Introduction

In this analysis, we explore how countries are distributed across income groups within different regions.

We aim to answer the question: “What is the distribution of countries across income groups in different regions?”

1. Import and Explore Data

# Load necessary libraries
library(readr)
library(dplyr)

## 
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'

## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter, lag

## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union

library(ggplot2)

# Import the data set
wdicountry <- read_csv("Desktop/R Programming/WDICountry.csv")

## Rows: 265 Columns: 31

## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Delimiter: ","
## chr (25): Country Code, Short Name, Table Name, Long Name, 2-alpha code, Cur...
## dbl  (3): National accounts reference year, Latest industrial data, Latest t...
## lgl  (3): Alternative conversion factor, PPP survey year, Latest water withd...
## 
## ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.

# Explore the data set
summary(wdicountry)

##  Country Code        Short Name         Table Name         Long Name        
##  Length:265         Length:265         Length:265         Length:265        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##  2-alpha code       Currency Unit      Special Notes         Region         
##  Length:265         Length:265         Length:265         Length:265        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##  Income Group        WB-2 code         National accounts base year
##  Length:265         Length:265         Length:265                 
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character           
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character           
##                                                                   
##                                                                   
##                                                                   
##                                                                   
##  National accounts reference year SNA price valuation Lending category  
##  Min.   :2000                     Length:265          Length:265        
##  1st Qu.:2012                     Class :character    Class :character  
##  Median :2015                     Mode  :character    Mode  :character  
##  Mean   :2013                                                           
##  3rd Qu.:2015                                                           
##  Max.   :2022                                                           
##  NA's   :191                                                            
##  Other groups       System of National Accounts Alternative conversion factor
##  Length:265         Length:265                  Mode:logical                 
##  Class :character   Class :character            NA's:265                     
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character                                         
##                                                                              
##                                                                              
##                                                                              
##                                                                              
##  PPP survey year Balance of Payments Manual in use
##  Mode:logical    Length:265                       
##  NA's:265        Class :character                 
##                  Mode  :character                 
##                                                   
##                                                   
##                                                   
##                                                   
##  External debt Reporting status System of trade   
##  Length:265                     Length:265        
##  Class :character               Class :character  
##  Mode  :character               Mode  :character  
##                                                   
##                                                   
##                                                   
##                                                   
##  Government Accounting concept IMF data dissemination standard
##  Length:265                    Length:265                     
##  Class :character              Class :character               
##  Mode  :character              Mode  :character               
##                                                               
##                                                               
##                                                               
##                                                               
##  Latest population census Latest household survey
##  Length:265               Length:265             
##  Class :character         Class :character       
##  Mode  :character         Mode  :character       
##                                                  
##                                                  
##                                                  
##                                                  
##  Source of most recent Income and expenditure data Vital registration complete
##  Length:265                                        Length:265                 
##  Class :character                                  Class :character           
##  Mode  :character                                  Mode  :character           
##                                                                               
##                                                                               
##                                                                               
##                                                                               
##  Latest agricultural census Latest industrial data Latest trade data
##  Length:265                 Min.   :1973           Min.   :1995     
##  Class :character           1st Qu.:2002           1st Qu.:2017     
##  Mode  :character           Median :2012           Median :2018     
##                             Mean   :2007           Mean   :2017     
##                             3rd Qu.:2013           3rd Qu.:2018     
##                             Max.   :2014           Max.   :2018     
##                             NA's   :118            NA's   :74       
##  Latest water withdrawal data
##  Mode:logical                
##  NA's:265                    
##                              
##                              
##                              
##                              
##

str(wdicountry)

