1

Então poderíamos

(sum(is.na(v1)) / length(v1)) * 100

[1] 28.57143

(sum(!is.na(v1)) / length(v1)) * 100

[1] 71.42857

A que correspondem $28.5$ e $71.4$?

(sum(is.na(dados$bill_length_mm)) / length(dados$bill_length_mm)) * 100

[1] 0.5813953

Indexaçãndo `NA`: filtrando a tabela

Vários métodos, EU uso indexação com R base.

species	island	bill_length_mm	bill_depth_mm	flipper_length_mm	body_mass_g	sex	year
Adelie	Torgersen	39.1	18.7	181	3750	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	39.5	17.4	186	3800	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	40.3	18.0	195	3250	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	36.7	19.3	193	3450	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	39.3	20.6	190	3650	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	38.9	17.8	181	3625	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	39.2	19.6	195	4675	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	34.1	18.1	193	3475	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	42.0	20.2	190	4250	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	37.8	17.1	186	3300	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	37.8	17.3	180	3700	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	41.1	17.6	182	3200	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	38.6	21.2	191	3800	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	34.6	21.1	198	4400	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	36.6	17.8	185	3700	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	38.7	19.0	195	3450	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	42.5	20.7	197	4500	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	34.4	18.4	184	3325	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	46.0	21.5	194	4200	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	37.8	18.3	174	3400	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	37.7	18.7	180	3600	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	35.9	19.2	189	3800	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	38.2	18.1	185	3950	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	38.8	17.2	180	3800	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	35.3	18.9	187	3800	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	40.6	18.6	183	3550	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	40.5	17.9	187	3200	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	37.9	18.6	172	3150	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	40.5	18.9	180	3950	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.5	16.7	178	3250	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.2	18.1	178	3900	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.5	17.8	188	3300	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	40.9	18.9	184	3900	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.4	17.0	195	3325	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.2	21.1	196	4150	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	38.8	20.0	190	3950	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	42.2	18.5	180	3550	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.6	19.3	181	3300	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.8	19.1	184	4650	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.5	18.0	182	3150	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	40.8	18.4	195	3900	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.0	18.5	186	3100	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	44.1	19.7	196	4400	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.0	16.9	185	3000	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.6	18.8	190	4600	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	41.1	19.0	182	3425	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.5	18.9	179	2975	NA	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.0	17.9	190	3450	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	42.3	21.2	191	4150	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	39.6	17.7	186	3500	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	40.1	18.9	188	4300	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.0	17.9	190	3450	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	42.0	19.5	200	4050	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	34.5	18.1	187	2900	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.4	18.6	191	3700	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	39.0	17.5	186	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	40.6	18.8	193	3800	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	36.5	16.6	181	2850	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	37.6	19.1	194	3750	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.7	16.9	185	3150	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.3	21.1	195	4400	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	37.6	17.0	185	3600	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.1	18.2	192	4050	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	36.4	17.1	184	2850	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.6	18.0	192	3950	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.5	16.2	195	3350	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.1	19.1	188	4100	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	35.9	16.6	190	3050	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	41.8	19.4	198	4450	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	33.5	19.0	190	3600	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	39.7	18.4	190	3900	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	39.6	17.2	196	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	45.8	18.9	197	4150	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	35.5	17.5	190	3700	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	42.8	18.5	195	4250	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	40.9	16.8	191	3700	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	37.2	19.4	184	3900	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	36.2	16.1	187	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	42.1	19.1	195	4000	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	34.6	17.2	189	3200	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	42.9	17.6	196	4700	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	36.7	18.8	187	3800	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	35.1	19.4	193	4200	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	37.3	17.8	191	3350	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	41.3	20.3	194	3550	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	36.3	19.5	190	3800	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	36.9	18.6	189	3500	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	38.3	19.2	189	3950	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	38.9	18.8	190	3600	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	35.7	18.0	202	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	41.1	18.1	205	4300	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	34.0	17.1	185	3400	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	39.6	18.1	186	4450	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	36.2	17.3	187	3300	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	40.8	18.9	208	4300	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	38.1	18.6	190	3700	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	40.3	18.5	196	4350	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	33.1	16.1	178	2900	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	43.2	18.5	192	4100	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.0	17.9	192	3725	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	41.0	20.0	203	4725	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	37.7	16.0	183	3075	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	37.8	20.0	190	4250	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	37.9	18.6	193	2925	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	39.7	18.9	184	3550	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.6	17.2	199	3750	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.2	20.0	190	3900	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.1	17.0	181	3175	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	43.2	19.0	197	4775	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.1	16.5	198	3825	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	45.6	20.3	191	4600	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	39.7	17.7	193	3200	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	42.2	19.5	197	4275	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	39.6	20.7	191	3900	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	42.7	18.3	196	4075	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	38.6	17.0	188	2900	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	37.3	20.5	199	3775	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	35.7	17.0	189	3350	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	41.1	18.6	189	3325	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	36.2	17.2	187	3150	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	37.7	19.8	198	3500	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	40.2	17.0	176	3450	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	41.4	18.5	202	3875	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	35.2	15.9	186	3050	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	40.6	19.0	199	4000	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	38.8	17.6	191	3275	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	41.5	18.3	195	4300	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	39.0	17.1	191	3050	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	44.1	18.0	210	4000	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	38.5	17.9	190	3325	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	43.1	19.2	197	3500	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.8	18.5	193	3500	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.5	18.5	199	4475	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	38.1	17.6	187	3425	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	41.1	17.5	190	3900	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	35.6	17.5	191	3175	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.2	20.1	200	3975	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.0	16.5	185	3400	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	39.7	17.9	193	4250	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.2	17.1	193	3400	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.6	17.2	187	3475	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	32.1	15.5	188	3050	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.7	17.0	190	3725	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.3	16.8	192	3000	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	39.0	18.7	185	3650	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	39.2	18.6	190	4250	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.6	18.4	184	3475	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.0	17.8	195	3450	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.8	18.1	193	3750	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.0	17.1	187	3700	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	41.5	18.5	201	4000	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.1	13.2	211	4500	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	16.3	230	5700	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.7	14.1	210	4450	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	15.2	218	5700	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.6	14.5	215	5400	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	13.5	210	4550	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.4	14.6	211	4800	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.7	15.3	219	5200	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.3	13.4	209	4400	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.8	15.4	215	5150	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	40.9	13.7	214	4650	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.0	16.1	216	5550	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	13.7	214	4650	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.4	14.6	213	5850	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.8	14.6	210	4200	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.3	