Opening

Analisis ini dilakukan untuk memahami faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat kejahatan di berbagai negara bagian. Dengan menggunakan data yang tersedia, kita akan melakukan berbagai jenis analisis regresi untuk menemukan hubungan antara variabel-variabel independen seperti pendidikan, pengeluaran polisi, partisipasi tenaga kerja, dan lain-lain, dengan tingkat kejahatan sebagai variabel dependen. Tujuan utama dari analisis ini adalah untuk memberikan rekomendasi berbasis data yang dapat membantu dalam merumuskan kebijakan untuk mengurangi tingkat kejahatan.

Read Data

Kita akan meng import data Crime untuk nantinya dianalisa.

crime <- read.csv("crime.csv")
head(crime)
##   percent_m is_south mean_education police_exp60 police_exp59
## 1       151        1             91           58           56
## 2       143        0            113          103           95
## 3       142        1             89           45           44
## 4       136        0            121          149          141
## 5       141        0            121          109          101
## 6       121        0            110          118          115
##   labour_participation m_per1000f state_pop nonwhites_per1000 unemploy_m24
## 1                  510        950        33               301          108
## 2                  583       1012        13               102           96
## 3                  533        969        18               219           94
## 4                  577        994       157                80          102
## 5                  591        985        18                30           91
## 6                  547        964        25                44           84
##   unemploy_m39 gdp inequality prob_prison time_prison crime_rate
## 1           41 394        261    0.084602     26.2011        791
## 2           36 557        194    0.029599     25.2999       1635
## 3           33 318        250    0.083401     24.3006        578
## 4           39 673        167    0.015801     29.9012       1969
## 5           20 578        174    0.041399     21.2998       1234
## 6           29 689        126    0.034201     20.9995        682

Explanatory of Data

str(crime)
## 'data.frame':    47 obs. of  16 variables:
##  $ percent_m           : int  151 143 142 136 141 121 127 131 157 140 ...
##  $ is_south            : int  1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 ...
##  $ mean_education      : int  91 113 89 121 121 110 111 109 90 118 ...
##  $ police_exp60        : int  58 103 45 149 109 118 82 115 65 71 ...
##  $ police_exp59        : int  56 95 44 141 101 115 79 109 62 68 ...
##  $ labour_participation: int  510 583 533 577 591 547 519 542 553 632 ...
##  $ m_per1000f          : int  950 1012 969 994 985 964 982 969 955 1029 ...
##  $ state_pop           : int  33 13 18 157 18 25 4 50 39 7 ...
##  $ nonwhites_per1000   : int  301 102 219 80 30 44 139 179 286 15 ...
##  $ unemploy_m24        : int  108 96 94 102 91 84 97 79 81 100 ...
##  $ unemploy_m39        : int  41 36 33 39 20 29 38 35 28 24 ...
##  $ gdp                 : int  394 557 318 673 578 689 620 472 421 526 ...
##  $ inequality          : int  261 194 250 167 174 126 168 206 239 174 ...
##  $ prob_prison         : num  0.0846 0.0296 0.0834 0.0158 0.0414 ...
##  $ time_prison         : num  26.2 25.3 24.3 29.9 21.3 ...
##  $ crime_rate          : int  791 1635 578 1969 1234 682 963 1555 856 705 ...

Deskripsi kolom:

Data Cleansing

Membersihkan data untuk memastikan tidak ada nilai yang hilang atau outlier yang signifikan.

# Memeriksa nilai yang hilang
colSums(is.na(crime))
##            percent_m             is_south       mean_education 
##                    0                    0                    0 
##         police_exp60         police_exp59 labour_participation 
##                    0                    0                    0 
##           m_per1000f            state_pop    nonwhites_per1000 
##                    0                    0                    0 
##         unemploy_m24         unemploy_m39                  gdp 
##                    0                    0                    0 
##           inequality          prob_prison          time_prison 
##                    0                    0                    0 
##           crime_rate 
##                    0
# Menghapus baris dengan nilai yang hilang
crime <- na.omit(crime)

Pemilihan Target Variabel

Kita akan menggunakan crime_rate sebagai target variabel.

target_var <- "crime_rate"

Analisis Korelasi

Analisis korelasi antara variabel untuk melihat hubungan linier.

library(corrplot)
## Warning: package 'corrplot' was built under R version 4.4.1
## corrplot 0.92 loaded
# Hitung matriks korelasi
cor_matrix <- cor(crime)
corrplot(cor_matrix, method = "circle")

Simple Linear Regression

Membangun model regresi linear sederhana menggunakan satu prediktor.

