Rationale For Changing The Medication Given To Me On Discharge From Hosiptal After THA

I was given Pradaxa (generic name: dabigatran etexilate) at a dose of 2x 110 mg in the morning, and Co-codamol (30 mg codeine and 500 mg paracetamol) at a dose of 2 tablets, 4 times a day.

I received my first dose of Pradaxa on the day of discharge from the hospital.

After the second dose of Pradaxa at home, I experienced uncomfortable pain in the kidney areas, nausea, and constipation.

I decided at that point to research my situation, leading to the development of my project entitled “Increased Risk of DVT after Total Hip Arthroplasty”.

Details of my Medication Change

I’m taking CBD oil 3x a day, 1x cayenne pepper (1 heaped tsp) dissolved in water in the morning , 2x high strength turmeric and black pepper supplement - with food, 1x apple in the morning, 2x dispersible aspirin (300mg) one in the morning and evening, 2x paracetamol (500mg) one in the morning and evening, a few cups of nettle tea during the day along with foods rich in tryptophan.

The above regime covers all my pain management needs and my recovery is rapid.


Complications When Using Pradaxa and Co-codamol

When a person is prescribed Pradaxa, an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clots, it complicates the use of certain pain relief options, particularly those containing opiates like co-codamol. Here’s how:

Risks Associated with Co-codamol and Other Opiates

  • Constipation: Opiates like codeine in co-codamol are known to cause severe and uncomfortable constipation, especially if taken regularly.
  • Bleeding Risk: Opiates can cause gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, such as nausea and vomiting, which might increase the risk of GI bleeding. Since Pradaxa already increases the risk of bleeding, this combination could be particularly dangerous.
  • Masking Serious Issues: Co-codamol can mask the pain from complications like GI bleeding. Since Pradaxa increases the risk of bleeding, this can delay the diagnosis and treatment of a potentially serious condition.

Alternative Pain Management Strategies

  • Non-Opiate Analgesics: Non-opioid pain relievers like paracetamol (acetaminophen) alone or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) might be used. However, NSAIDs must be used cautiously or avoided, as they can also increase bleeding risk.
  • Prescription Adjustments: A doctor might consider prescribing a different anticoagulant with fewer interactions or adjusting the pain management plan to include safer alternatives.

Addressing the “Opiate Trap”

  • Tapering Off Opiates: If a patient is already on co-codamol, the healthcare provider might suggest a plan to taper off the opiate component to avoid withdrawal and manage constipation.
  • Use of Laxatives: If constipation is already a problem, laxatives or stool softeners can be used under medical supervision. However, this approach doesn’t solve the underlying issue of opiate dependency.

Monitoring and Support

  • Regular Monitoring: Patients on Pradaxa and co-codamol need regular monitoring for signs of bleeding and other complications. Adjustments to medication regimens should be made based on ongoing assessments.
  • Patient Education: Patients need to be aware of the signs of GI bleeding, such as black or tarry stools, and should be instructed to seek medical help immediately if such symptoms occur.

Summary

The combination of Pradaxa and Co-codamol can place patients in a difficult situation regarding pain management. The risks associated with opiates, particularly constipation and the potential for GI bleeding, require careful management, alternative strategies, and regular monitoring by healthcare providers.


Pradaxa Overview

Pradaxa (generic name: dabigatran etexilate) is an anticoagulant, often referred to as a blood thinner. It is primarily prescribed to prevent and treat conditions where blood clots form abnormally and pose a serious risk, such as in cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and stroke prevention in people with atrial fibrillation (AFib) not caused by a heart valve problem. Below is a comprehensive breakdown of Pradaxa’s mechanism, benefits, risks, and considerations.

Mechanism of Action

Pradaxa belongs to a class of drugs known as direct thrombin inhibitors. It works by directly inhibiting thrombin, a key enzyme involved in blood clot formation. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which is essential in forming a stable blood clot. By inhibiting thrombin, Pradaxa prevents the formation of new clots and reduces the growth of existing clots.