15.7	217	5850	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.0	13.5	210	4150	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.2	15.2	221	6300	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.5	209	4800	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.7	15.1	222	5350	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.2	14.3	218	5700	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.1	14.5	215	5000	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	14.5	213	4400	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.3	15.8	215	5050	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.9	13.1	215	5000	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.1	15.1	215	5100	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	14.3	216	4100	NA	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.8	15.0	215	5650	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.2	14.3	210	4600	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	15.3	220	5550	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.3	15.3	222	5250	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.8	14.2	209	4700	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.1	14.5	207	5050	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	59.6	17.0	230	6050	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.1	14.8	220	5150	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.4	16.3	220	5400	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.6	13.7	213	4950	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.4	17.3	219	5250	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.0	13.6	208	4350	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.7	15.7	208	5350	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.7	13.7	208	3950	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.6	16.0	225	5700	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.3	13.7	210	4300	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.6	15.0	216	4750	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.5	15.9	222	5550	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.6	13.9	217	4900	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	13.9	210	4200	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.5	15.9	225	5400	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.9	13.3	213	5100	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	15.8	215	5300	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.6	14.2	210	4850	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.5	14.1	220	5300	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.1	14.4	210	4400	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.1	15.0	225	5000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	14.4	217	4900	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.0	15.4	220	5050	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.8	13.9	208	4300	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	15.0	220	5000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.2	14.5	208	4450	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.4	15.3	224	5550	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.3	13.8	208	4200	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.9	221	5300	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.7	13.9	214	4400	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	54.3	15.7	231	5650	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.8	14.2	219	4700	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.8	16.8	230	5700	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.4	214	4650	NA	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.5	16.2	229	5800	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.5	14.2	220	4700	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.7	15.0	223	5550	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.7	15.0	216	4750	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.4	15.6	221	5000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.2	15.6	221	5100	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	14.8	217	5200	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.4	15.0	216	4700	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.6	16.0	230	5800	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.5	14.2	209	4600	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.1	16.3	220	6000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	13.8	215	4750	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	16.4	223	5950	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.1	14.5	212	4625	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	52.5	15.6	221	5450	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.4	14.6	212	4725	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	15.9	224	5350	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.9	13.8	212	4750	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.8	17.3	228	5600	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.4	14.4	218	4600	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.3	14.2	218	5300	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.5	14.0	212	4875	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	52.1	17.0	230	5550	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.5	15.0	218	4950	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	52.2	17.1	228	5400	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	14.5	212	4750	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.5	16.1	224	5650	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	14.7	214	4850	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.8	15.7	226	5200	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.4	15.8	216	4925	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.9	14.6	222	4875	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.4	14.4	203	4625	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.1	16.5	225	5250	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.5	15.0	219	4850	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	55.9	17.0	228	5600	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.2	15.5	215	4975	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.1	15.0	228	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.3	13.8	216	4725	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.8	16.1	215	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	41.7	14.7	210	4700	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	53.4	15.8	219	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.3	14.0	208	4575	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.1	15.1	209	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.5	15.2	216	5000	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.8	15.9	229	5950	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.5	15.2	213	4650	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.5	16.3	230	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.1	217	4375	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	55.1	16.0	230	5850	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	15.7	217	4875	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.8	16.2	222	6000	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.2	13.7	214	4925	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.8	14.3	215	4850	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.4	15.7	222	5750	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	14.8	212	5200	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.9	16.1	213	5400	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	46.5	17.9	192	3500	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.0	19.5	196	3900	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.3	19.2	193	3650	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	45.4	18.7	188	3525	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	52.7	19.8	197	3725	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	45.2	17.8	198	3950	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.1	18.2	178	3250	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.3	18.2	197	3750	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.0	18.9	195	4150	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.3	19.9	198	3700	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.6	17.8	193	3800	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.7	20.3	194	3775	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	47.0	17.3	185	3700	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	52.0	18.1	201	4050	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	45.9	17.1	190	3575	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.5	19.6	201	4050	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.3	20.0	197	3300	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	58.0	17.8	181	3700	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.4	18.6	190	3450	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	49.2	18.2	195	4400	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	42.4	17.3	181	3600	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	48.5	17.5	191	3400	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	43.2	16.6	187	2900	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.6	19.4	193	3800	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.7	17.9	195	3300	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	52.0	19.0	197	4150	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.5	18.4	200	3400	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	49.5	19.0	200	3800	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	46.4	17.8	191	3700	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	52.8	20.0	205	4550	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	40.9	16.6	187	3200	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	54.2	20.8	201	4300	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	42.5	16.7	187	3350	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	51.0	18.8	203	4100	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	49.7	18.6	195	3600	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	47.5	16.8	199	3900	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	47.6	18.3	195	3850	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	52.0	20.7	210	4800	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	46.9	16.6	192	2700	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	53.5	19.9	205	4500	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	49.0	19.5	210	3950	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	46.2	17.5	187	3650	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	50.9	19.1	196	3550	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	45.5	17.0	196	3500	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	50.9	17.9	196	3675	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.8	18.5	201	4450	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.1	17.9	190	3400	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.0	19.6	212	4300	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	51.5	18.7	187	3250	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.8	17.3	198	3675	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	48.1	16.4	199	3325	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	51.4	19.0	201	3950	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.7	17.3	193	3600	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.7	19.7	203	4050	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	42.5	17.3	187	3350	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	52.2	18.8	197	3450	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.2	16.6	191	3250	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.3	19.9	203	4050	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.2	18.8	202	3800	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.6	19.4	194	3525	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	51.9	19.5	206	3950	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	46.8	16.5	189	3650	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.7	17.0	195	3650	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	55.8	19.8	207	4000	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	43.5	18.1	202	3400	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.6	18.2	193	3775	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.8	19.0	210	4100	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.2	18.7	198	3775	female	2009

