ASReview report
This report is an example of the output from an open source tool which makes it easier to compare the decisions by two raters after screening literature samples in ASReview. The report can be created automatically using the .csv files downloaded directly from the ASReview dashboard. The report is a work-in-progress. If you are an R user, please take a look at the source code. Checks, feedback and suggestions for additional features are welcome. You can find my contact details on my website.
1 Files used
File 1 (selected for rater A):
C:\Users\P090168\GitHub\asreview_irr\data\asreview_result_spatial-and-temporal-patterning-of-emergency-reactive-police-demand.csvFile 2 (selected for rater B):
C:\Users\P090168\GitHub\asreview_irr\data\asreview_result_spatial-and-temporal-patterning-of-emergency-reactive-police-demand-2nd-coder.csv2 Rater summary
| rater A | rater B | |
|---|---|---|
| n uploaded | 3103 | 3103 |
| n reviewed | 489 | 535 |
| % reviewed | 15.76 | 17.24 |
| n flagged relevant | 115 | 82 |
| n flagged irrelevant | 374 | 453 |
| % flagged relevant | 23.52 | 15.33 |
| n unreviewed | 2614 | 2568 |
| n unreviewed + irrelevant | 2988 | 3021 |
| % total relevant | 3.71 | 2.64 |
| n relevant v. irrelevant | 39 | 5 |
| n relevant v. unreviewed | 0 | 1 |
3 Overall summary
| Description | n |
|---|---|
| Both rated irrelevant | 325 |
| One rated relevant, other irrelevant | 44 |
| Both rated relevant | 76 |
| One rated irrelevant, other left unreviewed | 133 |
| One rated relevant, other left unreviewed | 1 |
| Both left unreviewed | 2524 |
| Both raters made decision | 445 |
4 Written explanations
- Reviewer A evaluated 489 of 3103 articles (15.76%), of which (s)he flagged 115 as relevant and 374 as irrelevant.
- Reviewer B evaluated 535 of 3103 articles (17.24%), of which (s)he flagged 82 as relevant and 453 as irrelevant.
- Rater A left a total of 2614 articles unreviewed, while rater B left 2568 unreviewed. In other words, these articles lay beyond the ‘stop rule’ and were never seen by the raters.
- Rater A flagged 0 article(s) as relevant that rater B left unreviewed. This figure for Rater B was 1.
- The ‘total irrelevant’ figure is the sum of (1) the number of articles actively flagged as irrelevant by raters and (2) the number of articles left unreviewed after the stop rule (and therefore assumed to be irrelevant).
- Rater A flagged 39 articles as relevant that rater B flagged as irrelevant. Conversely, rater B flagged 5 articles as relevant that rater B flagged as irrelevant.
- Here, the number of decisions eligible for the Kappa statistic is defined as the both raters made decision figure. This is the sum of both rated irrelevant, one rated relevant, other irrelevant and both rated relevant. By default, then, the Kappa reported here does not include abstracts for which one rated relevant, other left unreviewed.
5 Visual summary
5.1 Proportional breakdown
5.2 Rater overlap
6 Comparison of different IRR methods
Here we present different methods to calculate the inter-rater reliability (IRR).
CAUTION! We are still actively researching what method is most appropriate to calculate the IRR. It is not straightforward because the unrated items of both raters (the items that ASReview deems less relevant), depend on what you rated beforehand. This is not the kind of situation that most IRR-statistics are equipped to handle. If they are equipped to deal with unrated items, it is assumed that the missing data is random. For now, we recommend using Gwet’s kappa using listwise deletion. Note that this recommendation may change in the future.
The level of agreement between rater A and rater B is the following:
## Percentage agreement (Tolerance=0)
##
## Subjects = 445
## Raters = 2
## %-agree = 90.16.1 Cohen’s kappa
statistic (with missings coded as -1):
Cohen’s kappa is used to measure the agreement between raters, correcting for chance alone. In this version, the missings are coded, which means that they are counted among the data. A downside of this method is that it can artificially inflate agreement rates because it treats missing values the same as observed values. It skews the results by giving undue weight to unrated items as it treats them the same as the observed values.
## Cohen's Kappa for 2 Raters (Weights: unweighted)
##
## Subjects = 2969
## Raters = 2
## Kappa = 0.944
##
## z = 60.9
## p-value = 06.2 Cohen’s kappa statistic (with listwise deletion):
Cohen’s kappa is used to measure the agreement between raters, correcting for chance alone. In this version, cases with missing values are excluded from the analysis. By only considering cases where both raters provided data, it provides a cleaner estimate of agreement between raters. This can reduce bias introduced by missing data and may provide a more accurate representation of true agreement.
## Cohen's Kappa for 2 Raters (Weights: unweighted)
##
## Subjects = 445
## Raters = 2
## Kappa = 0.715
##
## z = 15.5
## p-value = 06.3 Gwet’s coefficient
(with missings coded as -1)
Gwet’s Kappa incorporates a prevalence adjustment. By weighting agreement based on the prevalence of the categories being rated, it aims to provide a more balanced measure of agreement. The increased complexity means that it can be more difficult to interpret. In this version, the missings are coded, which means that they are counted among the data. A downside of this method is that it can artificially inflate agreement rates because it treats missing values the same as observed values. It skews the results by giving undue weight to unrated items as it treats them the same as the observed values.
## $est
## coeff.name pa pe coeff.val coeff.se conf.int p.value
## 1 AC1 0.9851802 0.1567117 0.98243 0.00463 (0.973,0.992) 0
## w.name
## 1 unweighted
##
## $weights
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 0 0
## [2,] 0 1 0
## [3,] 0 0 1
##
## $categories
## [1] -1 0 16.4 Gwet’s coefficient (with listwise deletion):
Gwet’s Kappa incorporates a prevalence adjustment. By weighting agreement based on the prevalence of the categories being rated, it can result in a more balanced measure of agreement. By only considering cases where both raters provided data, it provides a cleaner estimate of agreement between raters. This can reduce bias introduced by missing data and may provide a more accurate representation of true agreement.
## $est
## coeff.name pa pe coeff.val coeff.se conf.int p.value
## 1 AC1 0.9011236 0.3434516 0.8494 0.02315 (0.804,0.895) 0
## w.name
## 1 unweighted
##
## $weights
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 0
## [2,] 0 1
##
## $categories
## [1] 0 16.5 Krippendorff’s alpha (with listwise deletion):
Krippendorff’s alpha is a generalization of Cohen’s kappa that can handle multiple raters. It has no prevalance correction (see Gwet’s kappa).