Dabigatran etexilate is an anticoagulant, which means it helps prevent blood clots from forming but does not break down existing clots. Specifically, it’s a direct thrombin inhibitor that blocks the action of thrombin. This inhibition reduces the blood’s ability to form clots, which can be useful in preventing strokes, DVT, pulmonary embolism, and other conditions where clot formation is a concern.

To break down existing clots, medications like thrombolytics (e.g., tissue plasminogen activator or tPA) are used. These drugs work by dissolving the clot directly.

Indications and Usage

  • Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).
  • Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) after initial treatment with a parenteral anticoagulant (like heparin).
  • Reduction in the risk of recurrent DVT and PE in patients who have been previously treated.

Dosage and Administration

  • For patients with atrial fibrillation, the usual dosage is 150 mg taken orally twice daily.
  • In patients with severe kidney impairment or at risk of bleeding, the dosage might be reduced to 75 mg twice daily.

Dosage can vary depending on individual patient factors, including renal function, age, and concomitant use of certain medications.

Advantages Over Other Anticoagulants

  • No Routine Monitoring Required: Unlike warfarin, Pradaxa doesn’t require regular blood monitoring (like INR checks).
  • Fixed Dosing: Pradaxa is typically prescribed with a fixed dose, making it more straightforward for patients to use.
  • Rapid Onset and Offset: Pradaxa starts working within a few hours, and its effects wear off faster than warfarin when discontinued.

Side Effects

  • Bleeding: As with all anticoagulants, bleeding is the most significant risk. This can range from minor bruising to more severe issues like gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, or even fatal bleeding.
  • Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Patients often report symptoms like nausea, indigestion, abdominal pain, or acid reflux.
  • Allergic Reactions: Though rare, some may experience hypersensitivity reactions like rash or anaphylaxis.

Management of Bleeding and Reversal

One key consideration with blood thinners is the risk of bleeding. In cases where severe or life-threatening bleeding occurs, or if a patient requires urgent surgery, Pradaxa has a specific reversal agent called idarucizumab (Praxbind). This monoclonal antibody binds to dabigatran and neutralizes its effects within minutes, offering rapid control over bleeding risks.

Drug Interactions

  • P-glycoprotein inhibitors (like amiodarone, verapamil, or ketoconazole) can increase Pradaxa levels and the risk of bleeding.
  • P-glycoprotein inducers (like rifampin or St. John’s wort) can reduce Pradaxa levels, making it less effective.
  • Other anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs like aspirin, clopidogrel, or NSAIDs can further raise the bleeding risk when taken alongside Pradaxa.

Special Considerations

  • Kidney Function: Since Pradaxa is primarily cleared by the kidneys, renal function plays a crucial role in determining dosage. Patients with impaired renal function require dosage adjustments, or the drug may be contraindicated in severe cases.
  • Age: Elderly patients are generally more sensitive to anticoagulants, including Pradaxa, and may be at higher risk of bleeding.
  • Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Pradaxa is generally not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to potential risks to the fetus or infant.

Switching from Warfarin to Pradaxa

Switching from warfarin to Pradaxa is often done in patients who struggle with maintaining stable INR levels or wish to avoid the regular monitoring associated with warfarin. However, it is crucial to stop warfarin and wait until the INR is below 2.0 before starting Pradaxa to avoid overlapping anticoagulant effects.

Patient Education and Adherence

Pradaxa comes in a special blister pack to protect it from moisture, and patients are advised not to store it in pill organizers. Adherence is vital, as missed doses can quickly reduce anticoagulation levels, leaving patients at risk of clot formation.

Clinical Trials and Efficacy

Pradaxa was approved after large-scale clinical trials (e.g., the RE-LY trial) demonstrated its non-inferiority compared to warfarin in preventing strokes and systemic embolism in patients with NVAF. It has shown a lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage but a higher rate of gastrointestinal bleeding compared to warfarin.

Summary

Pradaxa is a modern anticoagulant offering convenience, efficacy, and a lower need for monitoring compared to traditional agents like warfarin. However, careful patient selection, monitoring for adverse effects, and awareness of drug interactions are critical to safe and effective use. While it provides robust protection against clots and stroke, it does so with a notable risk of bleeding, requiring a balanced approach in each patient’s treatment plan.