O que esta operação faz?

dados[is.na(dados$sex), ]

species	island	bill_length_mm	bill_depth_mm	flipper_length_mm	body_mass_g	sex	year
Adelie	Torgersen	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	34.1	18.1	193	3475	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	42.0	20.2	190	4250	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	37.8	17.1	186	3300	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	37.8	17.3	180	3700	NA	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.5	18.9	179	2975	NA	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	14.3	216	4100	NA	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.4	214	4650	NA	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.3	13.8	216	4725	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	15.7	217	4875	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2009

O anterior é equivalente a

dados |> 
  filter(is.na(sex))

species	island	bill_length_mm	bill_depth_mm	flipper_length_mm	body_mass_g	sex	year
Adelie	Torgersen	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	34.1	18.1	193	3475	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	42.0	20.2	190	4250	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	37.8	17.1	186	3300	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	37.8	17.3	180	3700	NA	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.5	18.9	179	2975	NA	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	14.3	216	4100	NA	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.4	214	4650	NA	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.3	13.8	216	4725	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	15.7	217	4875	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2009

|> pipe. Pertence ao pacote dplyr, serve como um link entre o data frame, suas variáveis e as funções.

dados[is.na(dados$sex), c("species", "island", 'sex', 'year')]

species	island	sex	year
Adelie	Torgersen	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	NA	2007
Adelie	Dream	NA	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	NA	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	NA	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	NA	2009

dados[is.na(dados$sex), c(1:4, 7)]

species	island	bill_length_mm	bill_depth_mm	sex
Adelie	Torgersen	NA	NA	NA
Adelie	Torgersen	34.1	18.1	NA
Adelie	Torgersen	42.0	20.2	NA
Adelie	Torgersen	37.8	17.1	NA
Adelie	Torgersen	37.8	17.3	NA
Adelie	Dream	37.5	18.9	NA
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	14.3	NA
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.4	NA
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.3	13.8	NA
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	15.7	NA
Gentoo	Biscoe	NA	NA	NA

na.omit(x), use com cuidado. Vejamos a tabela inicial

v1 <- c(2, 3, 5, 0, NA, 0, NA)
na.omit(v1)

[1] 2 3 5 0 0
attr(,"na.action")
[1] 5 7
attr(,"class")
[1] "omit"

