Potential Locations Northern Norway

Sampling regions

Potential locations

This map was created with the leaflet package in R (D. Kahle and H. Wickham. ggmap: Spatial Visualization with ggplot2. The R Journal, 5(1), 144-161. URL http://journal.r-project.org/archive/2013-1/kahle-wickham.pdf).

Covered geologies

This section intends to group the existing bedrocks into groups.

Mehamn sampling region

In the Mehamn sampling region all rock types formed during the Kalak Nappe Complex (Caledonian orogeny). This means rocks are between 490 - 390 Million years old. The rock types are:

• Phyllite differing in geochemistry
  • Biotite
  • Garnet-biotite
• Schist (also schistose)
  • Garnet-mica
• Metasandstone (related quartzite)
• Arkose/feldspathic sandstone
• Quartzitic sandstone
• Siltstone (less frequent)
• Granite/Gneiss/Gabbro
• Shale/claystones
• Dolomite
• Other rock types (e.g. conglomerates can also be found embedded in other bedrock types)

For the Berlevag region, formation periods differ a bit more. The main rock types are:

• Metasandstone
  • pink, grey, green, …
• Metasiltstone
• Sandstone (red colour)
• Phyllite (grey to green-grey)
• Mudstone
• Quartzite (pink to red-brown, medium-grained)
• Dolomite
• Metagreywacke

Finally, the Vardo region covers similar rock types as seen in the previous two regions (except for the shale):

• Sandstone
• Shale
• Mudstone

In conclusion, the three regions formed more or less during the same Complex (Kalak Nappe). However, the rock ages seem to more diverse in the Berlevag region while the Vardo and Mehamn region seem more homogeneous. Some conclusions could be that: - In the Mehamn region, a phyllite (and potentially a schist) site should be covered. - The Berlevag region offers good opportunities to sample sandstones of different geochemical composition and finer sedimentary/metasedimentary rocks (siltstone/mudstone). - Independently of the region, the sedimentary rocks can strongly differ in their composition (in regards to texture) or contain a mixture of different textures (e.g. greywackes). - It would be great to cover feldspathic as well as quartzitic sandstones.

More detailed information

Here follow some in detail information about the geologies at the potential locations. This information was extracted from the Gelogical Maps in 1:50,000 resolution available on the NGU website.