## Krippendorff's alpha
##
## Subjects = 3103
## Raters = 2
## alpha = 0.7127 Disagreements
7.1 Relevant versus unreviewed
If there are any, the following are the articles for which one rater flagged ‘relevant’ and the other did not review it because it lay beyond the stop rule.
| id | author(s) | year | title | abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 503 | Frailing, K, Zawisza, T, Harper, D W | 2021 | Whirlwinds and Break-Ins: Evidence Linking a New Orleans Tornado to Residential Burglary | This study examines the number and location of residential burglaries before and after a tornado that struck New Orleans, Louisiana in February 2017. Using calls for service to the New Orleans Police Department, Weather Service data and geospatial referencing, we found that the number of residential burglaries increased in the short-term aftermath of the tornado and that the increase in suitable targets caused by the tornado appears to be an important predictor of post-tornado burglary in that timeframe. We conclude with implications for policy and practice that stem from our findings. NR - 61 PU - TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI - PHILADELPHIA PA - 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA |
7.2 Rater A
Studies for which rater A flagged relevant and rater B flagged irrelevant.
| id | author(s) | year | title | abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2404 | Melo, S N, Boivin, R, Morselli, C | 2020 | Spatial dark figures of rapes: (In)Consistencies across police and hospital data | The dark figures of crime are occurrences that, by some criteria, are called crime yet that are not registered in the official statistics. According to several studies, only a few rapes are reported to the authorities. The current study, using crime data from Campinas, Brazil, sought to examine the spatial dark figures of rapes through the comparison between the spatial patterns of incidents from an official source (police) and the spatial patterns of incidents from an unofficial source (hospital). We used Kernel density estimation maps, generalized Gini coefficient, and a spatial point patterns test to measure the spatial dissimilarities between both sources. Also, we estimated the likelihood of spatial dark figures of rapes using logistic regression models. The results indicate patterns of spatial dark figures of rapes and its association with the street segment and the neighborhood factors. The findings suggest the potential for partnerships between police and medical services in targeting locations with high levels of rape underreport. In addition, it supports place-based prevention measures. NR - 76 PU - ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI - LONDON PA - 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND |
| 303 | Wu, X Y, Lum, C | 2017 | Measuring the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Police Proactivity | To measure where officers engage in proactive, self-initiated activities, how much time they spend being proactive, and whether their proactive activities coincide with crime patterns. This study uses Andresen’s Spatial Point Pattern Test to compare the spatial similarity between police proactivity and crime, as well as regression modeling to explore the relationship between proactivity and crime and the time spent on proactivity and crime. In the jurisdiction examined, high levels of proactivity are noted. This proactive activity is more likely to occur in places where crime is most concentrated. Additionally, the number of proactive calls and the proactive time spent per crime-and-disorder call remain high and stable across spatial scales. For each crime call received at a street block, police initiated 0.7 proactive activities and spent approximately 28 min carrying out proactive works. This study develops a way of measuring proactive activity by patrol officers using calls for service data. We find that not only do officers in this jurisdiction exhibit higher levels of proactivity to prevent crime (compared to reacting to crime), but they also do so in targeted, micro-place ways. Agencies may consider using similar techniques to gauge the levels of proactivity in their agencies if proactive activity is a goal. NR - 41 PU - SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI - NEW YORK PA - 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA |
| 2163 | Deryol, R, Payne, T C | 2018 | A method of identifying dark-time crime locations for street lighting purposes | Research on the effect of street lighting on crime and fear of crime has received much attention, especially between 1970s and early 2000s. Yet no study has documented an empirical method for choosing where to best site street lights for the purpose of crime prevention. This study describes a statistical clustering method (Kohonen’s SOM) that can be used to identify microplaces where crimes mostly occur during nighttime within stable crime hot spots. The results of this clustering analysis were visually examined and compared with streets, which are located near the University of Cincinnati West Campus and selected for lighting during early 2014. The findings revealed temporal patterns of crime within crime hot spots. In addition, there is a substantial overlap between the areas identified as heavily darktime locations by clustering analysis and previously lighted streets determined by the city of Cincinnati managers. Implications of the study are discussed in conclusions. NR - 51 PU - PALGRAVE MACMILLAN LTD PI - BASINGSTOKE PA - BRUNEL RD BLDG, HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HANTS, ENGLAND |
| 2107 | Liu, X Y, Carter, J, Ray, B, Mohler, G | 2021 | POINT PROCESS MODELING OF DRUG OVERDOSES WITH HETEROGENEOUS AND MISSING DATA | Opioid overdose rates have increased in the United States over the past decade and reflect a major public health crisis. Modeling and prediction of drug and opioid hotspots, where a high percentage of events fall in a small percentage of space-time, could help better focus limited social and health services. In this work we present a spatial-temporal point process model for drug overdose clustering. The data input into the model comes from two heterogeneous sources: (1) high volume emergency medical calls for service (EMS) records containing location and time but no information on the type of nonfatal overdose, and (2) fatal overdose toxicology reports from the coroner containing location and high-dimensional information from the toxicology screen on the drugs present at the time of death. We first use nonnegative matrix factorization to cluster toxicology reports into drug overdose categories, and we then develop an EM algorithm for integrating the two heterogeneous data sets, where the mark corresponding to overdose category is inferred for the EMS data and the high volume EMS data is used to more accurately predict drug overdose death hotspots. We apply the algorithm to drug overdose data from Indianapolis, showing that the point process defined on the integrated data out-performs point processes that use only coroner data (AUC improvement 0.81 to 0.85). We also investigate the extent to which overdoses are contagious, as a function of the type of overdose, while controlling for exogenous fluctuations in the background rate that might also contribute to clustering. We find that drug and opioid overdose deaths exhibit significant excitation with branching ratio ranging from 0.72 to 0.98. FU - NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [ATD-1737996, SCC-1737585] FX - This work was supported in part by NSF Grants ATD-1737996 and SCC-1737585. NR - 38 PU - INST MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS-IMS PI - CLEVELAND PA - 3163 SOMERSET DR, CLEVELAND, OH 44122 USA |
| 119 | Lebeau, J L | 2002 | The impact of a hurricane on routine activities and on calls for police service: Charlotte, north carolina, and hurricane hugo | Cohen and Felson’s routine activity theory asserts that crime occurs when motivated offenders converge in time and space with targets lacking capable guardianship. Crime is a product of our normal everyday routines. This research examines how Hurricane Hugo altered routine activities during the period 22nd September-2nd October 1989, in Charlotte, North Carolina. The impacts of this natural disaster are reflected by changes in the quantity, nature, and timing of calls for police service.A modified routine activity framework is employed to explain the conceptual linkages among routine activities, time, calls to the police, and weather. Furthermore, different time periods are defined as being primarily for the pursuit of either obligatory or discretionary routine activities. The calls-for-service data for this research emanate from the computer-aided dispatch files of the Charlotte Police Department.The results indicate that Hurricane Hugo seriously impeded the circulation of the city and disrupted routine activities. Calls for service increased greatly during the day of Hugo’s arrival, and remained high for over a week. The inability of the population to pursue their normal routine activity patterns meant that time periods ordinarily used for the pursuit of obligatory activities changed to discretionary time periods. Moreover, while the police still fulfilled their law enforcement function, the nature and volume of the calls indicated a greater emphasis on order maintenance and service functions. Finally, during Hugo’s arrival day and the following three days of recovery burglary reports were much higher than normal, as were reports of a man with a gun; the former implies that the hurricane increased vulnerable targets, while the latter implies defensive gun use may have been used as a method of enhancing guardianship. Copyright © 2000 Perpetuity Press Ltd. |