species	island	bill_length_mm	bill_depth_mm	flipper_length_mm	body_mass_g	sex	year
Adelie	Torgersen	39.1	18.7	181	3750	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	39.5	17.4	186	3800	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	40.3	18.0	195	3250	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	36.7	19.3	193	3450	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	39.3	20.6	190	3650	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	38.9	17.8	181	3625	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	39.2	19.6	195	4675	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	34.1	18.1	193	3475	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	42.0	20.2	190	4250	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	37.8	17.1	186	3300	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	37.8	17.3	180	3700	NA	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	41.1	17.6	182	3200	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	38.6	21.2	191	3800	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	34.6	21.1	198	4400	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	36.6	17.8	185	3700	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	38.7	19.0	195	3450	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	42.5	20.7	197	4500	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	34.4	18.4	184	3325	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	46.0	21.5	194	4200	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	37.8	18.3	174	3400	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	37.7	18.7	180	3600	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	35.9	19.2	189	3800	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	38.2	18.1	185	3950	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	38.8	17.2	180	3800	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	35.3	18.9	187	3800	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	40.6	18.6	183	3550	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	40.5	17.9	187	3200	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	37.9	18.6	172	3150	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	40.5	18.9	180	3950	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.5	16.7	178	3250	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.2	18.1	178	3900	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.5	17.8	188	3300	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	40.9	18.9	184	3900	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.4	17.0	195	3325	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.2	21.1	196	4150	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	38.8	20.0	190	3950	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	42.2	18.5	180	3550	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.6	19.3	181	3300	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.8	19.1	184	4650	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.5	18.0	182	3150	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	40.8	18.4	195	3900	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.0	18.5	186	3100	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	44.1	19.7	196	4400	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.0	16.9	185	3000	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.6	18.8	190	4600	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	41.1	19.0	182	3425	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.5	18.9	179	2975	NA	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.0	17.9	190	3450	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	42.3	21.2	191	4150	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	39.6	17.7	186	3500	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	40.1	18.9	188	4300	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.0	17.9	190	3450	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	42.0	19.5	200	4050	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	34.5	18.1	187	2900	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.4	18.6	191	3700	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	39.0	17.5	186	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	40.6	18.8	193	3800	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	36.5	16.6	181	2850	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	37.6	19.1	194	3750	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.7	16.9	185	3150	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.3	21.1	195	4400	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	37.6	17.0	185	3600	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.1	18.2	192	4050	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	36.4	17.1	184	2850	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.6	18.0	192	3950	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.5	16.2	195	3350	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.1	19.1	188	4100	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	35.9	16.6	190	3050	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	41.8	19.4	198	4450	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	33.5	19.0	190	3600	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	39.7	18.4	190	3900	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	39.6	17.2	196	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	45.8	18.9	197	4150	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	35.5	17.5	190	3700	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	42.8	18.5	195	4250	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	40.9	16.8	191	3700	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	37.2	19.4	184	3900	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	36.2	16.1	187	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	42.1	19.1	195	4000	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	34.6	17.2	189	3200	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	42.9	17.6	196	4700	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	36.7	18.8	187	3800	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	35.1	19.4	193	4200	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	37.3	17.8	191	3350	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	41.3	20.3	194	3550	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	36.3	19.5	190	3800	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	36.9	18.6	189	3500	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	38.3	19.2	189	3950	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	38.9	18.8	190	3600	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	35.7	18.0	202	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	41.1	18.1	205	4300	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	34.0	17.1	185	3400	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	39.6	18.1	186	4450	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	36.2	17.3	187	3300	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	40.8	18.9	208	4300	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	38.1	18.6	190	3700	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	40.3	18.5	196	4350	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	33.1	16.1	178	2900	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	43.2	18.5	192	4100	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.0	17.9	192	3725	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	41.0	20.0	203	4725	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	37.7	16.0	183	3075	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	37.8	20.0	190	4250	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	37.9	18.6	193	2925	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	39.7	18.9	184	3550	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.6	17.2	199	3750	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.2	20.0	190	3900	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.1	17.0	181	3175	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	43.2	19.0	197	4775	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.1	16.5	198	3825	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	45.6	20.3	191	4600	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	39.7	17.7	193	3200	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	42.2	19.5	197	4275	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	39.6	20.7	191	3900	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	42.7	18.3	196	4075	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	38.6	17.0	188	2900	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	37.3	20.5	199	3775	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	35.7	17.0	189	3350	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	41.1	18.6	189	3325	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	36.2	17.2	187	3150	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	37.7	19.8	198	3500	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	40.2	17.0	176	3450	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	41.4	18.5	202	3875	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	35.2	15.9	186	3050	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	40.6	19.0	199	4000	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	38.8	17.6	191	3275	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	41.5	18.3	195	4300	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	39.0	17.1	191	3050	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	44.1	18.0	210	4000	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	38.5	17.9	190	3325	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	43.1	19.2	197	3500	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.8	18.5	193	3500	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.5	18.5	199	4475	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	38.1	17.6	187	3425	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	41.1	17.5	190	3900	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	35.6	17.5	191	3175	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.2	20.1	200	3975	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.0	16.5	185	3400	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	39.7	17.9	193	4250	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.2	17.1	193	3400	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.6	17.2	187	3475	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	32.1	15.5	188	3050	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.7	17.0	190	3725	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.3	16.8	192	3000	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	39.0	18.7	185	3650	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	39.2	18.6	190	4250	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.6	18.4	184	3475	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.0	17.8	195	3450	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.8	18.1	193	3750	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.0	17.1	187	3700	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	41.5	18.5	201	4000	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.1	13.2	211	4500	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	16.3	230	5700	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.7	14.1	210	4450	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	15.2	218	5700	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.6	14.5	215	5400	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	13.5	210	4550	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.4	14.6	211	4800	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.7	15.3	219	5200	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.3	13.4	209	4400	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.8	15.4	215	5150	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	40.9	13.7	214	4650	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.0	16.1	216	5550	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	13.7	214	4650	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.4	14.6	213	5850	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.8	14.6	210	4200	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.3	15.7	217	5850	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.0	13.5	210	4150	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.2	15.2	221	6300	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.5	209	4800	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.7	15.1	222	5350	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.2	14.3	218	5700	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.1	14.5	215	5000	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	14.5	213	4400	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.3	15.8	215	5050	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.9	13.1	215	5000	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.1	15.1	215	5100	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	14.3	216	4100	NA	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.8	15.0	215	5650	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.2	14.3	210	4600	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	15.3	220	5550	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.3	15.3	222	5250	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.8	14.2	209	4700	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.1	14.5	207	5050	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	59.6	17.0	230	6050	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.1	14.8	220	5150	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.4	16.3	220	5400	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.6	13.7	213	4950	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.4	17.3	219	5250	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.0	13.6	208	4350	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.7	15.7	208	5350	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.7	13.7	208	3950	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.6	16.0	225	5700	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.3	13.7	210	4300	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.6	15.0	216	4750	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.5	15.9	222	5550	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.6	13.9	217	4900	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	13.9	210	4200	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.5	15.9	225	5400	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.9	13.3	213	5100	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	15.8	215	5300	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.6	14.2	210	4850	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.5	14.1	220	5300	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.1	14.4	210	4400	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.1	15.0	225	5000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	14.4	217	4900	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.0	15.4	220	5050	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.8	13.9	208	4300	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	15.0	220	5000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.2	14.5	208	4450	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.4	15.3	224	5550	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.3	13.8	208	4200	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.9	221	5300	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.7	13.9	214	4400	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	54.3	15.7	231	5650	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.8	14.2	219	4700	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.8	16.8	230	5700	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.4	214	4650	NA	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.5	16.2	229	5800	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.5	14.2	220	4700	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.7	15.0	223	5550	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.7	15.0	216	4750	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.4	15.6	221	5000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.2	15.6	221	5100	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	14.8	217	5200	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.4	15.0	216	4700	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.6	16.0	230	5800	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.5	14.2	209	4600	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.1	16.3	220	6000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	13.8	215	4750	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	16.4	223	5950	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.1	14.5	212	4625	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	52.5	15.6	221	5450	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.4	14.6	212	4725	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	15.9	224	5350	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.9	13.8	212	4750	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.8	17.3	228	5600	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.4	14.4	218	4600	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.3	14.2	218	5300	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.5	14.0	212	4875	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	52.1	17.0	230	5550	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.5	15.0	218	4950	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	52.2	17.1	228	5400	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	14.5	212	4750	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.5	16.1	224	5650	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	14.7	214	4850	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.8	15.7	226	5200	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.4	15.8	216	4925	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.9	14.6	222	4875	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.4	14.4	203	4625	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.1	16.5	225	5250	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.5	15.0	219	4850	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	55.9	17.0	228	5600	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.2	15.5	215	4975	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.1	15.0	228	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.3	13.8	216	4725	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.8	16.1	215	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	41.7	14.7	210	4700	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	53.4	15.8	219	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.3	14.0	208	4575	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.1	15.1	209	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.5	15.2	216	5000	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.8	15.9	229	5950	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.5	15.2	213	4650	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.5	16.3	230	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.1	217	4375	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	55.1	16.0	230	5850	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	15.7	217	4875	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.8	16.2	222	6000	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.2	13.7	214	4925	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.8	14.3	215	4850	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.4	15.7	222	5750	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	14.8	212	5200	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.9	16.1	213	5400	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	46.5	17.9	192	3500	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.0	19.5	196	3900	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.3	19.2	193	3650	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	45.4	18.7	188	3525	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	52.7	19.8	197	3725	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	45.2	17.8	198	3950	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.1	18.2	178	3250	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.3	18.2	197	3750	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.0	18.9	195	4150	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.3	19.9	198	3700	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.6	17.8	193	3800	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.7	20.3	194	3775	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	47.0	17.3	185	3700	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	52.0	18.1	201	4050	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	45.9	17.1	190	3575	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.5	19.6	201	4050	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.3	20.0	197	3300	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	58.0	17.8	181	3700	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.4	18.6	190	3450	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	49.2	18.2	195	4400	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	42.4	17.3	181	3600	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	48.5	17.5	191	3400	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	43.2	16.6	187	2900	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.6	19.4	193	3800	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.7	17.9	195	3300	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	52.0	19.0	197	4150	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.5	18.4	200	3400	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	49.5	19.0	200	3800	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	46.4	17.8	191	3700	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	52.8	20.0	205	4550	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	40.9	16.6	187	3200	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	54.2	20.8	201	4300	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	42.5	16.7	187	3350	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	51.0	18.8	203	4100	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	49.7	18.6	195	3600	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	47.5	16.8	199	3900	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	47.6	18.3	195	3850	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	52.0	20.7	210	4800	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	46.9	16.6	192	2700	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	53.5	19.9	205	4500	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	49.0	19.5	210	3950	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	46.2	17.5	187	3650	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	50.9	19.1	196	3550	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	45.5	17.0	196	3500	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	50.9	17.9	196	3675	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.8	18.5	201	4450	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.1	17.9	190	3400	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.0	19.6	212	4300	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	51.5	18.7	187	3250	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.8	17.3	198	3675	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	48.1	16.4	199	3325	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	51.4	19.0	201	3950	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.7	17.3	193	3600	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.7	19.7	203	4050	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	42.5	17.3	187	3350	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	52.2	18.8	197	3450	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.2	16.6	191	3250	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.3	19.9	203	4050	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.2	18.8	202	3800	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.6	19.4	194	3525	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	51.9	19.5	206	3950	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	46.8	16.5	189	3650	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.7	17.0	195	3650	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	55.8	19.8	207	4000	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	43.5	18.1	202	3400	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.6	18.2	193	3775	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.8	19.0	210	4100	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.2	18.7	198	3775	female	2009