# Regresi linear sederhana dengan mean_education sebagai prediktor
simple_lm <- lm(crime_rate ~ mean_education, data = crime)
summary(simple_lm)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = crime_rate ~ mean_education, data = crime)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -600.61 -271.25  -46.54  171.33  916.46 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)    -273.967    518.104  -0.529   0.5996  
## mean_education   11.161      4.878   2.288   0.0269 *
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 370.1 on 45 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.1042, Adjusted R-squared:  0.08432 
## F-statistic: 5.236 on 1 and 45 DF,  p-value: 0.02688
# Visualisasi regresi linear sederhana
plot(crime$mean_education, crime$crime_rate, 
     main = "Simple Linear Regression",
     xlab = "Mean Education", ylab = "Crime Rate")
abline(simple_lm, col = "red")

Multiple Linear Regression

Membangun model regresi linear berganda menggunakan beberapa prediktor.

library(MASS)
## Warning: package 'MASS' was built under R version 4.4.1
# Model penuh dengan semua prediktor
full_model <- lm(crime_rate ~ ., data = crime)

# Backward selection
step_model <- stepAIC(full_model, direction = "backward")
## Start:  AIC=514.65
## crime_rate ~ percent_m + is_south + mean_education + police_exp60 + 
##     police_exp59 + labour_participation + m_per1000f + state_pop + 
##     nonwhites_per1000 + unemploy_m24 + unemploy_m39 + gdp + inequality + 
##     prob_prison + time_prison
## 
##                        Df Sum of Sq     RSS    AIC
## - is_south              1        29 1354974 512.65
## - labour_participation  1      8917 1363862 512.96
## - time_prison           1     10304 1365250 513.00
## - state_pop             1     14122 1369068 513.14
## - nonwhites_per1000     1     18395 1373341 513.28
## - m_per1000f            1     31967 1386913 513.74
## - gdp                   1     37613 1392558 513.94
## - police_exp59          1     37919 1392865 513.95
## <none>                              1354946 514.65
## - unemploy_m24          1     83722 1438668 515.47
## - police_exp60          1    144306 1499252 517.41
## - unemploy_m39          1    181536 1536482 518.56
## - percent_m             1    193770 1548716 518.93
## - prob_prison           1    199538 1554484 519.11
## - mean_education        1    402117 1757063 524.86
## - inequality            1    423031 1777977 525.42
## 
## Step:  AIC=512.65
## crime_rate ~ percent_m + mean_education + police_exp60 + police_exp59 + 
##     labour_participation + m_per1000f + state_pop + nonwhites_per1000 + 
##     unemploy_m24 + unemploy_m39 + gdp + inequality + prob_prison + 
##     time_prison
## 
##                        Df Sum of Sq     RSS    AIC
## - time_prison           1     10341 1365315 511.01
## - labour_participation  1     10878 1365852 511.03
## - state_pop             1     14127 1369101 511.14
## - nonwhites_per1000     1     21626 1376600 511.39
## - m_per1000f            1     32449 1387423 511.76
## - police_exp59          1     37954 1392929 511.95
## - gdp                   1     39223 1394197 511.99
## <none>                              1354974 512.65
## - unemploy_m24          1     96420 1451395 513.88
## - police_exp60          1    144302 1499277 515.41
## - unemploy_m39          1    189859 1544834 516.81
## - percent_m             1    195084 1550059 516.97
## - prob_prison           1    204463 1559437 517.26
## - mean_education        1    403140 1758114 522.89
## - inequality            1    488834 1843808 525.13
## 
## Step:  AIC=511.01
## crime_rate ~ percent_m + mean_education + police_exp60 + police_exp59 + 
##     labour_participation + m_per1000f + state_pop + nonwhites_per1000 + 
##     unemploy_m24 + unemploy_m39 + gdp + inequality + prob_prison
## 
##                        Df Sum of Sq     RSS    AIC
## - labour_participation  1     10533 1375848 509.37
## - nonwhites_per1000     1     15482 1380797 509.54
## - state_pop             1     21846 1387161 509.75
## - police_exp59          1     28932 1394247 509.99
## - gdp                   1     36070 1401385 510.23
## - m_per1000f            1     41784 1407099 510.42
## <none>                              1365315 511.01
## - unemploy_m24          1     91420 1456735 512.05
## - police_exp60          1    134137 1499452 513.41
## - unemploy_m39          1    184143 1549458 514.95
## - percent_m             1    186110 1551425 515.01
## - prob_prison           1    237493 1602808 516.54
## - mean_education        1    409448 1774763 521.33
## - inequality            1    502909 1868224 523.75
## 
## Step:  AIC=509.37
## crime_rate ~ percent_m + mean_education + police_exp60 + police_exp59 + 
##     m_per1000f + state_pop + nonwhites_per1000 + unemploy_m24 + 
##     unemploy_m39 + gdp + inequality + prob_prison
## 
##                     Df Sum of Sq     RSS    AIC
## - nonwhites_per1000  1     11675 1387523 507.77
## - police_exp59       1     21418 1397266 508.09
## - state_pop          1     27803 1403651 508.31
## - m_per1000f         1     31252 1407100 508.42
## - gdp                1     35035 1410883 508.55
## <none>                           1375848 509.37
## - unemploy_m24       1     80954 1456802 510.06
## - police_exp60       1    123896 1499744 511.42
## - unemploy_m39       1    190746 1566594 513.47
## - percent_m          1    217716 1593564 514.27
## - prob_prison        1    226971 1602819 514.54
## - mean_education     1    413254 1789103 519.71
## - inequality         1    500944 1876792 521.96
## 
## Step:  AIC=507.77
## crime_rate ~ percent_m + mean_education + police_exp60 + police_exp59 + 
##     m_per1000f + state_pop + unemploy_m24 + unemploy_m39 + gdp + 
##     inequality + prob_prison
## 
##                  Df Sum of Sq     RSS    AIC
## - police_exp59    1     16706 1404229 506.33
## - state_pop       1     25793 1413315 506.63
## - m_per1000f      1     26785 1414308 506.66
## - gdp             1     31551 1419073 506.82
## <none>                        1387523 507.77
## - unemploy_m24    1     83881 1471404 508.52
## - police_exp60    1    118348 1505871 509.61
## - unemploy_m39    1    201453 1588976 512.14
## - prob_prison     1    216760 1604282 512.59
## - percent_m       1    309214 1696737 515.22
## - mean_education  1    402754 1790276 517.74
## - inequality      1    589736 1977259 522.41
## 
## Step:  AIC=506.33
## crime_rate ~ percent_m + mean_education + police_exp60 + m_per1000f + 
##     state_pop + unemploy_m24 + unemploy_m39 + gdp + inequality + 
##     prob_prison
## 
##                  Df Sum of Sq     RSS    AIC
## - state_pop       1     22345 1426575 505.07
## - gdp             1     32142 1436371 505.39
## - m_per1000f      1     36808 1441037 505.54
## <none>                        1404229 506.33
## - unemploy_m24    1     86373 1490602 507.13
## - unemploy_m39    1    205814 1610043 510.76
## - prob_prison     1    218607 1622836 511.13
## - percent_m       1    307001 1711230 513.62
## - mean_education  1    389502 1793731 515.83
## - inequality      1    608627 2012856 521.25
## - police_exp60    1   1050202 2454432 530.57
## 
## Step:  AIC=505.07
## crime_rate ~ percent_m + mean_education + police_exp60 + m_per1000f + 
##     unemploy_m24 + unemploy_m39 + gdp + inequality + prob_prison
## 
##                  Df Sum of Sq     RSS    AIC
## - gdp             1     26493 1453068 503.93
## <none>                        1426575 505.07
## - m_per1000f      1     84491 1511065 505.77
## - unemploy_m24    1     99463 1526037 506.24
## - prob_prison     1    198571 1625145 509.20
## - unemploy_m39    1    208880 1635455 509.49
## - percent_m       1    320926 1747501 512.61
## - mean_education  1    386773 1813348 514.35
## - inequality      1    594779 2021354 519.45
## - police_exp60    1   1127277 2553852 530.44
## 
## Step:  AIC=503.93
## crime_rate ~ percent_m + mean_education + police_exp60 + m_per1000f + 
##     unemploy_m24 + unemploy_m39 + inequality + prob_prison
## 
##                  Df Sum of Sq     RSS    AIC
## <none>                        1453068 503.93
## - m_per1000f      1    103159 1556227 505.16
## - unemploy_m24    1    127044 1580112 505.87
## - prob_prison     1    247978 1701046 509.34
## - unemploy_m39    1    255443 1708511 509.55
## - percent_m       1    296790 1749858 510.67
## - mean_education  1    445788 1898855 514.51
## - inequality      1    738244 2191312 521.24
## - police_exp60    1   1672038 3125105 537.93
summary(step_model)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = crime_rate ~ percent_m + mean_education + police_exp60 + 
##     m_per1000f + unemploy_m24 + unemploy_m39 + inequality + prob_prison, 
##     data = crime)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -444.70 -111.07    3.03  122.15  483.30 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                 Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)    -6426.101   1194.611  -5.379 4.04e-06 ***
## percent_m          9.332      3.350   2.786  0.00828 ** 
## mean_education    18.012      5.275   3.414  0.00153 ** 
## police_exp60      10.265      1.552   6.613 8.26e-08 ***
## m_per1000f         2.234      1.360   1.642  0.10874    
## unemploy_m24      -6.087      3.339  -1.823  0.07622 .  
## unemploy_m39      18.735      7.248   2.585  0.01371 *  
## inequality         6.133      1.396   4.394 8.63e-05 ***
## prob_prison    -3796.032   1490.646  -2.547  0.01505 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 195.5 on 38 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.7888, Adjusted R-squared:  0.7444 
## F-statistic: 17.74 on 8 and 38 DF,  p-value: 1.159e-10