| 130 | Decker, S H, Varano, S P, Greene, J R | 2007 | Routine crime in exceptional times: The impact of the 2002 Winter Olympics on citizen demand for police services | Despite their rich theoretical and practical importance, criminologists have paid scant attention to the patterns of crime and the responses to crime during exceptional events. Throughout the world large-scale political, social, economic, cultural, and sporting events have become commonplace. Natural disasters such as blackouts, hurricanes, tornadoes, and tsunamis present similar opportunities. Such events often tax the capacities of jurisdictions to provide safety and security in response to the exceptional event, as well as to meet the “routine” public safety needs. This article examines “routine” crime as measured by calls for police service, official crime reports, and police arrests in Salt Lake City before, during, and after the 2002 Olympic Games. The analyses suggest that while a rather benign demographic among attendees and the presence of large numbers of social control agents might have been expected to decrease calls for police service for minor crime, it actually increased in Salt Lake during this period. The implications of these findings are considered for theories of routine activities, as well as systems capacity. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. NR - 19 PU - PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI - OXFORD PA - THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND |
| 83 | Bennett, Richard R | 2004 | Calling for Service: Mobilization of the Police Across Sociocultural Environments. | Although researchers have investigated the nature and distribution of routine police activity over the past 30 years, surprisingly few analyses have explained the observed variation in these activities over time and even fewer have examined variations across jurisdictions. This research explores the nature and distribution of police activity through citizen calls for service in three developing nations of the Caribbean region. It is argued that the social and political context of the jurisdiction determines, at the margins, the nature of citizen calls for police service. That is, for non-serious crime and other services, citizens’ calls for police services are predicated upon the nature of the relationship between the citizenry and the police. This study analyzes calls for service data from three Caribbean nations: Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and Jamaica. The nature and distribution of the calls are analyzed in relationship to the constables’ perceptions of their legitimacy in the eyes of the citizenry. The findings indicate that the nature of citizen calls for service are related to these perceptions of legitimacy. That is, the more the sensed legitimacy of the police, the greater the citizens’ tendency to initiate calls for services that do not involve serious criminal incidents. The policy implications of these findings for police work in developing nations are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| 873 | Saunders, J, Dongarwar, D, Salemi, J, Schulte, J, Persse, D, Matin, A, Banu, S, Shah, A | 2021 | Emergency mental health calls to first responders following a natural disaster: Examining the effects from Hurricane Harvey | Introduction: Hurricane Harvey which made landfall on August 25, 2017 was a devastating storm that dumped unprecedented amount of rainfall on the area including Houston, Texas, United States of America. There are limited data about emergency service mental health utilization following disaster events. The goal for this project was to examine mental health calls to emergency medical services (EMS) and to the Houston Police Department following Hurricane Harvey. An analysis looking at this utilization following a natural disaster represents an understudied area and can potentially provide information about city services and community psychiatric services in the acute period following the event. Materials and Methods: Total number of calls to the police department and mental health calls to the police department described as crisis intervention calls (Crisis Intervention Team) were obtained from August 1, 2016 to October 31, 2016 and January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Emergency detention orders (EDO) per date were obtained from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Data for mental health calls based on the primary impression of mental health complaint were obtained from the Houston Fire Department for EMS from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the number of mental health calls to the police following Hurricane Harvey. When comparing the prestorm, active storm, and poststorm period, there was not a statistically significant difference in the number of EDOs or the number of EMS mental health calls. Conclusions: The increase in police mental health calls suggests that there may have been an increase in the acuity of the mental health calls to EMS around in evaluating calls surrounding the period of Hurricane Harvey. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical Knowledge and Patient Care. FU - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Health Resources and Services Administration [D34HP31024] FX - This research was funded by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Health Resources and Services Administration, grant number D34HP31024. NR - 24 PU - WOLTERS KLUWER MEDKNOW PUBLICATIONS PI - MUMBAI PA - WOLTERS KLUWER INDIA PVT LTD , A-202, 2ND FLR, QUBE, C T S NO 1498A-2 VILLAGE MAROL, ANDHERI EAST, MUMBAI, 400059, INDIA |
| 23 | Gaston, S | 2019 | Enforcing Race: A Neighborhood-Level Explanation of Black-White Differences in Drug Arrests | This research investigates the source of Black-White differences in drug arrests by conducting a neighborhood-level test of the differential police scrutiny and racially discriminatory policing hypotheses. The study examines drug arrests made across 78 neighborhoods in St. Louis between 2009 and 2013. Results from the negative binomial regression analyses lend the greatest support to the racially discriminatory policing perspective. Neighborhood racial composition significantly shapes drug law enforcement practices, net of neighborhood-level violent and property crime rates, drug-related calls for service by citizens, and socioeconomic disadvantage. Specifically, findings suggest that officers engage in “out-of-place” racial profiling in drug law enforcement, as they tend to target suspects whose race is incongruent with the neighborhood racial context. Implications of the study findings are discussed. NR - 88 PU - SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI - THOUSAND OAKS PA - 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA |
| 177 | DeCarlo, John, Sainato, Vincenzo, Ackerman, Alissa | 2008 | Mythbusted: Using Data Mining to Assess Police Calls For Service, Offender Aggression, And The Environment. | It has been speculated for years that there are relationships and patterns between human behavior, aggression, and certain ecological, temporal and biological factors. In policing, certain ideas connecting the environment and behavior, specifically criminal and violent behaviors, have become widely mythologized. The general belief among surveyed police officers is that certain environmental and social factors such as heat, lunar cycles, and other ecological factors, affect both the quantity and quality of the incidents that they are called to. Criminological theories, including Routine Activities, CPTED, and a variety of biological concepts offer possible explanations for crime, based on the interaction of the environment and the human organism.Employing advanced data mining techniques daily call for service data and environmental data was collected from a northeastern police department (2005-2007). Patterns of behavior between crime types, volumes, quality of police calls, and environmental factors are assessed in light of prevailing theoretical and practitioner assumptions. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| 171 | Taniguchi, T A, Salvatore, C | 2018 | Policing a Negotiated World: A Partial Test of Klinger’s Ecological Theory of Policing | Klinger’s (Criminology 35(2): 277-306, 1997) ecological theory of policing addresses the intersection of environment and police organizational structure on police patrol practices. The current study addresses the following question: ‘Is police response to calls for service influenced by the level of serious violent crime or the level of officer staffing?’ This question was addressed using crime, incident, and staffing data supplied by the Philadelphia Police Department. The dependent variable was the number of unfounded events per month, per police district, from 2004 to 2008. Analysis controlled for linear and non-linear trends, average monthly temperature, month length, and spatial effects. Data were analyzed using repeated measures multilevel modeling. Findings suggested that the quantity of unfounded events was associated with both workload and officer staffing levels. Consistent with theoretical predictions, higher workload was associated with more unfounded incidents while higher levels of officer staffing was associated with fewer unfounded incidents, net of ongoing trends and spatial effects. These findings are consistent with the Ecological Theory of Policing and suggest that officers may shed workload in response to higher demands for service or lower levels of officer availability. NR - 64 PU - SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI - NEW YORK PA - 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA |
| 1106 | Liu, L, Eck, J | 2007 | Analysis of police vehicle stops in Cincinnati: A geographic perspective | This study analyzes police vehicle stop data collected during the second half of 2001. In addition to addressing questions such as who is stopped and why vehicles are stopped, this article focuses on the geographic variations and racial variations of the stops in the fifty-two neighborhood areas of the City of Cincinnati. Racial disparities in vehicle stops are often linked to the controversial issue of racial profiling. A new measure, disproportionality, is developed to better capture such disparities. Many earlier studies used census population as the baseline in calculating disproportionality indices, based on an implicit assumption that people only drive in the neighborhood where they live. A reasonable baseline should reflect how many people drive in a neighborhood and how many miles are driven in a neighborhood. This study replaces census population by vehicle miles as the baseline. An innovative approach is developed to estimate vehicle miles in each neighborhood. The research concludes that small disparities exist between Black and White drivers in Cincinnati while the magnitude varies significantly by neighborhood areas, and that the spatial pattern of stops appears to be associated with those of driving patterns, crime, drug calls, overall demand for police services, and traffic accidents. Specifically, the correlations between sropping rates for African-Americans and accident rates and minor crimes are particularly high. |
