PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Physicochemical parameters are key indicators of water quality and environmental health. They include measurements such as temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the presence of specific metals like cadmium, copper, and lead. These parameters provide critical information about the chemical and physical properties of water, influencing its suitability for various uses and its impact on aquatic ecosystems.

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Convert the Character Variable to Factor

id Season Samples group Temp..0C. pH Conductivity..us. Turbidity..ftu. TDS..mg.L. TSS..mg.L. BOD..mg.L. COD..mg.L. Cadmium Copper Lead DEHP
1 Dry S1 A 22.9266 7.9820 1285.8150 268.9439 610 24 112.88720 529.5965 0.0097 ND ND 0.0000
2 Dry S1 B 22.3817 7.9500 851.5374 203.4786 584 40 123.83650 525.7027 0.003 ND ND 0.0004
3 Dry S1 C 22.1771 7.8500 1072.5472 225.4969 396 72 120.90520 531.0143 0.0043 ND 0.2744 0.0326
4 Dry F1 A 25.7791 7.5817 1403.9172 78.6128 712 40 81.52913 300.9389 0.0031 ND 0.0949 0.1263
5 Dry F1 B 30.3000 7.7828 1399.3697 73.8165 732 18 83.87680 298.5715 0.002 ND ND 0.0709
6 Dry F1 C 30.3000 7.7700 1367.9172 91.6330 746 30 85.27570 289.6764 ND ND ND 0.1920
7 Dry M1 A 25.2771 7.7471 1408.3548 107.9818 654 36 36.33610 131.0431 ND ND 0.2057 0.0372
8 Dry M1 B 28.8817 7.9471 1339.7248 90.3030 698 46 32.98998 127.6111 0.0008 ND 0.0098 0.0227
9 Dry M1 C 27.8657 8.3000 1330.9172 89.3697 680 26 35.13560 133.5904 0.0002 ND 0.1353 0.0954
10 Dry E1 A 27.0947 8.4817 1339.8165 83.6994 570 4 30.10110 90.4384 0.0011 ND ND 0.0503
11 Dry E1 B 26.3247 8.3000 1269.8165 54.7714 642 8 25.48860 87.5647 0.0015 ND 0.0486 0.0366
12 Dry E1 C 24.6547 8.2817 1307.0842 80.2247 646 8 29.10740 88.8452 0.0008 ND 0.0427 0.0012
1 Wet S1 A 23.2982 8.6547 1408.8165 222.8995 60 100 116.49800 703.6654 0.0706 0.3792 0.0411 0.0313
2 Wet S1 B 23.1817 8.5847 1414.8165 212.1065 8480 110 119.74230 710.8026 0.1022 0.3792 0.0211 0.0367
3 Wet S1 C 22.3122 8.4355 1592.8165 234.5175 200 140 115.37940 712.4678 0.0848 0.3292 0.1173 0.0156
4 Wet F1 A 25.8410 7.4947 1253.8165 90.6969 250 110 91.48020 421.0224 0.0563 1.2185 0.0808 0.1967
5 Wet F1 B 26.7947 7.1547 1072.6330 51.9439 10950 1110 88.12890 418.3820 0.0577 1.5062 0.1416 0.0223
6 Wet F1 C 27.7547 7.7817 1544.8165 99.6298 590 170 93.38850 410.4636 0.2187 0.7365 0.0308 0.1896
7 Wet M1 A 27.5817 8.2547 1079.8165 30.9172 750 90 41.04890 200.4106 0.0431 0.2429 0.0116 0.0032
8 Wet M1 B 30.4355 8.3817 1080.7305 92.3518 2160 80 46.87320 210.5972 0.0507 0.2083 0.2084 0.0058
9 Wet M1 C 27.7117 8.3817 1086.4714 100.8269 650 140 47.84860 208.7343 0.0318 0.4037 0.0219 0.0023
10 Wet E1 A 27.7547 8.2547 1139.8165 71.2947 350 130 31.42480 110.6546 0.0508 0.1437 0.0208 0.0039
11 Wet E1 B 26.2947 8.2547 1121.8165 30.8165 180 100 36.71310 106.1865 0.068 0.1229 0.0109 0.0049
12 Wet E1 C 26.7547 8.2547 1144.8165 30.1465 510 100 32.33780 108.5436 0.0503 0.13 0.0103 0.0032