## spc_tbl_ [265 × 31] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
##  $ Country Code                                     : chr [1:265] "ABW" "AFE" "AFG" "AFW" ...
##  $ Short Name                                       : chr [1:265] "Aruba" "Africa Eastern and Southern" "Afghanistan" "Africa Western and Central" ...
##  $ Table Name                                       : chr [1:265] "Aruba" "Africa Eastern and Southern" "Afghanistan" "Africa Western and Central" ...
##  $ Long Name                                        : chr [1:265] "Aruba" "Africa Eastern and Southern" "Islamic State of Afghanistan" "Africa Western and Central" ...
##  $ 2-alpha code                                     : chr [1:265] "AW" "ZH" "AF" "ZI" ...
##  $ Currency Unit                                    : chr [1:265] "Aruban florin" NA "Afghan afghani" NA ...
##  $ Special Notes                                    : chr [1:265] NA "26 countries, stretching from the Red Sea in the North to the Cape of Good Hope in the South (https://www.world"| __truncated__ "The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year"| __truncated__ "22 countries, stretching from the westernmost point of Africa, across the equator, and partly along the Atlanti"| __truncated__ ...
##  $ Region                                           : chr [1:265] "Latin America & Caribbean" NA "South Asia" NA ...
##  $ Income Group                                     : chr [1:265] "High income" NA "Low income" NA ...
##  $ WB-2 code                                        : chr [1:265] "AW" "ZH" "AF" "ZI" ...
##  $ National accounts base year                      : chr [1:265] "2013" NA "2016" NA ...
##  $ National accounts reference year                 : num [1:265] NA NA NA NA NA 2010 NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ SNA price valuation                              : chr [1:265] "Value added at basic prices (VAB)" NA "Value added at basic prices (VAB)" NA ...
##  $ Lending category                                 : chr [1:265] NA NA "IDA" NA ...
##  $ Other groups                                     : chr [1:265] NA NA "HIPC" NA ...
##  $ System of National Accounts                      : chr [1:265] "Country uses the 2008 System of National Accounts methodology" NA "Country uses the 1993 System of National Accounts methodology" NA ...
##  $ Alternative conversion factor                    : logi [1:265] NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ PPP survey year                                  : logi [1:265] NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ Balance of Payments Manual in use                : chr [1:265] "BPM6" NA "BPM6" NA ...
##  $ External debt Reporting status                   : chr [1:265] NA NA "Estimate" NA ...
##  $ System of trade                                  : chr [1:265] "General trade system" NA "General trade system" NA ...
##  $ Government Accounting concept                    : chr [1:265] NA NA "Consolidated central government" NA ...
##  $ IMF data dissemination standard                  : chr [1:265] "Enhanced General Data Dissemination System (e-GDDS)" NA "Enhanced General Data Dissemination System (e-GDDS)" NA ...
##  $ Latest population census                         : chr [1:265] "2020 (expected)" NA "1979" NA ...
##  $ Latest household survey                          : chr [1:265] NA NA "Demographic and Health Survey, 2015" NA ...
##  $ Source of most recent Income and expenditure data: chr [1:265] NA NA "Integrated household survey (IHS), 2016/17" NA ...
##  $ Vital registration complete                      : chr [1:265] "Yes" NA NA NA ...
##  $ Latest agricultural census                       : chr [1:265] NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ Latest industrial data                           : num [1:265] NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ Latest trade data                                : num [1:265] 2018 NA 2018 NA 2018 ...
##  $ Latest water withdrawal data                     : logi [1:265] NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  - attr(*, "spec")=
##   .. cols(
##   ..   `Country Code` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Short Name` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Table Name` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Long Name` = col_character(),
##   ..   `2-alpha code` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Currency Unit` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Special Notes` = col_character(),
##   ..   Region = col_character(),
##   ..   `Income Group` = col_character(),
##   ..   `WB-2 code` = col_character(),
##   ..   `National accounts base year` = col_character(),
##   ..   `National accounts reference year` = col_double(),
##   ..   `SNA price valuation` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Lending category` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Other groups` = col_character(),
##   ..   `System of National Accounts` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Alternative conversion factor` = col_logical(),
##   ..   `PPP survey year` = col_logical(),
##   ..   `Balance of Payments Manual in use` = col_character(),
##   ..   `External debt Reporting status` = col_character(),
##   ..   `System of trade` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Government Accounting concept` = col_character(),
##   ..   `IMF data dissemination standard` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Latest population census` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Latest household survey` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Source of most recent Income and expenditure data` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Vital registration complete` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Latest agricultural census` = col_character(),
##   ..   `Latest industrial data` = col_double(),
##   ..   `Latest trade data` = col_double(),
##   ..   `Latest water withdrawal data` = col_logical()
##   .. )
##  - attr(*, "problems")=<externalptr>

head(wdicountry)