Uji Validitas Model

Gunakan validasi silang (cross-validation) untuk menguji model.

library(caret)
## Warning: package 'caret' was built under R version 4.4.1
## Loading required package: ggplot2
## Loading required package: lattice
# Membagi data menjadi training dan testing
set.seed(123)
trainIndex <- createDataPartition(crime$crime_rate, p = .8, 
                                  list = FALSE, 
                                  times = 1)
crimeTrain <- crime[ trainIndex,]
crimeTest  <- crime[-trainIndex,]

# Latih model dengan data training
fit <- lm(crime_rate ~ ., data = crimeTrain)

# Prediksi dengan data testing
predictions <- predict(fit, newdata = crimeTest)

# Hitung RMSE
rmse <- sqrt(mean((predictions - crimeTest$crime_rate)^2))
rmse
## [1] 180.5085

Interpretasi Model dan Rekomendasi

Berikut adalah interpretasi koefisien model dan rekomendasi berdasarkan hasil analisis.

summary(fit)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = crime_rate ~ ., data = crimeTrain)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -441.45 -107.89  -20.28  117.07  508.74 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                        Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)          -5552.7131  2142.5076  -2.592  0.01631 * 
## percent_m               10.1776     5.0801   2.003  0.05705 . 
## is_south               -78.2307   179.1900  -0.437  0.66649   
## mean_education          20.6166     9.0263   2.284  0.03193 * 
## police_exp60            18.1167    13.9682   1.297  0.20749   
## police_exp59           -11.3250    14.8356  -0.763  0.45300   
## labour_participation    -1.0788     1.8040  -0.598  0.55568   
## m_per1000f               1.0799     2.8335   0.381  0.70660   
## state_pop               -0.5747     1.7525  -0.328  0.74594   
## nonwhites_per1000        0.6069     0.7528   0.806  0.42838   
## unemploy_m24            -6.1950     5.0022  -1.238  0.22804   
## unemploy_m39            17.7242    10.7178   1.654  0.11177   
## gdp                      1.3802     1.3957   0.989  0.33302   
## inequality               7.9960     2.7584   2.899  0.00809 **
## prob_prison          -7237.6611  4035.4378  -1.794  0.08605 . 
## time_prison             -7.2875     8.6421  -0.843  0.40777   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 230.4 on 23 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.761,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.6052 
## F-statistic: 4.883 on 15 and 23 DF,  p-value: 0.0003566

Kesimpulan dan Rekomendasi

Rekomendasi Kebijakan

  • Investasi dalam pendidikan: Meningkatkan akses dan kualitas pendidikan dapat menjadi strategi yang efektif untuk mengurangi kejahatan.
  • Pengurangan ketidaksetaraan pendapatan: Kebijakan yang bertujuan mengurangi ketidaksetaraan ekonomi dapat membantu dalam mengurangi tingkat kejahatan.
  • Fokus pada kelompok usia rentan: Program yang ditargetkan pada pria muda dapat membantu dalam mengurangi tingkat kejahatan di kelompok ini.