Geological information of sampling locations by sampling region

ID	Sampling Region	Map Sheet	Rock type	Properties	Geol. Formation	Geol. Period
114	Berlevag	Batsfjord	Sandstone	pink, light-green and light-grey, coarse-grained, feldspar-bearing, in places with pebbles of quartz and jasper and beds of conglomerate	Sandfjorden Formation	Lokvikfjellet Group
115	Berlevag	Batsfjord	Sandstone	pink, light-green and light-grey, coarse-grained, feldspar-bearing, in places with pebbles of quartz and jasper and beds of conglomerate	Sandfjorden Formation	Lokvikfjellet Group
111	Berlevag	Batsfjord	Sandstone or sandstone/mudstone	upper part(ca 1000m): sandstone, red, pink and grey, interbedded with red and green mudstone, subordinate beds of dolomite. lower part (300m): alternating grey sandstone, green mudstone, blackish-grey claystone and shale, yellowish-grey dolomite and grey stromatolite-bearing limestone	Batsfjord Formation	Sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age
67	Berlevag	Batsfjord	Sandstone or sandstone/mudstone	upper part(ca 1000m): sandstone, red, pink and grey, interbedded with red and green mudstone, subordinate beds of dolomite. lower part (300m): alternating grey sandstone, green mudstone, blackish-grey claystone and shale, yellowish-grey dolomite and grey stromatolite-bearing limestone	Batsfjord Formation	Sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age
113	Berlevag	Batsfjord	Sandstone or sandstone/mudstone	upper part(ca 1000m): sandstone, red, pink and grey, interbedded with red and green mudstone, subordinate beds of dolomite. lower part (300m): alternating grey sandstone, green mudstone, blackish-grey claystone and shale, yellowish-grey dolomite and grey stromatolite-bearing limestone	Batsfjord Formation	Sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age
110	Berlevag	Batsfjord	Sandstone or sandstone/mudstone	upper part(ca 1000m): sandstone, red, pink and grey, interbedded with red and green mudstone, subordinate beds of dolomite. lower part (300m): alternating grey sandstone, green mudstone, blackish-grey claystone and shale, yellowish-grey dolomite and grey stromatolite-bearing limestone	Batsfjord Formation	Sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age
65	Berlevag	Batsfjord	Sandstone or sandstone/mudstone	upper part(ca 1000m): sandstone, red, pink and grey, interbedded with red and green mudstone, subordinate beds of dolomite. lower part (300m): alternating grey sandstone, green mudstone, blackish-grey claystone and shale, yellowish-grey dolomite and grey stromatolite-bearing limestone	Batsfjord Formation	Sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age
112	Berlevag	Batsfjord	Sandstone	red medium-grained, feldspar-bearing, thick-bedded/Conglomerate, coarse-grained, polymict (Seiboneset conglomerate)	Basnaeringen Formation, Hestman member	Sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age
66	Berlevag	Batsfjord	Sandstone	red medium-grained, feldspar-bearing, thick-bedded/Conglomerate, coarse-grained, polymict (Seiboneset conglomerate)	Basnaeringen Formation, Hestman member	Sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age
41	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone	grey to green-grey, thin- to medium-bedded, quartzitic, in part a silty sandstone alternating with darker grey or green-grey phyllite	Berlevag Formation	metamorphosed or weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of inferred late meso-proterozoic to neoproterozoic age overthrust during caledonian orogeny
43	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone	grey to green-grey, thin- to medium-bedded, quartzitic, in part a silty sandstone alternating with darker grey or green-grey phyllite	Berlevag Formation	metamorphosed or weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of inferred late meso-proterozoic to neoproterozoic age overthrust during caledonian orogeny
44	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone	pale grey, white or green-grey, quartzitic, in places with thin beds of conglomerate, cross-bedding quite common, medium- to thick-bedded with thin intercalations of phyllite or siltstone, mylonitic near the basal thrust-fault	Berlevag Formation	NA
42	Berlevag	Berlevag	Phyllite	grey to green-grey, in places dark grey to black, thin-bedded or laminated with intercalations of siltstone or fine-grained sandstone, phyllonite or mylonite adjacent to basal-thrust fault	Berlevag Formation	NA
45	Berlevag	Berlevag	Phyllite	grey to green-grey, in places dark grey to black, thin-bedded or laminated with intercalations of siltstone or fine-grained sandstone, phyllonite or mylonite adjacent to basal-thrust fault	Berlevag Formation	NA
49	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone and siltstone	alternating, greyish-white, medium-bedded, medium-grained, in aprt with beds of cleaved shale	Stordaselva Formation	very low-grade metasedimentary rocks, in places with metadolerite dykes
104	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone and siltstone	alternating, greyish-white, medium-bedded, medium-grained, in aprt with beds of cleaved shale	Stordaselva Formation	very low-grade metasedimentary rocks, in places with metadolerite dykes
103	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone	grey, brown-grey or green-grey, medium- to thick-bedded with cross-bedding, coarse-grained, in alternation with siltstone and cleaved mudstone	Skjergardnes Formation	NA
48	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone	grey, brown-grey or green-grey, medium- to thick-bedded with cross-bedding, coarse-grained, in alternation with siltstone and cleaved mudstone	Skjergardnes Formation	NA
50	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone	grey, brown-grey or green-grey, medium- to thick-bedded with cross-bedding, coarse-grained, in alternation with siltstone and cleaved mudstone	Skjergardnes Formation	NA
47	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasiltstone	grey, alternating with medium-bedded sandstone, pale grey	Styret Formation	NA
51	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasiltstone	grey, alternating with medium-bedded sandstone, pale grey	Styret Formation	NA
46	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone	very coarse-grained or gravelly, feldspathic, grey to green-grey, medium to thick-bedded with cross-bedding, in places with lensoid beds, in alternation with dark grey siltstone	Styret Formation	NA
52	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone	very coarse-grained or gravelly, feldspathic, grey to green-grey, medium to thick-bedded with cross-bedding, in places with lensoid beds, in alternation with dark grey siltstone	Styret Formation	NA
54	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone	pink, pale green and pale grey, thick-bedded, coarse-grained, in places with beds of conglomerate with clasts mainly of quartz and jasper	Sandfjorden Formation	NA
53	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone	pink, pale green and pale grey, thick-bedded, coarse-grained, in places with beds of conglomerate with clasts mainly of quartz and jasper	Sandfjorden Formation	NA
55	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metasandstone or cleaved mudstone	Upper part: metasandstone, grey-green, laminated, with subordinate beds of fine-grained sandstone. Lower part: cleaved mudstone, grey-green, laminated, with subordinate beds of fine-grained sandstone	Batsnaeringen Formation	NA
58	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metagreywacke	coarse- to fine-grained, in thick to very thick, graded beds, alternating with dark grey, cleaved mudstone, shale and thin-bedded sandstone. A turbidite deposit	Kongsfjord Formation	NA
57	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metagreywacke	coarse- to fine-grained, in thick to very thick, graded beds, alternating with dark grey, cleaved mudstone, shale and thin-bedded sandstone. A turbidite deposit	Kongsfjord Formation	NA
56	Berlevag	Berlevag	Metagreywacke	coarse- to fine-grained, in thick to very thick, graded beds, alternating with dark grey, cleaved mudstone, shale and thin-bedded sandstone. A turbidite deposit	Kongsfjord Formation	NA
107	Berlevag	Kongsfjord	Sandstone	grey, alternating with green or reddish-brown mudstone, blackish-grey claystone and shale, yellow-grey dolomite. In places subordinate red sandstone.	Batsfjord Formation	Barents Sea Group (sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age)
108	Berlevag	Kongsfjord	Sandstone	red, thick-bedded, medium-grained, feldspar-bearing	Basnaeringen Formation, Hestman member	Barents Sea Group (sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age)
106	Berlevag	Kongsfjord	Sandstone or mudstone	Upper part: sandstone, greenish-grey, in places purple, fine grained, medium- to thick-bedded, either massive or graded