## # A tibble: 6 × 31
##   `Country Code` `Short Name`            `Table Name` `Long Name` `2-alpha code`
##   <chr>          <chr>                   <chr>        <chr>       <chr>         
## 1 ABW            Aruba                   Aruba        Aruba       AW            
## 2 AFE            Africa Eastern and Sou… Africa East… Africa Eas… ZH            
## 3 AFG            Afghanistan             Afghanistan  Islamic St… AF            
## 4 AFW            Africa Western and Cen… Africa West… Africa Wes… ZI            
## 5 AGO            Angola                  Angola       People's R… AO            
## 6 ALB            Albania                 Albania      Republic o… AL            
## # ℹ 26 more variables: `Currency Unit` <chr>, `Special Notes` <chr>,
## #   Region <chr>, `Income Group` <chr>, `WB-2 code` <chr>,
## #   `National accounts base year` <chr>,
## #   `National accounts reference year` <dbl>, `SNA price valuation` <chr>,
## #   `Lending category` <chr>, `Other groups` <chr>,
## #   `System of National Accounts` <chr>, `Alternative conversion factor` <lgl>,
## #   `PPP survey year` <lgl>, `Balance of Payments Manual in use` <chr>, …

2. Prepare Data

# Display all column names in the dataset
colnames(wdicountry)

##  [1] "Country Code"                                     
##  [2] "Short Name"                                       
##  [3] "Table Name"                                       
##  [4] "Long Name"                                        
##  [5] "2-alpha code"                                     
##  [6] "Currency Unit"                                    
##  [7] "Special Notes"                                    
##  [8] "Region"                                           
##  [9] "Income Group"                                     
## [10] "WB-2 code"                                        
## [11] "National accounts base year"                      
## [12] "National accounts reference year"                 
## [13] "SNA price valuation"                              
## [14] "Lending category"                                 
## [15] "Other groups"                                     
## [16] "System of National Accounts"                      
## [17] "Alternative conversion factor"                    
## [18] "PPP survey year"                                  
## [19] "Balance of Payments Manual in use"                
## [20] "External debt Reporting status"                   
## [21] "System of trade"                                  
## [22] "Government Accounting concept"                    
## [23] "IMF data dissemination standard"                  
## [24] "Latest population census"                         
## [25] "Latest household survey"                          
## [26] "Source of most recent Income and expenditure data"
## [27] "Vital registration complete"                      
## [28] "Latest agricultural census"                       
## [29] "Latest industrial data"                           
## [30] "Latest trade data"                                
## [31] "Latest water withdrawal data"

# Filter out rows where "Region" or "Income Group" are missing
wdicountry_clean <- wdicountry %>%
  filter(!is.na(Region), !is.na(`Income Group`))

3. Summarize and Group Data

# Summarize the number of countries by region and income group
income_by_region <- wdicountry_clean %>%
  group_by(Region, `Income Group`) %>%
  summarize(count = n())  # Count the number of countries in each group

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Region'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.

4. Visualize Data

# Create a bar plot for the distribution of countries by income group and region
ggplot(income_by_region, aes(x = `Income Group`, y = count, fill = Region)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
  labs(title = "Distribution of Countries by Income Group and Region",
       x = "Income Group",
       y = "Number of Countries") +
  theme_minimal()

Conclusion

The analysis shows that several regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, have a higher concentration of countries in the lower-income group, while regions like Europe and Central Asia tend to have a higher proportion of high-income countries. This provides insight into the global economic landscape.

Distribution of Countries by Income Group and Region

Joshua B. Loya

2024-09-17

Introduction

In this analysis, we explore how countries are distributed across income groups within different regions.

We aim to answer the question: “What is the distribution of countries across income groups in different regions?”

1. Import and Explore Data

2. Prepare Data

3. Summarize and Group Data

4. Visualize Data

Conclusion

The analysis shows that several regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, have a higher concentration of countries in the lower-income group, while regions like Europe and Central Asia tend to have a higher proportion of high-income countries. This provides insight into the global economic landscape.