na.omit(dados)

species	island	bill_length_mm	bill_depth_mm	flipper_length_mm	body_mass_g	sex	year
Adelie	Torgersen	39.1	18.7	181	3750	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	39.5	17.4	186	3800	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	40.3	18.0	195	3250	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	36.7	19.3	193	3450	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	39.3	20.6	190	3650	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	38.9	17.8	181	3625	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	39.2	19.6	195	4675	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	41.1	17.6	182	3200	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	38.6	21.2	191	3800	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	34.6	21.1	198	4400	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	36.6	17.8	185	3700	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	38.7	19.0	195	3450	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	42.5	20.7	197	4500	male	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	34.4	18.4	184	3325	female	2007
Adelie	Torgersen	46.0	21.5	194	4200	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	37.8	18.3	174	3400	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	37.7	18.7	180	3600	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	35.9	19.2	189	3800	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	38.2	18.1	185	3950	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	38.8	17.2	180	3800	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	35.3	18.9	187	3800	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	40.6	18.6	183	3550	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	40.5	17.9	187	3200	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	37.9	18.6	172	3150	female	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	40.5	18.9	180	3950	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.5	16.7	178	3250	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.2	18.1	178	3900	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.5	17.8	188	3300	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	40.9	18.9	184	3900	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.4	17.0	195	3325	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.2	21.1	196	4150	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	38.8	20.0	190	3950	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	42.2	18.5	180	3550	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.6	19.3	181	3300	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.8	19.1	184	4650	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.5	18.0	182	3150	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	40.8	18.4	195	3900	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.0	18.5	186	3100	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	44.1	19.7	196	4400	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	37.0	16.9	185	3000	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	39.6	18.8	190	4600	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	41.1	19.0	182	3425	male	2007
Adelie	Dream	36.0	17.9	190	3450	female	2007
Adelie	Dream	42.3	21.2	191	4150	male	2007
Adelie	Biscoe	39.6	17.7	186	3500	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	40.1	18.9	188	4300	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.0	17.9	190	3450	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	42.0	19.5	200	4050	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	34.5	18.1	187	2900	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.4	18.6	191	3700	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	39.0	17.5	186	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	40.6	18.8	193	3800	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	36.5	16.6	181	2850	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	37.6	19.1	194	3750	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.7	16.9	185	3150	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.3	21.1	195	4400	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	37.6	17.0	185	3600	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.1	18.2	192	4050	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	36.4	17.1	184	2850	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.6	18.0	192	3950	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.5	16.2	195	3350	female	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	41.1	19.1	188	4100	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	35.9	16.6	190	3050	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	41.8	19.4	198	4450	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	33.5	19.0	190	3600	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	39.7	18.4	190	3900	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	39.6	17.2	196	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	45.8	18.9	197	4150	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	35.5	17.5	190	3700	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	42.8	18.5	195	4250	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	40.9	16.8	191	3700	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	37.2	19.4	184	3900	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	36.2	16.1	187	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	42.1	19.1	195	4000	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	34.6	17.2	189	3200	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	42.9	17.6	196	4700	male	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	36.7	18.8	187	3800	female	2008
Adelie	Torgersen	35.1	19.4	193	4200	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	37.3	17.8	191	3350	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	41.3	20.3	194	3550	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	36.3	19.5	190	3800	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	36.9	18.6	189	3500	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	38.3	19.2	189	3950	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	38.9	18.8	190	3600	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	35.7	18.0	202	3550	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	41.1	18.1	205	4300	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	34.0	17.1	185	3400	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	39.6	18.1	186	4450	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	36.2	17.3	187	3300	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	40.8	18.9	208	4300	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	38.1	18.6	190	3700	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	40.3	18.5	196	4350	male	2008
Adelie	Dream	33.1	16.1	178	2900	female	2008
Adelie	Dream	43.2	18.5	192	4100	male	2008
Adelie	Biscoe	35.0	17.9	192	3725	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	41.0	20.0	203	4725	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	37.7	16.0	183	3075	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	37.8	20.0	190	4250	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	37.9	18.6	193	2925	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	39.7	18.9	184	3550	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.6	17.2	199	3750	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.2	20.0	190	3900	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.1	17.0	181	3175	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	43.2	19.0	197	4775	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	38.1	16.5	198	3825	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	45.6	20.3	191	4600	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	39.7	17.7	193	3200	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	42.2	19.5	197	4275	male	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	39.6	20.7	191	3900	female	2009
Adelie	Biscoe	42.7	18.3	196	4075	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	38.6	17.0	188	2900	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	37.3	20.5	199	3775	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	35.7	17.0	189	3350	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	41.1	18.6	189	3325	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	36.2	17.2	187	3150	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	37.7	19.8	198	3500	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	40.2	17.0	176	3450	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	41.4	18.5	202	3875	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	35.2	15.9	186	3050	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	40.6	19.0	199	4000	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	38.8	17.6	191	3275	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	41.5	18.3	195	4300	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	39.0	17.1	191	3050	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	44.1	18.0	210	4000	male	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	38.5	17.9	190	3325	female	2009
Adelie	Torgersen	43.1	19.2	197	3500	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.8	18.5	193	3500	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.5	18.5	199	4475	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	38.1	17.6	187	3425	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	41.1	17.5	190	3900	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	35.6	17.5	191	3175	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.2	20.1	200	3975	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.0	16.5	185	3400	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	39.7	17.9	193	4250	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.2	17.1	193	3400	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.6	17.2	187	3475	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	32.1	15.5	188	3050	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	40.7	17.0	190	3725	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.3	16.8	192	3000	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	39.0	18.7	185	3650	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	39.2	18.6	190	4250	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.6	18.4	184	3475	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.0	17.8	195	3450	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	37.8	18.1	193	3750	male	2009
Adelie	Dream	36.0	17.1	187	3700	female	2009
Adelie	Dream	41.5	18.5	201	4000	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.1	13.2	211	4500	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	16.3	230	5700	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.7	14.1	210	4450	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	15.2	218	5700	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.6	14.5	215	5400	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	13.5	210	4550	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.4	14.6	211	4800	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.7	15.3	219	5200	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.3	13.4	209	4400	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.8	15.4	215	5150	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	40.9	13.7	214	4650	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.0	16.1	216	5550	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	13.7	214	4650	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.4	14.6	213	5850	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.8	14.6	210	4200	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.3	15.7	217	5850	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.0	13.5	210	4150	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.2	15.2	221	6300	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.5	209	4800	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.7	15.1	222	5350	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.2	14.3	218	5700	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.1	14.5	215	5000	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	14.5	213	4400	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.3	15.8	215	5050	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.9	13.1	215	5000	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.1	15.1	215	5100	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.8	15.0	215	5650	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.2	14.3	210	4600	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	15.3	220	5550	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.3	15.3	222	5250	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.8	14.2	209	4700	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.1	14.5	207	5050	female	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	59.6	17.0	230	6050	male	2007