Lower part: mudstone, greyish-green, laminated, with subordinate sandstone beds |Basnaeringen Formation, Naeringselva member | Barents Sea Group (sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age) | | 105 |Berlevag |Kongsfjord | Sandstone or mudstone |Upper part: sandstone, greenish-grey, in places purple, fine grained, medium- to thick-bedded, either massive or graded

Lower part: mudstone, greyish-green, laminated, with subordinate sandstone beds |Basnaeringen Formation, Naeringselva member | Barents Sea Group (sedimentary rocks of late proterozoic age) | | 60 |Berlevag |Kongsfjord | Mudstone and clayey shale interbedded with graded greywacke |medium to very-fine-grained, thin to thick-bedded (turbidites) |Kongsfjord Formation | Sedimentary rocks | | 109 |Berlevag |Kongsfjord | Mudstone and clayey shale interbedded with graded greywacke |medium to very-fine-grained, thin to thick-bedded (turbidites) |Kongsfjord Formation | Sedimentary rocks | | 59 |Berlevag |Kongsfjord | Mudstone and clayey shale interbedded with graded greywacke |medium to very-fine-grained, thin to thick-bedded (turbidites) |Kongsfjord Formation | Sedimentary rocks | | 82 |Berlevag |Langfjord | Phyllite |dark-grey, clayey and silty, in places with laminae or thin beds of very fine-grained sandstone |Friarfjorden Formation | Lakesfjord Nappe Complex | | 80 |Berlevag |Langfjord | Sandstone |grey, thin- to thick-bedded, with cross-bedding, in places with small pebbles |Landersfjorden Formation | Lakesfjord Nappe Complex | | 81 |Berlevag |Langfjord | Conglomerate |polymict, poorly sorted in the lower part, in the upper part: phyllite, metamudstone in the upper part |Ifjord Formation | Lakesfjord Nappe Complex | | 62 |Berlevag |Trollfjorden | Quartzite |pink to red-brown, thick-bedded, medium-grained, massive or with cross-bedding. Interpreted as shallow-marine deposit |Giemas Formation | Sedimentary rocks, in part very weakly metamorphosed of neoproterozoic age | | 63 |Berlevag |Trollfjorden | Sandstone |upper part (130m): quartzitic, grey to reddish-brown, ferruginous, varying bed thickness. lower part (140m): grey to red-brown sandstone with iron carbonate and iron-oxide alternating with grey-green mudstone and clayey shale. Brown ferruginous spots are characteristic for the sandstone. Interpreted as coastal-marine and deltaic deposits |Dakkovarre Formation | Sedimentary rocks, in part very weakly metamorphosed of neoproterozoic age | | 119 |Mehamn |Adamsfjord | Metadolomite |metadolomite, cleaved or laminated, with interbedded metasiltstone (23a) |Lower Laksefjord Nappe | Caledonian thrust rocks of precambrian age | | 118 |Mehamn |Adamsfjord | Metadolerite |- |Lower Laksefjord Nappe | Caledonian thrust rocks of precambrian age | | 117 |Mehamn |Adamsfjord | Granitic and dioritic gneiss |- |Lower Laksefjord Nappe | Caledonian thrust rocks of precambrian age | | 120 |Mehamn |Adamsfjord | Granitic and dioritic gneiss |- |Lower Laksefjord Nappe | Caledonian thrust rocks of precambrian age | | 116 |Mehamn |Adamsfjord | Metagabbro |amphibolite |Lower Laksefjord Nappe | Caledonian thrust rocks of precambrian age | | 121 |Mehamn |Adamsfjord | Mudstone and silstone |blue-green (lowermost: red-violet), laminated |Gaissa Nappe | Paraautochtonous sedimentary rocks of Precambrian-Lower Cambrian Age | | 29 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Garnet-biotite schist or phyllite |dark grey, commonly with thin beds (1mm-3cm) of sandstone or siltstone with graded bedding and some current ripples |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 33 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Garnet-biotite schist or phyllite |dark grey, commonly with thin beds (1mm-3cm) of sandstone or siltstone with graded bedding and some current ripples |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 37 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Garnet-biotite schist or phyllite |dark grey, commonly with thin beds (1mm-3cm) of sandstone or siltstone with graded bedding and some current ripples |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 83 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Garnet-biotite schist or phyllite |dark grey, commonly with thin beds (1mm-3cm) of sandstone or siltstone with graded bedding and some current ripples |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 35 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Garnet-biotite schist or phyllite |dark grey, commonly with thin beds (1mm-3cm) of sandstone or siltstone with graded bedding and some current ripples |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 34 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Metasandstone or garnet-mica schist or phyllite |alternating, thin- to medium-bedded (cm-dm) |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 86 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Metasandstone or garnet-mica schist or phyllite |alternating, thin- to medium-bedded (cm-dm) |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 88 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Metasandstone or garnet-mica schist or phyllite |alternating, thin- to medium-bedded (cm-dm) |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 87 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Metasandstone, arkose |pale grey, medium- to coarse-grained, in places gritty at the base of the beds, mostly thick-bedded (30cm-2m), foresets rich in heavy minerals, calcareous concretions present in many beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 32 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Metasandstone, arkose |pale grey, medium- to coarse-grained, in places gritty at the base of the beds, mostly thick-bedded (30cm-2m), foresets rich in heavy minerals, calcareous concretions present in many beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 36 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Metasandstone, arkose |pale grey, medium- to coarse-grained, in places gritty at the base of the beds, mostly thick-bedded (30cm-2m), foresets rich in heavy minerals, calcareous concretions present in many beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 84 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Metasandstone, arkose |pale grey, medium- to coarse-grained, in places gritty at the base of the beds, mostly thick-bedded (30cm-2m), foresets rich in heavy minerals, calcareous concretions present in many beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 28 