| 234 | Simpson, R, Hipp, J R | 2019 | What came first: the police or the incident? Bidirectional relationships between police actions and police incidents | The present research examines the long-term, bidirectional relationships between calls for service, crime, and two police patrol strategies in Santa Monica, California: foot patrol and police stops. Using nine years of monthly data (2006-2014), we estimate two sets of block-level, longitudinal models to tease apart these relationships. In our first set of models, we use police actions and calls for service in the preceding month(s) to predict crime in the subsequent month. In our second set of models, we use calls for service and crime in the preceding month(s) to predict police actions in the subsequent month. We find that while changes in calls for service and crime often precede changes in police action, changes in crime also tend to follow them. For example, police stops appear to be particularly receptive to burglary: blocks with more burglaries receive greater numbers of police stops, and blocks with more police stops have reduced odds of experiencing burglary. We also find that the length of effects of predictors varies as a function of predictor and outcome: whereas some predictors exhibit short temporal effects (e.g. one month), other predictors exhibit much longer temporal effects (e.g. twelve months). Our results thus provide important insight into the spatial and temporal relationships between police actions and police incidents. Police actions must be neatly tailored to police incidents at precise levels if long-term deterrent effects at these levels are to be achieved. FU - National Institute of Justice [2012-R2-CX-0010] FX - This work was supported by the National Institute of Justice under grant 2012-R2-CX-0010. NR - 41 PU - ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI - ABINGDON PA - 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND |
| 520 | Johnson, Richard R, Doerle, Kevin H | 2016 | Measuring the Effects of a Terrorist Attack on Community Crime and Incivilities. | Criminology has only just begun to examine the effects of major events, such as terrorism or natural disasters, on normal crime and disorder. This study examined the influence the terrorist incidents surrounding the 2013 Boston Marathon had on community crime and disorder. Using police calls for service data from three Boston suburbs for a period of 30 days before and after the terrorist attacks, we examined change in the rate of citizen reports of violent crime, property crime, and disturbances of the peace. The findings revealed that for the 30 days after the terrorist incident, citizen reports for all three categories increased; however, only the increase in reports of disturbances of the peace was statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| 473 | St. Louis, Stacie, Greene, Jack R | 2020 | Social context in police legitimacy: giving meaning to police/community contacts. | The history of policing in the United States is a history of tension between the police and the public, especially in marginalised communities, where the legitimacy of the police and their interventions has been most questioned. Marginalised and often minority communities often complain about over and under policing, that is, policing that harasses local residents but does not address serious crime. In recent years, concerns with the institutional legitimacy of the police in the US and elsewhere have risen in public discussions and in scientific research. Current models of police legitimacy tend to focus on transactions between the police and the public over matters of procedural justice; however, taking a more contextual view of police interventions in communities provides opportunities to look beyond transactions and sort out the socio-cultural acceptance of the police against the myriad of services they provide to communities. Here we focus on census tracts in Boston, merging calls for service data with perceptual survey data. We find significant differences in the types of police services requested by advantaged and disadvantaged communities. Public-initiated calls for service are largely for emergency response matters as opposed to crime prevention and community restoration; police-initiated services, however, are more evenly distributed across prevention, response, and restoration. While residents of disadvantaged, high-crime communities request the police more often, they perceive themselves as unwilling to report crime. Additionally, they perceive their communities as unsafe while also viewing the police as less legitimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| 3032 | Verma, A | 1998 | The fractal dimension of policing | Crime is inherent in our society and the routine activities of everyday life ensure that circumstances will be created that will facilitate criminal behavior The very nature of society-the need to go out and work and interact with others-initiates processes and situations that will encourage some people to be deviant and others to become victims. Criminal victimization is a deterministic part of our society but who will fall victim and who will become the offender remains uncertain. Crime, therefore, is characterized both by randomness and determinism, a situation that suggests the application of chaos theory for its study. This article argues that crime is a complex event that is the culmination of several processes emanating from the past. A method called R/S technique, based upon chaos theory is used in an attempt to provide a different insight into the phenomenon of temporal crime data. This analysis uses an illustrative example to demonstrate that police calls for service data have a memory effect that can be identified by its fractal dimension. The technique suggests a new way to look at how the police system is functioning and raises questions about the situational factors. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. NR - 59 PU - PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI - OXFORD PA - THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND |
| 2304 | Moyer, R A | NA | The Effect of a Death-in-Police-Custody Incident on Community Reliance on the Police | Objectives Examine whether a death-in-police-custody incident affected community reliance on the police, as measured through citizen calls requesting police assistance for non-criminal caretaking matters. Methods This study used Baltimore Police Department (BPD) incident-level call data (2014-2017) concerning non-criminal caretaking matters (N = 234,781). Counts of non-criminal caretaking calls were aggregated by week for each of 279 unique sections derived from census-tract and police district boundaries. This study devised a Negative Community-Police Relationship Index Score that operationalized the expected risk of a negative community-police relationship for each of the sections. In April 2015, a Baltimore resident, Freddie Gray, died while in BPD custody. A Poisson regression model assessed whether this high-profile death-in-police-custody incident adversely affected the volume of non-criminal caretaking calls to the police and whether that effect was strongest in sections at a high risk of a negative community-police relationship. A falsification test used pocket-dialed emergency calls to verify that any observed trends were not the result of overall telephone usage. Results There was no statistical evidence that the death-in-police-custody incident produced any changes in community reliance on the police for non-criminal caretaking matters, even in high-risk sections. A supplemental analysis using calls for criminal matters yielded similar results. As the falsification test demonstrated, the observed trends were not the result of overall telephone usage. Conclusions Despite a divisive death-in-police-custody incident, citizens were still willing to enlist police assistance. More broadly, the caretaking role of the police may be an important mechanism to strengthen community-police relations, particularly in marginalized neighborhoods vulnerable to strained community-police relations. NR - 128 PU - SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI - NEW YORK PA - 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA |
| 594 | Phillips, Scott W, Gayadeen, S Marlon, Kim, Dae-Young, OâNeil, Jennifer L, Robertson, Joshua | |201 | |A partial test of the ecological theory: Examining vigour at the block group level. | |Klinger (1997) advanced research on police behaviour when he developed his ecological theory as a means to predict or explain the influence of the âpatrol districtâ on police behaviour. He proposed an inverse relationship between the levels of crime and disorder in the officerâs working environment and the amount of formal legal authority used by an officer. That is, the greater the level of crime and disorder in the patrol district, the lower the amount of formal legal authority expended by the officer. Past studies framed within the ecological theory found limited support for Klingerâs notion. It is suggested that prior studies inaccurately operationalised the âpatrol districtâ variable because the study areas were too large to adequately assess his theory. This study expands on past research framed within the ecological theory by operationalising the police patrol area based on US Census âblock groupsâ. Results indicate that the rate of arrests in a block group was related to higher levels of calls for service, which is contrary to what is expected with the ecological theory. It is possible that a measure of âpatrol districtâ, as an officer understands it, is not the same as the measures commonly accessible to scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| 1977 | Curtis, A, Curtis, J W, Porter, L C, Jefferis, E, Shook, E | 2016 | Context and Spatial Nuance Inside a Neighborhood’s Drug Hotspot: Implications for the Crime-Health Nexus | New geographic approaches are required to tease apart the underlying sociospatial complexity of neighborhood decline to target appropriate interventions. Typically maps of crime hotspots are used with relatively little attention being paid to geographic context. This article helps further this discourse using a topical study of a neighborhood drug microspace, a phrase we use to include the various stages of production, selling, acquiring, and taking, to show how context matters. We overlay an exploratory data analysis of three cohort spatial video geonarratives (SVGs) to contextualize the traditional crime rate hotspot maps. Using two local area analyses of police, community, and ex-offender SVGs and then comparing these with police call for service data, we identify spaces of commonality and difference across data types. In the Discussion, we change the scale to consider revealed microspaces and the interaction of both good and bad places. We enrich the previous analysis with a mapped spatial video assessment of the built environment and then return to the narrative to extract additional detail around a crime-associated corner store next to a community center. Our findings suggest that researchers should reevaluate how to enrich typical hotspot approaches with more on-the-ground context. FU - National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs - National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice [2013-R2-CX-0004] FX - Part of this paper was supported by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs Award No. 2013-R2-CX-0004, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. NR - 59 PU - ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI - ABINGDON PA - 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND |
| 126 | Heller, N B, Markland, R E | 1970 | A Climatological Model for Forecasting the Demand for Police Service | The rate of citizen calls for police service exhibits marked seasonal fluctuations, generally reaching a peak during the summer months and slacking off to a low point in midwinter. Data from St. Louis, Chicago, and Detroit indicates a high correlation between the number of calls per week and meteorological variables such as aver age temperature and hours of daylight. Simple regression models, using the weekly norms for the weather variables, are employed to forecast the weekly demand for police service in each of the three cities. Since the weather data are easily obtained from the local weather bureau, and only a single year of police data is needed to estimate the regression coefficients, police planners may find such climatological models handy for scheduling patrol deployments and officersâ vacations. © 1970, Sage Publications. All rights reserved. |
| 2368 | Quinet, K D, Nunn, S | 1998 | Illuminating crime - The impact of street lighting on calls for police service | This study reports on an evaluation of the effects of street lights on crime in several Indianapolis neighborhood. Crime was measured in terms of calls for police service (CFS).. Using a quasiexperimental design, we performed analyses on four multiblock areas, three intersections, and two aggregated address groups. Two control areas were matched to two multiblock areas that received enhanced lighting. Of the nine target areas, six showed evidence of lower CFS volumes after more lighting. We analyzed the mean weekly CFS in the pre- and postinstallation periods. Two lighted areas had a lower mean weekly CFS after installation. The more illuminated target area experienced a greater reduction in average CFS for property and miscellaneous crimes than did the control area. NR - 24 PU - SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI - THOUSAND OAKS PA - 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA |
| 929 | LIPP, M, MIHALJEVIC, V, DICK, W | 1994 | ANALYSIS OF TELEPHONE CALLS PLACED TO FIRE BRIGADE, EMERGENCY MEDICAL-SERVICES, AND GENERAL-PRACTITIONERS EMERGENCY SERVICES IN AN EMERGENCY MEDICAL-SERVICE SYSTEM | There is no doubt that a single emergency phone number is desirable, but in contrast to other countries, in Germany different emergency phone numbers and dispatching centers exist for the fire brigade (FB), the emergency medical service system (EMS), and the general practitioners’ emergency service (GPS). Due to this fact, valuable time is often wasted by connecting or transferring emergency calls from one dispatching center to another. The purpose of this study was to analyse all calls received by the different dispatching centers in the city and county area of Mainz with respect to total number, fraction of emergency calls, and specificity. Further, the total number of calls potentially referring to a hypothetic single dispatching center with a general emergency phone number (112) was calculated. During a 4-month period, all telephone calls were registered and related to day, time, and origin of the call (city or county) and classified as non-urgent or emergency calls, calls appropriate to the dispatching center dialed, emergency calls to be transferred, or unspecific calls. A total of 80987 calls were received (city area 84.3%, county area 15.7%), most of them directed to the FB of Mainz (33086), The EMS dispatching center received 31286 calls, the five GPS-centers 15 256 calls; 1359 emergency calls that were directed to the police or FB needed transfer to the EMS. During weekdays the EMS and FB received the most calls, with a reduced frequency on Saturdays and Sundays (Table 2). Nevertheless, the highest total numbers of calls were received on Saturdays due to multiple calls directed to the GPS. The FB had the highest specificity of calls; more than 50% of the calls to the GPS were unspecific (Fig. 1). Of all calls, 4.37% were classified as emergency calls; two-thirds of these came from the area of Mainz during the daytime. During off-duty hours of the GPS in the city, 51% of the emergency calls reached the EMS directly; 49% had to be connected by the police or FB. During duty hours of the GPS, the fraction of calls directed to the EMS decreased significantly to 35%. During duty hours of the GPS centers in the county area, only 14% of the urgent emergency calls reached the EMS dispatcher directly (Fig. 2). Compared to the multiple-center mode, a hypothetic single dispatching center for all systems would probably be followed by a slight increase in total number of calls due to the fact that the GPS numbers would be answered 24 h a day, but there would be only minimal differences in the total number received on most days; only on Sundays would a decrease be expected. The EMS area of Mainz, with a total of 13 different telephone numbers for 7 dispatching centers, can be regarded as typical of the German situation. The high number of emergency calls to be transferred (up to 86% under special circumstances) demonstrated that this weak point in the German EMS system must be eliminated by introducing a single emergency number. This should occur when a Europe-wide three-digit number ‘’112’’ will be instituted, probably in 1995. Additionally, the continued existence of 5- or 10-digit telephone numbers for non-urgent calls may be useful for allowing non-verbal differentiation of calls. In any case, all telephone numbers, including the latter calls, have to enter one dispatching center. The main advantage of a single dispatching center would be avoidance of the time-consuming transfer of emergency calls from one dispatching center to the other. NR - 15 PU - SPRINGER VERLAG PI - NEW YORK PA - 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 |
| 150 | McLean, S J, Worden, R E, Kim, M S | 2013 | Here’s Looking at You: An Evaluation of Public CCTV Cameras and Their Effects on Crime and Disorder | We examine the impacts of public surveillance cameras on crime and disorder in Schenectady, New York, a medium-sized city in the northeastern United States. We assessed camera impacts by analyzing monthly counts of crime and disorder-related calls for service that occurred within each camera’s 150-foot viewshed as an interrupted time series, with the interruption at the time that the camera in question was activated. We also analyzed counts of incidents between 150 and 350 feet of cameras to assess displacement effects and diffusion of benefits. We further estimated camera effects on counts of only incidents in public locations-street crimes. Our study suggests that cameras have had effects on crime, even more consistent effects on disorder, and that the visibility of cameras is associated with its impact on crime and disorder. We conclude by discussing the implications of the findings and discuss the questions to which future research should be directed. © 2013 Georgia State University. |
| 1419 | Goin, D E, Rudolph, K E, Ahern, J | 2017 | Impact of drought on crime in California: A synthetic control approach | Climate and weather have been linked to criminal activity. The connection between climatological conditions and crime is of growing importance as we seek to understand the societal implications of climate change. This study describes the mechanisms theorized to link annual variations in climate to crime in California and examines the effect of drought on statewide crime rates from 2011-2015. California has suffered severe drought since 2011, resulting in intensely dry winters and several of the hottest days on record. It is likely that the drought increased economic stress and shifted routine activities of the population, potentially increasing the likelihood of crime. We used a synthetic control method to estimate the impact of California’s drought on both property and violent crimes. We found a significant increase in property crimes during the drought, but no effect on violent crimes. This result was robust to several sensitivity analyses, including a negative control. FU - National Institutes of HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [DP2 HD080350]; University of California, Berkeley Committee on ResearchUniversity of California System; EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENTUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) [DP2HD080350] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER FX - This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Director’s New Innovator Award Program DP2 HD080350. JA received the grant, https://commonfund.nih.gov/newinnovator/ index. KER was a Post-Doctoral Scholar of the Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholars Program, http://www.healthandsocietyscholars. org/. The University of California, Berkeley Committee on Research provided JA initial funds. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of th emanuscript. NR - 60 PU - PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI - SAN FRANCISCO PA - 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA |
| 357 | Brantingham, P J, Uchida, C D | 2021 | Public cooperation and the police: Do calls-for-service increase after homicides? | Calls-for-service represent the most basic form of public cooperation with the police. How cooperation varies as a function of instances of police activity remains an open question. The great situational diversity of police activity in the field, matching the situational diversity of crime and disorder, makes it challenging to estimate causal effects. Here we use homicides as an indicator for the occurrence of a standardized set of highly visible, socially intensive, acute police investigative activities and examine whether police calls-for-service change in response. We adopt a place-based difference-in-differences approach that controls for local fixed affects and common temporal trends. Estimates of the model using data from Los Angeles in 2019 shows that calls-for-service increase significantly in the week following a homicide. The effect pertains to both violent crime and quality of life calls for service. Partitioning the data by race-ethnicity shows that calls-for-service increase most when the homicide victim is Black. Partitioning the data by race-ethnicity and type of homicide shows that some types of calls are suppressed when the homicide is gang-related. The results point to opportunities for police to build trust in the immediate aftermath of homicides, when the public is reaching out for greater assistance. FU - ARO MURIMURI [W911NF1810208]; NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DMS-2027277]; NIJ grant [2018-75-CX-0003] FX - This research was supported by ARO MURI grant W911NF1810208, NSF grant DMS-2027277, and NIJ grant 2018-75-CX-0003. The data used in this study are available from the Los Angeles Open Data portal (https://data.lacity.org/) and the LA GeoHub (https://geohub.lacity.org/).PJB serves on the board of PredPol. NR - 54 PU - ELSEVIER PI - AMSTERDAM PA - RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS |
| 562 | Hodgkinson, T, Andresen, M A, Saville, G | 2018 | “Staying out that public housing”: examining the role of security measures in public housing design | Much research exists to demonstrate that strategies related to situational crime prevention are important for reducing opportunities for crime. Despite evidence for these strategies, many municipalities and developers do not implement them consistently or appropriately. The current study explores the impact of disregarding such research in a housing development in the southern USA. The failure of proper security measures may lead to higher levels of property and violent crime. Alternatively, surrounding developments, with better site management and access control, may experience fewer police calls for service. The results have implications for crime prevention practitioners, property managers, and liability concerns. NR - 23 PU - PALGRAVE MACMILLAN LTD PI - BASINGSTOKE PA - BRUNEL RD BLDG, HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HANTS, ENGLAND |
| 2023 | Hagan, J, McCarthy, B, Herda, D | 2018 | RACE, LEGAL CYNICISM, AND THE MACHINE POLITICS OF DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT IN CHICAGO | Using a wide array of official and unofficial data spanning two decades in the neighborhoods of Chicago, we explore connections between legal cynicism, the electoral regime of Mayor Richard M. Daley, and citizen calls for police assistance and police reports of drug crime. We find that the disproportionate concentration of legal cynicism about law enforcement in African American neighborhoods played a prominent and insufficiently understood role in building opposition to Mayor Daley’s political machine. This race linked legal cynicism was grounded in neighborhood concerns about effective prevention of and protection from drug crime. The more punitive than preventative and protective approach to drug law enforcement that characterized the politics of the Daley crime machine contributed to a legacy that foreshadowed the growing and ultimately explosive demands for new mechanisms of police accountability in Chicago. NR - 40 PU - CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI - NEW YORK PA - 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA |
| 1588 | Hueya, L, Ferguson, L, Vaughan, A D | 2021 | The limits of our knowledge: Tracking the size and scope of police involvement with persons with mental illness | Significant public discourse has focused recently on police-civilian interactions involving with persons with mental illness (PMI). Despite increasing public attention, and growing demands for policy change, little is actually known about the myriad of ways in which Canadian police encounter PMI in the context of routine police work. To assist policymakers in developing evidence-informed policy, this paper attempts to shed light on present difficulties associated with addressing fundamental questions, such as the prevalence of mental health related issues in police calls for service. To do this, we attempt to map the size and scope of police calls for service involving PMI, drawing on both the available scientific data and the limited knowledge to be gleaned from available police reports. Our focus is on two broad categories of police interactions with citizens: public safety concerns (wellness checks, suicide threats, missing persons, mental health apprehensions) and crime prevention and response (encountering PMI as victims-complainants and (or) as potential suspects). We also explore the challenges policy-makers face in relying on police data and the importance of overcoming weaknesses in data collection and sharing in relation to the policing of uniquely vulnerable groups. This paper concludes with some key recommendations for addressing gaps highlighted. © 2021 Facets. All rights reserved. |
| 636 | Porter, L C, De Biasi, A, Mitchell, S, Curtis, A, Jefferis, E | 2019 | Understanding the Criminogenic Properties of Vacant Housing: A Mixed Methods Approach | Objectives: Abandoned houses may attract or generate crime; however, little is known about the nature of this relationship. Our study is aimed at better understanding this link. Methods: Focusing on a high-crime neighborhood in Ohio, we use spatial video and calls for service (CFS) to examine how crime changed on streets where abandoned homes were removed. We also draw on the insights of 35 ex-offenders, police officers, and residents to examine how and why abandoned houses are connected to crime in this locale. Results: On average, streets where abandoned houses were razed accounted for a lower proportion of neighborhood crime after removal. Also, a lower proportion of total CFS from these streets related to serious crime. Our narrative data indicate that abandoned houses are opportunistic because they provide cover, unoccupied spaces, and are easy targets. Conclusions: The removal of abandoned housing was associated with positive changes in crime overall; however, our approach revealed interesting variation across streets. We surmise that the relevance of a particular abandoned house may be contingent on the larger context of that street or neighborhood. In order to understand these dynamics, future research should continue to “drill down” into micro-spaces. FU - National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs - National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice [2013-R2CX-0004] FX - The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The Research was funded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs Award No. 2013-R2CX-0004, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. NR - 44 PU - SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI - THOUSAND OAKS PA - 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA |
| 2587 | Wu, X Y, Lum, C | 2020 | The practice of proactive traffic stops | Purpose Empirical research suggests that traffic enforcement is the most common type of proactive activity police officers engage in on a daily basis. Further, agencies often use traffic enforcement to achieve both traffic safety and crime control. Given these goals, the purpose of this paper is to investigate whether (and to what extent) officers are accurately targeting their proactive traffic enforcement with crime and vehicle crashes in two agencies. Design/methodology/approach The study examines traffic enforcement patterns in two agencies to see whether proactive traffic enforcement aligns spatially with crime and vehicle crashes. This study employs negative binomial regression models with clustered standard errors to investigate this alignment at the micro-spatial level. Key variables of interest are measured with police calls for service data, traffic citation data and vehicle crash data from two law enforcement jurisdictions. Findings High levels of spatial association are observed between traffic accidents and crime in both agencies, lending empirical support to the underlying theories of traffic enforcement programs that also try to reduce crime (i.e. “DDACTS”). In both agencies, traffic accidents also appear to be the most prominent predictor of police proactive traffic enforcement activities, even across different times of day. However, when vehicle crashes are accounted for, the association between crime and traffic stops is weaker, even during times of day when agencies believe they are using proactive traffic enforcement as a crime deterrent. Originality/value No prior study to authors knowledge has examined the empirical association between police proactive traffic activities and crime and traffic accidents in practice. The current study seeks to fill that void by investigating the realities of traffic stops as practiced daily by police officers, and their alignment with crime and vehicle crashes. Such empirical inquiry is especially important given the prevalent use of traffic enforcement as a common proactive policing tool by police agencies to control both traffic and crime problems. NR - 74 PU - EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD PI - BINGLEY PA - HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY BD16 1WA, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND |
| 2128 | Jin, Y Xie | 2014 | Spatial Matters in Emergencies | The article features the Hamilton Police Service (HPS) in Ontario, the local Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), and its integration of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD). Topics discussed include the vital role spatial information plays in an emergency call, the importance of the accuracy and currency of the location information, and the major accomplishments in the mapping data upgrade done for the Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) that HPS is using. |