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.1	14.8	220	5150	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.4	16.3	220	5400	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.6	13.7	213	4950	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.4	17.3	219	5250	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.0	13.6	208	4350	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.7	15.7	208	5350	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	42.7	13.7	208	3950	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.6	16.0	225	5700	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.3	13.7	210	4300	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.6	15.0	216	4750	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.5	15.9	222	5550	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.6	13.9	217	4900	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	13.9	210	4200	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.5	15.9	225	5400	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.9	13.3	213	5100	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	15.8	215	5300	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.6	14.2	210	4850	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.5	14.1	220	5300	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.1	14.4	210	4400	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.1	15.0	225	5000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	14.4	217	4900	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.0	15.4	220	5050	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.8	13.9	208	4300	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	15.0	220	5000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.2	14.5	208	4450	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.4	15.3	224	5550	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.3	13.8	208	4200	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.9	221	5300	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.7	13.9	214	4400	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	54.3	15.7	231	5650	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.8	14.2	219	4700	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.8	16.8	230	5700	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.5	16.2	229	5800	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.5	14.2	220	4700	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.7	15.0	223	5550	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.7	15.0	216	4750	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.4	15.6	221	5000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.2	15.6	221	5100	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.5	14.8	217	5200	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.4	15.0	216	4700	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.6	16.0	230	5800	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.5	14.2	209	4600	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.1	16.3	220	6000	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	13.8	215	4750	female	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	16.4	223	5950	male	2008
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.1	14.5	212	4625	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	52.5	15.6	221	5450	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.4	14.6	212	4725	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.0	15.9	224	5350	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.9	13.8	212	4750	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.8	17.3	228	5600	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.4	14.4	218	4600	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.3	14.2	218	5300	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.5	14.0	212	4875	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	52.1	17.0	230	5550	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.5	15.0	218	4950	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	52.2	17.1	228	5400	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.5	14.5	212	4750	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.5	16.1	224	5650	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	44.5	14.7	214	4850	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.8	15.7	226	5200	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.4	15.8	216	4925	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.9	14.6	222	4875	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.4	14.4	203	4625	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.1	16.5	225	5250	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.5	15.0	219	4850	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	55.9	17.0	228	5600	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.2	15.5	215	4975	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.1	15.0	228	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.8	16.1	215	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	41.7	14.7	210	4700	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	53.4	15.8	219	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.3	14.0	208	4575	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.1	15.1	209	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.5	15.2	216	5000	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.8	15.9	229	5950	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	43.5	15.2	213	4650	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	51.5	16.3	230	5500	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.2	14.1	217	4375	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	55.1	16.0	230	5850	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	48.8	16.2	222	6000	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	47.2	13.7	214	4925	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	46.8	14.3	215	4850	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	50.4	15.7	222	5750	male	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	45.2	14.8	212	5200	female	2009
Gentoo	Biscoe	49.9	16.1	213	5400	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	46.5	17.9	192	3500	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.0	19.5	196	3900	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.3	19.2	193	3650	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	45.4	18.7	188	3525	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	52.7	19.8	197	3725	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	45.2	17.8	198	3950	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.1	18.2	178	3250	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.3	18.2	197	3750	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.0	18.9	195	4150	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.3	19.9	198	3700	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.6	17.8	193	3800	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	51.7	20.3	194	3775	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	47.0	17.3	185	3700	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	52.0	18.1	201	4050	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	45.9	17.1	190	3575	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.5	19.6	201	4050	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.3	20.0	197	3300	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	58.0	17.8	181	3700	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.4	18.6	190	3450	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	49.2	18.2	195	4400	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	42.4	17.3	181	3600	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	48.5	17.5	191	3400	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	43.2	16.6	187	2900	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.6	19.4	193	3800	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	46.7	17.9	195	3300	female	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	52.0	19.0	197	4150	male	2007
Chinstrap	Dream	50.5	18.4	200	3400	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	49.5	19.0	200	3800	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	46.4	17.8	191	3700	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	52.8	20.0	205	4550	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	40.9	16.6	187	3200	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	54.2	20.8	201	4300	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	42.5	16.7	187	3350	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	51.0	18.8	203	4100	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	49.7	18.6	195	3600	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	47.5	16.8	199	3900	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	47.6	18.3	195	3850	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	52.0	20.7	210	4800	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	46.9	16.6	192	2700	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	53.5	19.9	205	4500	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	49.0	19.5	210	3950	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	46.2	17.5	187	3650	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	50.9	19.1	196	3550	male	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	45.5	17.0	196	3500	female	2008
Chinstrap	Dream	50.9	17.9	196	3675	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.8	18.5	201	4450	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.1	17.9	190	3400	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.0	19.6	212	4300	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	51.5	18.7	187	3250	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.8	17.3	198	3675	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	48.1	16.4	199	3325	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	51.4	19.0	201	3950	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.7	17.3	193	3600	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.7	19.7	203	4050	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	42.5	17.3	187	3350	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	52.2	18.8	197	3450	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.2	16.6	191	3250	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.3	19.9	203	4050	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.2	18.8	202	3800	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.6	19.4	194	3525	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	51.9	19.5	206	3950	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	46.8	16.5	189	3650	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	45.7	17.0	195	3650	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	55.8	19.8	207	4000	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	43.5	18.1	202	3400	female	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	49.6	18.2	193	3775	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.8	19.0	210	4100	male	2009
Chinstrap	Dream	50.2	18.7	198	3775	female	2009