Load the following libraries

Summary Statistics

Season variable n mean sd max min se q1 q3 median
Dry Temp..0C. 12 26.164 2.849 30.300 22.177 0.822 24.223 28.120 26.052
Dry pH 12 7.998 0.279 8.482 7.582 0.081 7.780 8.286 7.949
Dry Conductivity..us. 12 1281.401 162.652 1408.355 851.537 46.953 1281.815 1375.780 1335.321
Dry Turbidity..ftu. 12 120.694 70.095 268.944 54.771 20.235 79.822 131.856 89.836
Dry TDS..mg.L. 12 639.167 94.651 746.000 396.000 27.323 603.500 701.500 650.000
Dry TSS..mg.L. 12 29.333 19.284 72.000 4.000 5.567 15.500 40.000 28.000
Dry BOD..mg.L. 12 66.456 38.965 123.836 25.489 11.248 32.268 92.179 58.933
Dry COD..mg.L. 12 261.216 180.573 531.014 87.565 52.127 118.318 357.130 211.633
Wet Temp..0C. 12 26.310 2.341 30.436 22.312 0.676 25.205 27.722 26.775
Wet pH 12 8.157 0.450 8.655 7.155 0.130 8.136 8.395 8.255
Wet Conductivity..us. 12 1245.099 193.533 1592.816 1072.633 55.868 1085.036 1410.316 1142.316
Wet Turbidity..ftu. 12 105.679 75.737 234.518 30.146 21.863 46.687 128.647 91.524
Wet TDS..mg.L. 12 2094.167 3639.509 10950.000 60.000 1050.636 237.500 1102.500 550.000
Wet TSS..mg.L. 12 198.333 288.218 1110.000 80.000 83.201 100.000 140.000 110.000
Wet BOD..mg.L. 12 71.739 35.515 119.742 31.425 10.252 39.965 98.886 67.989
Wet COD..mg.L. 12 360.161 240.374 712.468 106.186 69.390 177.972 491.683 310.530

The table above shows the summary statistics for the physio-chemical parameters for the dry and wet season.

Data Visualization

Temperature During Dry and Wet Seasons

The plot above shows the temperature results between dry and wet season. The mean temperature was 26.16 during the dry season and 26.31 during the wet season. Besides, the provides the statistical values t(11)= -0.30, p-value = 0.77. These results indicates that there is no statistically significant difference between the temperature during the dry and wet season.

pH During Dry and Wet Seasons

The plot above shows the results for pH values during the dry and wet season. The mean pH was 8.00 during the dry season and 8.16 during the wet season. Besides, the provides the statistical values t(11)= -1.36, p-value = 0.20. These results indicates that there is no statistically significant difference in the pH during dry and wet season.

Conductivity During Dry and Wet Seasons

The mean conductivity during dry season was approximately 1281.40 while during the wet season, the mean conductivity was approximately 1245.10. This difference was found to be statistically insignificant as reported by t(11)=0.40, p-value=0.69. The results are similar to what is reported by the confidence interval which include a zero in between the two values.

Turbidity During Dry and Wet Seasons

The mean Turbidity during the dry and wet season were found to be 120.69 and 105.68. This difference is statistically insignificant as shown by the p-value less than 0.05; t(11)=1.76, p-value = 0.11.

TDS.mg.L During Dry and Wet Seasons

The results t(11) = -1.39, p-value = 0.19. These results indicates that there is no statistically significant difference in the TDS mg.L during the dry and wet season.

TSS.mg.L During Dry and Wet Seasons

The p-value in the plot above indicates that there is no statistically significant difference in the mean TSS mg.L during the dry and wet season t(11)=-2.00, p-value = 0.07.

BOD.mg.L During Dry and Wet Seasons

The results above shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the BOD mg.L during the dry and wet season, t(11) = -2.59, p-value=0.01. The p-values is less than 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference in BOD mg.L during the dry and wet seasons.

Tabulated T-Test Results for Test of Significance Difference During Dry and Wet Seasons

Dependent Variable

t

df

p

d

95% CI

Temp..0C.

-0.14

21.20

.892

-0.06

[-0.86, 0.74]

pH

-1.04

18.37

.311

-0.43

[-1.23, 0.39]

Conductivity..us.

0.50

21.37

.624

0.20

[-0.60, 1.00]

Turbidity..ftu.

0.50

21.87

.619

0.21

[-0.60, 1.01]

TDS..mg.L.

-1.38

11.01

.194

-0.57

[-1.38, 0.26]

TSS..mg.L.

-2.03

11.10

.067

-0.83

[-1.66, 0.02]

BOD..mg.L.

-0.35

21.81

.732

-0.14

[-0.94, 0.66]

COD..mg.L.

-1.14

20.42

.267

-0.47

[-1.27, 0.35]

The analysis of various water quality metrics across dry and wet seasons reveals that most variables do not show significant differences between the seasons. Specifically, temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) have high p-values and confidence intervals that include zero, indicating a lack of statistically significant differences. For instance, temperature and pH metrics have p-values of 0.892 and 0.311, respectively, suggesting no meaningful seasonal variation. Similarly, conductivity, turbidity, and other measures like TDS and BOD also exhibit non-significant p-values, reinforcing the absence of a significant seasonal effect.

However, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) presents a p-value close to the 0.05 threshold, suggesting a potential trend towards significance, though it does not achieve conventional statistical significance. Despite this, its confidence interval still includes zero, indicating that the observed effect may not be robust. Overall, the data suggest that most water quality parameters do not vary significantly between dry and wet seasons, except for a marginal trend in TSS.