| 2926 | Godwin, A, Stasko, J | 2017 | Hotsketch: Drawing police patrol routes among spatiotemporal crime hotspots | During the course of a day, a police unit is expected to move throughout the city to provide a visible presence and respond quickly to emergencies. Planning this movement at the beginning of the shift can provide a helpful first step in ensuring that officers are present in areas of high crime, but these plans can quickly break down as they are pulled away to 911 calls. Once such an initial plan is deferred, police units need to be able to rapidly and fluidly decide where to go next depending on their immediate location and time. In this paper, we present our research to couple spatiotemporal analysis of historical crime data with sketch-based interaction methods. This research is presented through an initial prototype, HotSketch, which we describe through a set of use cases within the domain of police patrol route planning. © 2017 Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. All rights reserved. |
| 242 | Costanza, S E, Helms, R, Ratansi, S, Kilburn, J C, Harmon, J E | 2010 | Boom to Bust or Bust to Boom? Following the Effects of Weed and Seed Zoning in New Britain, Connecticut, from 1995 to 2000 | This article addresses the effects of weed and seed zoning operations on arrests and calls for assistance in New Britain, Connecticut, during the 24-month before and 36-month after the inception of operations. Data are taken from New Britain police dispatch statistics and applied to a study of arrests and citizen calls for assistance across 738 U. S. Census block collection units (BCUs). The article employs tests of significance to assess the overall effects of zoning on these police activities across pre- and post-intervention periods and uses both weighted displacement quotient (WDQ) and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) models to test for possible displacement associated with zoning. Results indicate that weed and seed zoning was significantly associated with displacement of arrest activity in pre- and post-intervention time periods but displayed no relationship with displacement of calls for assistance (CFAs). Though WDQ analyses do not indicate proximity effects, local indicators of spatial association (LISA) maps show noteworthy changes in the spatial clustering of arrest activity over time. Of principal concern here is the idea that weed and seed may prompt changes in the geography of crime without actually reducing crime rates. An ancillary concern is whether significantly higher arrest rates within weed and seed zones represent advances in community policing. NR - 48 PU - SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI - THOUSAND OAKS PA - 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA |
| 360 | Conover, Theresa Ervin, Liederbach, John | 2015 | Policing on demand. | Police scholars generally accept that officers behave differently across communities and that those differences are influenced by specific community-level measures. This consensus is based on surprisingly scant empirical support, however. Studies designed to identify and explain community variation in police behavior have thus far largely ignored the issue of mobilization, or the various ways in which communities demand police services. This study provides information on how communities influence police using data collected through the systematic social observation of police officers. The study includes measures designed to capture the specific manner in which the police were mobilized, including instances where the police were dispatched through calls-for-service as well as non-dispatched activities. Findings demonstrate that communities vary in regard to both the types of problems handled by the police and the manner in which the police are mobilized. These differences are correlated with specific community-level measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| 453 | Mitchell, M M, Crandall, K L, Jia, D | 2020 | Hope Is Around the Corner: Determining the Effect of Neighborhood Revitalization on Crime Through an Evaluation of Houston HOPE | Vacant lots can attract debris, are often covered with overgrown vegetation, and at times, serve as hot spots for crime. Given the alignments associated with vacant lots, cities often try to revitalize or restore vacant lots to usable parcels. However, there is little research that examines the relationship between revitalization efforts for vacant lots and crime. This study seeks to determine how Houston HOPEâa revitalization projectâaffects crime trends within Houston, Texas. Data from the Houston Police Department are used to analyze the progress in the HOPE intervention on violent and property crime, and nuisance calls for service using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling. We find that, for some HOPE areas, violent and property crimes and nuisance calls for service decreased, whereas, in other HOPE areas, those crimes and calls increased. Our results provide mixed support for the HOPE intervention and the utility of neighborhood revitalization efforts to influence criminal behavior. © The Author(s) 2019. |
| 605 | Boulton, Laura, McManus, Michelle, Metcalfe, Lauren, Brian, David, Dawson, Ian | 2017 | Calls for police service. | In times of austerity and police budget cuts, it is important to understand the demand on the UK police service in order to reduce it effectively. This paper reviews the demand on a division within a police service in England over the period of a year. Utilising police data records, it combined descriptive statistics with content analysis to identify areas of demand. Findings revealed that the majority of the Constabularyâs resources were spent addressing non-traditional police demand. Results indicate that the police could potentially reduce demand for service by enhancing work within two key areas: partnership working and early intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| 48 | den Heyer, Garth, Mitchell, Margaret, Ganesh, Siva, Devery, Christopher | 2008 | An econometric method of allocating police resources. | Traditionally, police agencies have allocated resources in response to their operational demands or requirements, with the majority of resources being distributed in response to political demands and public calls for service. The changing operating environment to a public service ethos of accountability and âdo more with lessâ means that historical methods of allocating police officers may not meet an agency’s strategic goals. The relationship between social, economic and demographic factors with the number of police officers is not well understood. This study examines this issue through the presentation of the econometric method of Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) linear regression based on New Zealand social data for the period 1997 to 2002. A model, Police Resource (PRM), is developed and used as the basis to investigate a resource allocation formula for the New Zealand Police. The findings identify that the econometric resource allocation model developed is more defensible than the allocation method currently used by the New Zealand Police or any allocation method based solely on population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| 1930 | Herring, C | 2019 | Complaint-Oriented Policing: Regulating Homelessness in Public Space | Over the past 30 years, cities across the United States have adopted quality-of-life ordinances aimed at policing social marginality. Scholars have documented zero-tolerance policing and emerging tactics of therapeutic policing in these efforts, but little attention has been paid to 911 calls and forms of third-party policing in governing public space and the poor. Drawing on an analysis of 3.9 million 911 and 311 call records and participant observation alongside police officers, social workers, and homeless men and women residing on the streets of San Francisco, this article elaborates a model of “complaint-oriented policing” to explain additional causes and consequences of policing visible poverty. Situating the police within a broader bureaucratic field of poverty governance, I demonstrate how policing aimed at the poor can be initiated by callers, organizations, and government agencies, and how police officers manage these complaints in collaboration and conflict with health, welfare, and sanitation agencies. Expanding the conception of the criminalization of poverty, which is often centered on incarceration or arrest, the study reveals previously unforeseen consequences of move-along orders, citations, and threats that dispossess the poor of property, create barriers to services and jobs, and increase vulnerability to violence and crime. FU - National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF); UC-Berkeley’s Human Rights Center; Center for Engaged Scholarship; Horowitz Foundation for Social Policy FX - Funding for this research included grants from the National Science Foundation, UC-Berkeley’s Human Rights Center, the Center for Engaged Scholarship, and the Horowitz Foundation for Social Policy. NR - 94 PU - SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI - THOUSAND OAKS PA - 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA |
| 1436 | Hancock, M, Hancock, K, Tree, M, Kirshner, M, Bowles, B | 2020 | Information-theoretic methods applied to dispatch of emergency services data | The dispatch of emergency services is a complex cognitive task. Current decision support methods rely heavily on manual analysis of maps and map overlays. This paper aims to use call for service/emergency (CFS) dispatch data from various cities to look for patterns not usually amenable to visual analysis that could be used to create decision support tools or methods for dispatchers who must allocate first responder resources under emergency conditions. The authors have collected from the Police Data Initiative, a publicly available government repository that contains millions of annotated 911 dispatch records. The authors have selected three major American cities (Hartford, CT; Lincoln, NE; and Orlando, FL). Three experiments are performed to assess possible benefits of augmenting conventional manual methods with automated analysis derived using methods of data science. In particular, high-dimensional and non-linearly coded information not amenable to manual analysis are considered. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. |
7.3 Rater B
Studies for which rater B flagged relevant and rater A flagged irrelevant.