O que isso implica em termos de nossas observações.

nrow(dados)

[1] 344

nrow(na.omit(dados))

[1] 333

Em termos percentuais na.omit(dice) implica:

100 - ((nrow(na.omit(dados)) * 100) / nrow(dados))

[1] 3.197674

Removemos 3,2% de nossas observações.

Então… O que fazer com os NAs

O que eu sugiro:

Quando uma célula deve ser NA.
Detectar os casos e decidir para cada caso:

round(apply(dados, 2, function(x) (sum(is.na(x) / length(x))) * 100), 2)

          species            island    bill_length_mm     bill_depth_mm 
             0.00              0.00              0.58              0.58 
flipper_length_mm       body_mass_g               sex              year 
             0.58              0.58              3.20              0.00

Transformando variáveis

Duas alternativas:

Crie uma nova variável: (melhor!)

dados$bill_length_mm_LOG <- log(dados$bill_length_mm)

Modifique a variável existente: (menos recomendado)

dados$bill_length_mm <- log(dados$bill_length_mm)

Operações agrupadas

No quadro de dados com pinguins temos os seguintes agrupamentos:

year, island, species e sex.

year	island	species	sex
2007	Torgersen	Adelie	male
2007	Torgersen	Adelie	female
2007	Biscoe	Adelie	female
2007	Biscoe	Adelie	male
2007	Dream	Adelie	female
2007	Dream	Adelie	male
2008	Biscoe	Adelie	female
2008	Biscoe	Adelie	male
2008	Torgersen	Adelie	female
2008	Torgersen	Adelie	male
2008	Dream	Adelie	female
2008	Dream	Adelie	male
2009	Biscoe	Adelie	female
2009	Biscoe	Adelie	male
2009	Torgersen	Adelie	female
2009	Torgersen	Adelie	male
2009	Dream	Adelie	female
2009	Dream	Adelie	male
2007	Biscoe	Gentoo	female
2007	Biscoe	Gentoo	male
2008	Biscoe	Gentoo	female
2008	Biscoe	Gentoo	male
2009	Biscoe	Gentoo	female
2009	Biscoe	Gentoo	male
2007	Dream	Chinstrap	female
2007	Dream	Chinstrap	male
2008	Dream	Chinstrap	female
2008	Dream	Chinstrap	male
2009	Dream	Chinstrap	female
2009	Dream	Chinstrap	male

Várias alternativas, mostro duas:

R base

Função aggregate():

aggregate(bill_length_mm ~ species, 
          data = dados, 
          FUN = mean, 
          na.rm = TRUE)

    species bill_length_mm
1    Adelie       38.79139
2 Chinstrap       48.83382
3    Gentoo       47.50488

Podemos usar mais variáveis de agrupamento

aggregate(bill_length_mm ~ sex + year + species, 
          data = dados, 
          FUN = mean, 
          na.rm = TRUE)

      sex year   species bill_length_mm
1  female 2007    Adelie       37.92273
2    male 2007    Adelie       39.95000
3  female 2008    Adelie       36.51600
4    male 2008    Adelie       40.60400
5  female 2009    Adelie       37.40769
6    male 2009    Adelie       40.55769
7  female 2007 Chinstrap       46.56923
8    male 2007 Chinstrap       50.87692
9  female 2008 Chinstrap       46.00000
10   male 2008 Chinstrap       51.40000
11 female 2009 Chinstrap       47.00833
12   male 2009 Chinstrap       51.10000
13 female 2007    Gentoo       45.06250
14   male 2007    Gentoo       49.00000
15 female 2008    Gentoo       45.29545
16   male 2008    Gentoo       48.53913
17 female 2009    Gentoo       46.26000
18   male 2009    Gentoo       50.88095

Pacote dplyr

funções, |>, group_by(), mutate() y select():

dados |> 
  group_by(species) |> 
  mutate(mu_bill_length = mean(bill_length_mm, na.rm = T)) |> 
  select(species, mu_bill_length) |> 
  unique()

# A tibble: 3 × 2
# Groups:   species [3]
  species   mu_bill_length
  <fct>              <dbl>
1 Adelie              38.8
2 Gentoo              47.5
3 Chinstrap           48.8

você pode explorar a função transmute() e compará-la com mutate()

Com mais variáveis de agrupamento

dados |> 
  group_by(sex, year, species) |> 
  mutate(mu_bill_length = mean(bill_length_mm, na.rm = T)) |> 
  select(sex, year, species, mu_bill_length) |> 
  na.omit() |> 
  unique()

# A tibble: 18 × 4
# Groups:   sex, year, species [18]
   sex    year  species   mu_bill_length
   <fct>  <fct> <fct>              <dbl>
 1 male   2007  Adelie              40.0
 2 female 2007  Adelie              37.9
 3 female 2008  Adelie              36.5
 4 male   2008  Adelie              40.6
 5 female 2009  Adelie              37.4
 6 male   2009  Adelie              40.6
 7 female 2007  Gentoo              45.1
 8 male   2007  Gentoo              49  
 9 female 2008  Gentoo              45.3
10 male   2008  Gentoo              48.5
11 female 2009  Gentoo              46.3
12 male   2009  Gentoo              50.9
13 female 2007  Chinstrap           46.6
14 male   2007  Chinstrap           50.9
15 female 2008  Chinstrap           46  
16 male   2008  Chinstrap           51.4
17 female 2009  Chinstrap           47.0
18 male   2009  Chinstrap           51.1

Modulo 3: resumindo

Aulas 1 e 2

Indexação:

Vetores
Matrices
Arrays
Data frames / tibbles
Listas

Aula 3

Desenho amostral e tabelas
Tabelas de dados relacionais
Explorando a tabela

Onde continuar…

Meus conselhos:

Paciência!!!
Você acha que sabe, mas provavelmente não sabe. Prática!

Estruturas de programação condicional $\rightarrow$.
Funções
loops: for, while e repeat
Funções apply

‘Fim’

Exercício final

Objetivo: explorar PROFUNDAMENTE um conjunto de dados real. Use todas as funções e ferramentas de indexação que você viu no Módulo III

Instale o pacote lterdatasampler:

install.packages("lterdatasampler")

E execute o seguinte código

?and_vertebrates # para entender o significado de cada variável
vertebrados_aquaticos <- lterdatasampler::and_vertebrates

O objeto aquatic_vertebrates contém o seguinte conjunto de dados:

Comprimento e peso da truta assassina e da salamandra em Mack Creek, Andrews Forest LTER

Inclui dados de contagem e tamanho de truta assassina e salamandras em seções rasas ou de crescimento antigo de Mack Creek, Andrews Forest LTER.

“Coastal giant salamander” (salamandra gigante)

“Cascade torrent salamander” (salamandra de cachoeira)

Desenho amostral e tabelas de dados

Desenho amostral e tabelas de dados

Então…

Tabulando os dados

Passos para tabular os dados

Resumindo

Explorando e filtrando a tabela

NA = not available (não disponível)

Indexaçãndo NA: filtrando a tabela

O que eu sugiro:

Transformando variáveis

Modulo 3: resumindo

‘Fim’

Exercício final

`NA` = not available (não disponível)

Indexaçãndo `NA`: filtrando a tabela