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Phyllite |cleaved mudstone, thin-laminated (0.5-1mm), dark grey to black, clayey and silty, in places with laminae or thin beds of fine-grained metasandstone or siltstone |Friarfjorden Formation | NA | | 31 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Phyllite |cleaved mudstone, thin-laminated (0.5-1mm), dark grey to black, clayey and silty, in places with laminae or thin beds of fine-grained metasandstone or siltstone |Friarfjorden Formation | NA | | 30 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Metasandstone |quartzitic, pale grey, thin- to thick-bedded (3cm-1m), with cross-bedding, medium- to coarse-grained, in places with conglomerate, thin beds of phyllite occur higher up in the formation |Landersfjorden Formation | NA | | 85 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Phyllite |cleaved mudstone, thin-laminated (<3mm), dark grey to black, clayey and silty, in places with laminae or thin beds (<1m) of fine-grained sandstone or siltstone |Friarfjorden Formation | Jerkum Nappe | | 90 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Alternating sandstone and siltstone |layers with clasts or flakes of mudstone occur within some of the sandstone beds, finely laminated mudstone and siltstone occur towards the top of the formation |Enernes Formation | Jerkum Nappe | | 89 |Mehamn |Bekkarfjord | Sandstone |quartzitic, pale grey, thin- to thick-bedded (3cm-1m), with cross-bedding, medium- to coarse-grained, in places with conglomerate, thin beds of phyllite occur higher up in the formation |Landersfjorden Formation | Jerkum Nappe | | 8 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Phyllite and siltstone |dark grey, in places with beds of white quartzite; 3-5 m thick units |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 5 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Biotite phyllite or fine-grained schist |dark grey, with thin laminae or beds (1mm-3cm) of metasandstone or siltstone |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 1 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Metasandstone and biotite phyllite |thin-medium bedded (5-15 cm); darker grey greywacke in the north |Kalak Nappe Complex | Late mesoproterozoic to neoproterozoic (overthrust during caledonian orogeny) | | 2 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Metasandstone and biotite phyllite |thin-medium bedded (5-15 cm); darker grey greywacke in the north |Kalak Nappe Complex | Late mesoproterozoic to neoproterozoic (overthrust during caledonian orogeny) | | 4 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Metasandstone and biotite phyllite |thin-medium bedded (5-15 cm); darker grey greywacke in the north |Kalak Nappe Complex | Late mesoproterozoic to neoproterozoic (overthrust during caledonian orogeny) | | 78 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Metasandstone and biotite phyllite |thin-medium bedded (5-15 cm); darker grey greywacke in the north |Kalak Nappe Complex | Late mesoproterozoic to neoproterozoic (overthrust during caledonian orogeny) | | 11 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Metasandstone and biotite phyllite |thin-medium bedded (5-15 cm); darker grey greywacke in the north |Kalak Nappe Complex | Late mesoproterozoic to neoproterozoic (overthrust during caledonian orogeny) | | 10 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Phyllite and siltstone |dark grey, alternating with sandstone, grey, medium- to thick-bedded, relative abundance of phyllite, siltstone, and sandstone are quite variable |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 7 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Phyllite and siltstone |dark grey, alternating with sandstone, grey, medium- to thick-bedded, relative abundance of phyllite, siltstone, and sandstone are quite variable |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 9 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Quartzite or quartzitic sandstone |whtie, greyish-white, in places pink to red-brown, medium-thick bedded (30-50cm); forms 20-50m wide ridges in the landscape |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 79 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Feldspathic sandstone |thin-bedded (5-15 cm), fine-grained, in places flagstone, with mm-thin intercalations of phyllite, cross-bedding common |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 3 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Feldspathic sandstone |thin-bedded (5-15 cm), fine-grained, in places flagstone, with mm-thin intercalations of phyllite, cross-bedding common |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 6 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Feldspathic sandstone |medium/coarse-grained, in places with gravel beds, thick-bedded (30 cm - 2m), cross-bedding common, rich in heavy metals, calcareous concretions are quite common in some beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 12 |Mehamn |Hopseidet | Feldspathic sandstone |medium/coarse-grained, in places with gravel beds, thick-bedded (30 cm - 2m), cross-bedding common, rich in heavy metals, calcareous concretions are quite common in some beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 125 |Mehamn |Ifjordfjellet | Phyllite |dark grey to black, clayey and silty, in places with laminae of thin beds of very fine-grained sandstone. Occurs as roofing slate at Friarfjorden |Friarfjorden Formation | Jerkum Nappe | | 126 |Mehamn |Ifjordfjellet | Alternating metasandstone and metasiltstone |layers with clasts or flakes of mudstone occur within some of the sandstone beds, finely laminated mudstone and siltstone occur towards the top of the formation |Enernes Formation | Jerkum Nappe | | 124 |Mehamn |Ifjordfjellet | Quartzitic metasandstone |pale grey, thin- to thick-bedded, with cross-bedding, medium- to coarse-grained, in places with thin beds of conglomerate especially in the lower parts of the unit. Thin beds of siltstone are present higher up |Landersfjorden Formation | Jerkum Nappe | | 124 |Mehamn |Ifjordfjellet | Phyllitic mudstone |Laminated, grey to black, with a few beds of metasandstone containing scattered pebbles, and sporadic beds of conglomerate |Ifjord Formation | Jerkum Nappe | | 122 |Mehamn |Ifjordfjellet | Mudstone or sandstone |Upper part: mudstone, cleaved, with thin graded metagreywacke and siltstone beds with horizontal or cross-lamination. Small load casts and tool marks are present on the bottom surfaces of greywacke beds.

Lower part: Sandstone and mudstone, greenish-grey, thin- to thick-bedded, interpreted as shallow-marine deposit |Breidvika/Breivik Formation | Gaissa Nappe (complex, very low-grade metasedimentary rocks of neoproterozoic to earliest ordovician age) | | 123 |Mehamn |Ifjordfjellet | Quartzitic sandstone |red, thin- to medium-bedded, subordinate grey sandstone, some red mudstone. Interpreted as shallow-marine deposit |Manndrapselva Member of Stahpogieddi Formation | Gaissa Nappe (complex, very low-grade metasedimentary rocks of neoproterozoic to earliest ordovician age) | | 93 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Garnet-biotite phyllite or schist |dark grey, commonly with thin beds (1mm-3cm) of sandstone or siltstone with graded bedding and some current ripples |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 15 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Garnet-biotite phyllite or schist |dark grey, commonly with thin beds (1mm-3cm) of sandstone or siltstone with graded bedding and some current ripples |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 18 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Garnet-biotite phyllite or schist |dark grey, commonly with thin beds (1mm-3cm) of sandstone or siltstone with graded bedding and some current ripples |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 94 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Transitional lithology from thick-bedded feldspathic sandstone to laminated phyllite |in places with 1-2m thick beds of quartzite, quartzite may contain rare, cm-thin beds of limestone |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 14 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Transitional lithology from thick-bedded feldspathic sandstone to laminated phyllite |in places with 1-2m thick beds of quartzite, quartzite may contain rare, cm-thin beds of limestone |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 95 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Sandstone or garnet-biotite phyllite |thin- to medium-bedded |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 17 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Sandstone or garnet-biotite phyllite |thin- to medium-bedded |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 96 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Feldspathic sandstone |thin-bedded (5-15 cm), in places flagstone, cross-bedding common |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 19 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Feldspathic sandstone |thin-bedded (5-15 cm), in places flagstone, cross-bedding common |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 16 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Feldspathic sandstone |thin-bedded (5-15 cm), in places flagstone, cross-bedding common |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 13 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Feldspathic sandstone, arkose |medium to coarse-grained, mostly thick-bedded (30cm-2m), with abundant cross-bedding, in few places with conglomerate beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 92 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Feldspathic sandstone, arkose |medium to coarse-grained, mostly thick-bedded (30cm-2m), with abundant cross-bedding, in few places with conglomerate beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 91 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Feldspathic sandstone, arkose |medium to coarse-grained, mostly thick-bedded (30cm-2m), with abundant cross-bedding, in few places with conglomerate beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 20 |Mehamn |Kjollefjord | Feldspathic sandstone, arkose |medium to coarse-grained, mostly thick-bedded (30cm-2m), with abundant cross-bedding, in few places with conglomerate beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 76 |Mehamn |Lebesby | Alternating sandstone and garnet-mica schist |banding on a centimetre scale, thicker sandstone beds (<1m) show cross-bedding, near Lebesby, towards the base of the Nappe, strongly mylonitic with much secondary quartz |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 75 |Mehamn |Lebesby | Alternating sandstone and garnet-mica schist |banding on a centimetre scale, thicker sandstone beds (<1m) show cross-bedding, near Lebesby, towards the base of the Nappe, strongly mylonitic with much secondary quartz |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 77 |Mehamn |Lebesby | Sandstone |feldspathic, mostly medium- to thick-bedded (20cm-2.5m) with cross-bedding, with cm-thick interbeds of schist or siltstone, locally with up to 20 cm-thick beds of conglomerate |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 38 |Mehamn |Lebesby | Mudstone, slate or phyllite |thin-laminated, dark grey to black, in places with cm-thick beds of siltstone, very rarely with metadolenite dykes |Friarfjorden Formation | NA | | 39 |Mehamn |Lebesby | Sandstone, schistose |pale grey, greenish-grey, cross-bedded with ripple marks, medium-bedded (5-20 cm) with thin interbeds (0.1-5cm) of phyllite, units of phyllite are more abundant towards the top of the formation |Landersfjorden Formation | NA | | 40 |Mehamn |Lebesby | Mudstone, slate or phyllite |thin-laminated, dark grey to black, in places with cm-thick beds of siltstone, very rarely with metadolenite dykes |Friarfjorden Formation | NA | | 22 |Mehamn |Mehamn | moraine |grus, sand |Superficial deposits | quaternary | | 98 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Biotite phyllite |Garnet (+/-), in places schist, dark grey, commonly with thin laminae or beds (1mm-3cm) of metasandstone or siltstone |Kalak Nappe Complex | Late mesoproterozoic to neoproterozoic (overthrust during caledonian orogeny) | | 27 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Biotite phyllite |Garnet (+/-), in places schist, dark grey, commonly with thin laminae or beds (1mm-3cm) of metasandstone or siltstone |Kalak Nappe Complex | Late mesoproterozoic to neoproterozoic (overthrust during caledonian orogeny) | | 25 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Biotite phyllite |Garnet (+/-), in places schist, dark grey, commonly with thin laminae or beds (1mm-3cm) of metasandstone or siltstone |Kalak Nappe Complex | Late mesoproterozoic to neoproterozoic (overthrust during caledonian orogeny) | | 97 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Metasandstone or biotite phyllite |alternating |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 26 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Metasandstone or biotite phyllite |alternating |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 99 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Metasandstone or biotite phyllite |alternating |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 102 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Metasandstone or biotite phyllite |alternating |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 21 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Metasandstone or biotite phyllite |alternating |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 24 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Metasandstone or biotite phyllite |alternating |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 100 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Feldspathic metasandstone |thin-bedded (5-15 cm), in places flagstone, cross-bedding common |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 23 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Feldspathic metasandstone |pale grey, medium- to coarse-grained, in places gritty at the base of the beds, mostly thick-bedded (30cm-2m), foresets rich in heavy minerals, calcareous concretions present in many beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 23 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Feldspathic metasandstone |pale-grey, medium- to coarse-grained, in places gritty at the base of beds, mostly thick-bedded (0.3-2m), foresets rich in heavy minerals, calcareous concretions are present in many beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 101 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Feldspathic metasandstone |pale grey, medium- to coarse-grained, in places gritty at the base of the beds, mostly thick-bedded (30cm-2m), foresets rich in heavy minerals, calcareous concretions present in many beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | NA | | 101 |Mehamn |Mehamn | Feldspathic metasandstone |pale-grey, medium- to coarse-grained, in places gritty at the base of beds, mostly thick-bedded (0.3-2m), foresets rich in heavy minerals, calcareous concretions are present in many beds |Kalak Nappe Complex | metasedimentary rocks of inferred meso- to neoproterozoic age | | 141 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Garnet-muscovite-biotite schist |dark grey to brown, with thin beds (1-5cm) of siltstone or sandstone, in places the lithology is strongly mylonitised |Kalak Nappe Complex | Metamorphosed rocks of inferred neoarchaean to neoproterozoic and early cambrian age overthrust during caledonian orogeny | | 140 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Granit gneiss, metagranite or monzogranite |foliated and in places strongly mylonitised at the base of the Nappe |Skallneset Nappe | Metamorphosed rocks of inferred neoarchaean to neoproterozoic and early cambrian age overthrust during caledonian orogeny | | 127 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Granitic or granodioritic gneiss |rich in K-feldspar (perithitic orthoclase), calc-alkaline, similar orthogneiss a few km farther east was dated to 2850 Ma |Kunes Nappe | NA | | 131 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Granitic or granodioritic gneiss |rich in K-feldspar (perithitic orthoclase), calc-alkaline, similar orthogneiss a few km farther east was dated to 2850 Ma |Kunes Nappe | NA | | 128 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Claystone/shale and siltstone |blue-green, red-violet in the lowermost strate, laminated, in places with trace fossils |Stahpogieddi Formation | Gaissa Nappe, very low-grade sedimentary rocks | | 130 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Siltstone |dark grey-green in lower part, in upper part: alternating metre-thick beds of pale grey sandstone and reddish-grey, thin-bedded shale/siltstone |Stahpogieddi Formation | Gaissa Nappe, very low-grade sedimentary rocks | | 129 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Moraine conglomerate, diamictite |red-brown or grey-green, matrix supported, clasts consist mostly of granite and gneiss with some dolomite and chert |Mortensnes Formation | Gaissa Nappe, very low-grade sedimentary rocks | | 132 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Dolomite |pale grey to white, in places with stromatolite biostromes and with sporadic beds of dolomite-conglomerate and dolomite-cemented quartz sands |Porsanger Formation | Tanafjordgroup | | 133 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Dolomite |pale grey to white, in places with stromatolite biostromes and with sporadic beds of dolomite-conglomerate and dolomite-cemented quartz sands |Porsanger Formation | Tanafjordgroup | | 134 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Dolomite |pale grey to white, in places with stromatolite biostromes and with sporadic beds of dolomite-conglomerate and dolomite-cemented quartz sands |Porsanger Formation | Tanafjordgroup | | 142 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Dolomite |pale grey to white, in places with stromatolite biostromes and with sporadic beds of dolomite-conglomerate and dolomite-cemented quartz sands |Porsanger Formation | Tanafjordgroup | | 135 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Mudstone |maroon, alternating with green-grey and yellowish-grey siltstone, and grey-brown, blue-grey or purple quartzitic sandstone, locally with beds of yellow-grey dolomite |Stabbursdal Formation | Tanafjordgroup | | 136 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Mudstone |maroon, alternating with green-grey and yellowish-grey siltstone, and grey-brown, blue-grey or purple quartzitic sandstone, locally with beds of yellow-grey dolomite |Stabbursdal Formation | Tanafjordgroup | | 138 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Mudstone |maroon, alternating with green-grey and yellowish-grey siltstone, and grey-brown, blue-grey or purple quartzitic sandstone, locally with beds of yellow-grey dolomite |Stabbursdal Formation | Tanafjordgroup | | 137 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Quartzite |white, in places grey-white or greenish-white, moderately thick-bedded and cross-bedded with uneven bedding surfaces |Hakdalancearru Formation | Tanafjordgroup | | 139 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Quartzite |white, in places grey-white or greenish-white, moderately thick-bedded and cross-bedded with uneven bedding surfaces |Hakdalancearru Formation | Tanafjordgroup | | 143 |Mehamn |Vieksa | Shale and sandstone or siltstone |dark grey; sandstone: grey-brown to grey-green, lowermost few metres consist of alternating dark grey/black shale and orange-grey sandstone |Vaggi Formation | Tanafjordgroup | | 72 |Vardo |Vardo | Sandstone |medium-grained, interbedded with grey and grey-green mudstone, grey claystone, yellow-grey dolomite and grey stromatolite-bearing limestone |Batsfjord Formation, Annejohka member | Sedimentary rocks of neoproterozoic age (Tonian-Cryogenian) | | 71 |Vardo |Vardo | Sandstone |feldspathic, red, medium- to fine-grained, thick-bedded (30 cm-1m), in places with cross-bedding and with sporadic beds of conglomerates |Batsnaeringen Formation, Hestman member | Sedimentary rocks of neoproterozoic age (Tonian-Cryogenian) | | 69 |Vardo |Vardo | Shale |laminated, grey-green to dark-grey, alternating with thick-bedded (30cm-1m) grey-green mudstone and fine-grained sandstone |Batsnaeringen Formation, Godkeila member | Sedimentary rocks of neoproterozoic age (Tonian-Cryogenian) | | 68 |Vardo |Vardo | Sandstone |feldspathic, fine-grained, mostly red, subordinate green-grey, in 30cm-1m thick beds with cross-bedding, with subordinate 3-10cm thick beds of red mudstone and conglomerate |Batsnaeringen Formation, Seglodden member | Sedimentary rocks of neoproterozoic age (Tonian-Cryogenian) | | 73 |Vardo |Vardo | Sandstone |feldspathic, fine-grained, mostly red, subordinate green-grey, in 30cm-1m thick beds with cross-bedding, with subordinate 3-10cm thick beds of red mudstone and conglomerate |Batsnaeringen Formation, Seglodden member | Sedimentary rocks of neoproterozoic age (Tonian-Cryogenian) | | 70 |Vardo |Vardo | Mudstone and sandstone |laminated mudstone, fine-grained sandstone, beds with red coloration, current ripples and ball- and pillow structures are common |Batsnaeringen Formation, Naeringselva member | Sedimentary rocks of neoproterozoic age (Tonian-Cryogenian) | | 74 |Vardo |Vardo | Mudstone and sandstone |laminated mudstone, fine-grained sandstone, beds with red coloration, current ripples and ball- and pillow structures are common |Batsnaeringen Formation, Naeringselva member | Sedimentary rocks of neoproterozoic age (Tonian-Cryogenian) |

Further Information on the Kalak Nappe Complex in Northern Norway

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The Kalak Nappe Complex (KNC) in Northern Norway is a significant geological unit within the Scandinavian Caledonides, representing a series of thrust sheets that were emplaced during the Caledonian orogeny. The chronological overview of the formations within the Kalak Nappe Complex reflects a complex history of sedimentation, volcanic activity, and subsequent metamorphism. Here is a general chronological overview:

Chronological Overview of Kalak Nappe Complex Formations

1. Neoproterozoic (1,000 - 541 million years ago)
   • Basal Metasedimentary Units: The oldest rocks in the Kalak Nappe Complex are primarily metasedimentary, including quartzites, schists, and marbles. These rocks were originally deposited as sediments in shallow marine to continental environments.
   • Early Volcanic Activity: During the Neoproterozoic, volcanic activity contributed to the deposition of metavolcanic rocks interlayered with sedimentary sequences.
2. Cryogenian to Ediacaran (720 - 541 million years ago)
   • Skjærgårdnes Formation: This formation is part of the older sequence within the Kalak Nappe Complex. It includes metasedimentary rocks such as schists and gneisses that were deposited during this period and later subjected to metamorphism.
   • Glaciogenic Deposits: Evidence of glaciation during the Cryogenian period, such as tillites and other glacial deposits, may be present within the metasedimentary sequences, reflecting the global “Snowball Earth” events.
3. Cambrian to Early Ordovician (541 - 470 million years ago)
   • Transitional Sedimentary Sequences: Sedimentary rocks from this period include sandstones, shales, and carbonates, indicating a transition from Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic depositional environments.
   • Early Metamorphism: Initial stages of metamorphism began to affect these rocks due to tectonic activity related to the early stages of the Caledonian orogeny.
4. Middle to Late Ordovician (470 - 443 million years ago)
   • Stordaselva Formation: This formation represents a significant part of the Kalak Nappe Complex, composed of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. The rocks underwent extensive deformation and metamorphism during the Caledonian orogeny.
   • Continued Metamorphism and Deformation: During the peak of the Caledonian orogeny, these rocks experienced high-pressure and high-temperature metamorphism, resulting in the development of schistosity, gneissic banding, and other metamorphic textures.
5. Silurian to Early Devonian (443 - 390 million years ago)
   • Thrusting and Nappe Formation: The main phase of nappe stacking and thrusting occurred during this time, with the Kalak Nappe Complex being emplaced onto the Baltic Shield. This period marks the culmination of the Caledonian orogeny.
   • High-Grade Metamorphism: Continued tectonic activity led to high-grade metamorphic conditions, further altering the mineralogy and structure of the rocks within the Kalak Nappe Complex.
6. Post-Caledonian Events (Late Devonian onward)
   • Erosion and Exhumation: After the main orogenic events, the region experienced significant erosion, which exposed the high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Kalak Nappe Complex at the surface.
   • Post-Orogenic Sedimentation: Deposition of younger sedimentary rocks occurred in basins formed during the post-orogenic extensional phases, but these are not part of the Kalak Nappe Complex itself.

Summary

The Kalak Nappe Complex records a detailed geological history from the Neoproterozoic to the Devonian, including:

• Initial deposition of sediments and volcanic rocks in various environments.
• Multiple phases of metamorphism and deformation during the Caledonian orogeny.
• Formation of thrust sheets and nappe structures.
• High-grade metamorphism resulting in the characteristic schistosity and gneissic banding.

This chronological overview highlights the complex and dynamic geological processes that shaped the Kalak Nappe Complex and contributed to the broader understanding of the Caledonian orogeny in northern Norway.