| id | author(s) | year | title | abstract |
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| 85 | Caplan, J M, Marotta, P, Piza, E L, Kennedy, L W | 2014 | Spatial risk factors of felonious battery to police officers | Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the spatial influence of features of the physical environment on the risk of aggression toward law enforcement. Design/methodology/approach - The spatial analytic technique, risk terrain modeling was performed on felonious battery data provided by the Chicago Police Department. Findings - Out of the 991 batteries against law enforcement officers (LEOs) in Chicago, 11 features of the physical environment were identified as presenting a statistically significant spatial risk of battery to LEOs. Calls for service within three blocks of foreclosures and/or within a dense area of problem buildings pose as much as two times greater risk of battery to police officers than what is presented by other significant spatial factors in the model. Originality/value - An abundance of existing research on aggression toward law enforcement is situated from the perspective of characteristics of the suspect or officer. The research advances the field of violence studies by illustrating the importance of incorporating physical features of the environment into empirical studies of aggression. NR - 61 PU - EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD PI - BINGLEY PA - HOWARD HOUSE, WAGON LANE, BINGLEY BD16 1WA, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND |
| 416 | Lardier, D T, Opara, I, Lin, Y, Roach, E, Herrera, A, Garcia-Reid, P, Reid, R J | 2021 | A Spatial Analysis of Alcohol Outlet Density Type, Abandoned Properties, and Police Calls on Aggravated Assault Rates in a Northeastern US City(1) | Background: Community-based research and prevention scholarship has shown a growing interest in examining the impact of the ecological structure of neighborhoods on community violence. Ecological structures such as higher numbers of alcohol outlets and abandoned/vacant properties in geographically dense, poor, and socially isolated communities are critically important to consider. Further, disadvantaged urban communities are burdened by greater police presence with limited or no abatement in crime or violence. Purpose: Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping, spatial analysis techniques, and a negative binomial regression analyses, this study investigated the relationships between alcohol outlet density consisting of license C (i.e., combined on and off premises establishments) and license D (i.e., off premises establishments such as liquor stores), abandoned properties, and police calls to service on aggravated assault rates in a Northeastern United States urban city. Results: Negative binomial regression analysis results showed that license C alcohol outlet density count (IRR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.08, 2.11), license D alcohol outlet density count (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.30), abandoned property count (IRR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.01, 2.01), and police call to service counts (IRR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.50) were positively associated with aggravated assault rates. Analyses controlled for census data characteristics. Conclusions: The link between alcohol outlet density and violent crime has been established in public health research. However, this study represents an important contribution in recognizing the unique relationships between license C and license D alcohol outlet density, abandoned properties, and police calls to service with aggravated assaults in an urban neighborhood. Conclusions are drawn for policy and practice. FU - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) [SPO20229-01]; National Institutes of Health, Office of the DirectorUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [DP5OD029636] FX - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Grant No. SPO20229-01. Dr. Opara is funded by the National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director (DP5OD029636). NR - 51 PU - TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI - PHILADELPHIA PA - 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA |
| 2116 | Rotton, J | 2004 | Outdoor temperature, climate control, and criminal assault - The spatial and temporal ecology of violence | Based on the negative affect escape (NAE) model of heat and aggression, it was hypothesized that relationships between temperature and aggravated assaults would be moderated by access to air conditioning. This hypothesis was tested by subjecting calls for service received by police in Dallas, Texas, to multivariate analyses of covariance that employed weather variables as predictors and controlled for the temporal variables of holidays, time of day, day of the week, and season of the year. As the NAE model predicts, assaults in probably climate-controlled settings were a linear function of temperature, whereas assaults in settings that probably lacked climate control declined after peaking at moderately high temperatures. The results are consistent with recent attempts to use the concept of social avoidance to integrate routine activity theory and psychological theories of aggression. NR - 59 PU - SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI - THOUSAND OAKS PA - 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA |
| 1122 | Brunsdon, C, Corcoran, J, Higgs, G, Ware, A | 2009 | The influence of weather on local geographical patterns of police calls for service | The effect of weather elements on the incidence of different types of crime has been the focus of a number of research studies. However, the detailed geographical dimension of this relationship has been largely ignored. The aim of this paper is to broaden the research on weather and crime to consider the effect of weather parameters on the spatial arrangement of crime within an urban area of the UK. A novel combination of techniques that are capable of both evaluating statistically and visualising geographically the effect of weather variables on the incidence of one type of crime, namely calls for police service for disorder or disturbances, is presented. These techniques are examined in relation to the theories that have traditionally been put forward to explain such trends. We conclude that, in our study area, both temperature and humidity exert significant effects on the spatial patterning of incidents of disorder or disturbances. Rainfall, wind speed, and wind direction were found not to have a significant effect for this type of call for service. More research is needed to see how transferable these findings are to other geographical areas with different climatic regimes. FU - Economic and Social Research CouncilUK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC) [ES/F034180/1] Funding Source: researchfish NR - 85 PU - SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI - LONDON PA - 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND |
| 2103 | Cebecauer, M, Rosina, K, Buzna, L | 2016 | Effects of demand estimates on the evaluation and optimality of service centre locations | Public service systems, such as emergency health care, police or fire brigades, are critical for day-to-day functioning of the society. To design and operate these systems efficiently much data needs to be collected and properly utilised. Here, we use the OpenStreetMap (OSM) data to model the demand points (DPs), which approximate the geographical location of customers, and the road network, which is used to access or distribute services. We consider all inhabitants as customers, and therefore to estimate the demand, we use the available population grids. People are changing their location in the course of the day and thus the demand for services is changing accordingly. In this paper, we investigate how the used demand estimate affects the optimal design of a public service system. We calculate and compare efficient designs corresponding to two demand models, a night-time demand model when the majority of inhabitants rest at home and the demand model derived from the 24-hour average of the population density. We propose a simple measure to quantify the differences between population grids and we estimate how the size of differences affects the optimal structure of a public service system. Our analyses reveal that the efficiency of the service system is not only dependent on the placement strategy, but an inappropriate demand model has significant effects when designing a system as well as when evaluating its efficiency. FU - VEGAVedecka grantova agentura MSVVaS SR a SAV (VEGA)European Commission [1/0339/13, 1/0275/13, APVV-0760-11]; FP 7 project ERAdiate [621386] FX - This work was supported by the research grants VEGA [1/0339/13] ‘Advanced microscopic modelling and complex data sources for designing spatially large public service systems’, VEGA [1/0275/13] ‘Production, verification and application of population and settlement spatial models based on European land monitoring services’, [APVV-0760-11] ‘Designing Fair Service Systems on Transportation Networks’ and FP 7 project ERAdiate [621386] ‘Enhancing Research and innovation dimensions of the University of Zilina in Intelligent Transport Systems’. We thank Dirk Helbing from ETH Zurich for granting access to the Brutus high-performance cluster. We also thank J. Janacek, L. Janosikova and M. Kohani for thorough reading of the manuscript and useful suggestions. We thank three anonymous reviewers for very useful and constructive review reports that greatly helped improve the manuscript. NR - 60 PU - TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI - ABINGDON PA - 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND |