Sample Descriptives

Sample Size Per Cell
High Evidence Low Evidence Total
Item Recovered 27 29 56
Showup Identification 29 28 57
Surveillance Footage 29 28 57
Total 85 85 170
Note. These numbers include only participants who passed attention checks and were included in final analyses.

Evidence Strength Analyses

  1. Descriptives

Overall
Overall Evidence Strength Ratings
Mean SD Min Max
4 1.81 1 7
Grouped by Evidence
Evidence Strength Ratings By Evidence Strength Condition
Evidence Strength Mean SD Min Max
Low 4.38 1.77 1 7
High 3.62 1.79 1 7
Grouped by Stimuli Type
Evidence Strength Ratings By Stimuli Type
Stimuli Type Mean SD Min Max
Item 3.86 1.73 1 7
Showup 4.02 1.77 1 7
Surveillance 4.12 1.96 1 7
Grouped by Both Conditions
Evidence Strength Ratings By Stimuli Type and Evidence Strength
Evidence Strength Stimuli Type Mean SD Min Max
Item Low 4.26 1.75 2 7
Item High 3.48 1.66 1 7
Showup Low 4.41 1.78 1 7
Showup High 3.61 1.69 1 7
Surveillance Low 4.45 1.82 1 7
Surveillance High 3.79 2.06 1 7

  1. Assumptions Tests

Shapiro Test (Normal Distribution Assumption)
Below are the results of a shapiro test which was conducted to assess whether the data were normally distributed. This assumption is met if the p values displayed are not significant.
Evidence Strength Stimuli Type Dependent Varaible Statistic P Value
Low Item Evidence_Strength 0.8886943 0.0074429
High Item Evidence_Strength 0.9252924 0.0416023
Low Showup Evidence_Strength 0.9371711 0.0845528
High Showup Evidence_Strength 0.9473499 0.1698768
Low Surveillance Evidence_Strength 0.8897714 0.0056226
High Surveillance Evidence_Strength 0.8572638 0.0013149
Levene Test (Homogeneity of Variance Assumption)


Below are the results of a levene test which was conducted to assess homogeneity of variance. This assumption is met if the p values displayed are not significant.

df1 df2 statistic p
5 164 0.4228129 0.8323496

  1. Analysis of Variance

(Stimuli Type x Evidence Strength)
Effect DFn DFd F p p<.05 ges
Stimuli_Type 2 164 0.266 0.767 0.00300
Evidence_Condition 1 164 7.364 0.007 * 0.04300
Stimuli_Type:Evidence_Condition 2 164 0.025 0.975 0.00031

  1. Post Hoc Tests

Tukey HSD
Stimuli Type Comparisons
diff lwr upr p adj
Showup-Item 0.1604010 -0.6396176 0.9604197 0.8835316
Surveillance-Item 0.2656642 -0.5343545 1.0656828 0.7125140
Surveillance-Showup 0.1052632 -0.6912077 0.9017340 0.9475818


Evidence Strength Comparisons
diff lwr upr p adj
High-Low -0.7479286 -1.292428 -0.2034297 0.0073959


All Comparisons
diff lwr upr p adj
Showup:Low-Item:Low 0.1545338 -1.231876 1.5409435 0.9995367
Surveillance:Low-Item:Low 0.1890166 -1.197393 1.5754263 0.9987679
Item:High-Item:Low -0.7765006 -2.162910 0.6099090 0.5897901
Showup:High-Item:Low -0.6521164 -2.050412 0.7461789 0.7594847
Surveillance:High-Item:Low -0.4735450 -1.871840 0.9247503 0.9247807
Surveillance:Low-Showup:Low 0.0344828 -1.326944 1.3959100 0.9999997
Item:High-Showup:Low -0.9310345 -2.292462 0.4303928 0.3628720
Showup:High-Showup:Low -0.8066502 -2.180179 0.5668789 0.5380167
Surveillance:High-Showup:Low -0.6280788 -2.001608 0.7454503 0.7743644
Item:High-Surveillance:Low -0.9655172 -2.326945 0.3959100 0.3216636
Showup:High-Surveillance:Low -0.8411330 -2.214662 0.5323961 0.4906081
Surveillance:High-Surveillance:Low -0.6625616 -2.036091 0.7109675 0.7323833
Showup:High-Item:High 0.1243842 -1.249145 1.4979133 0.9998327
Surveillance:High-Item:High 0.3029557 -1.070573 1.6764848 0.9881278
Surveillance:High-Showup:High 0.1785714 -1.206954 1.5640966 0.9990611

Guilt Likelihood Analyses

  1. Descriptives

Overall
Overall Guilt Likelihood Ratings
Mean SD Min Max
4 1.81 1 7
By Evidence
Guilt Likelihood Ratings By Evidence Strength Condition
Evidence Strength Mean SD Min Max
Low 4.38 1.77 1 7
High 3.62 1.79 1 7
By Stimuli
Guilt Likelihood Ratings By Stimuli Type
Stimuli Type Mean SD Min Max
Item 3.86 1.73 1 7
Showup 4.02 1.77 1 7
Surveillance 4.12 1.96 1 7
By Both
Guilt Likelihood Ratings By Stimuli Type and Evidence Strength Condition
Stimuli Type Evidence Strength Mean SD Min Max
Item Low 4.26 1.75 2 7
Item High 3.48 1.66 1 7
Showup Low 4.41 1.78 1 7
Showup High 3.61 1.69 1 7
Surveillance Low 4.45 1.82 1 7
Surveillance High 3.79 2.06 1 7

  1. Assumptions Tests

Shapiro Test (Normal Distribution Assumption)
Below are the results of a shapiro test which was conducted to assess whether the data were normally distributed. This assumption is met if the p values displayed are not significant.
Evidence Strength Stimuli Type Dependent Varaible Statistic P Value
Low Item Guilt_Likelihood 0.9203144 0.0401750
High Item Guilt_Likelihood 0.9319596 0.0618406
Low Showup Guilt_Likelihood 0.9331029 0.0662214
High Showup Guilt_Likelihood 0.9359569 0.0872390
Low Surveillance Guilt_Likelihood 0.9368242 0.0828057
High Surveillance Guilt_Likelihood 0.9327753 0.0724508
Levene Test (Homogeneity of Variance Assumption)


Below are the results of a levene test which was conducted to assess homogeneity of variance. This assumption is met if the p values displayed are not significant.

df1 df2 statistic p
5 164 0.3091454 0.9069331

  1. Analysis of Variance

(Stimuli Type x Evidence Strength)
Effect DFn DFd F p p<.05 ges
Stimuli_Type 2 164 0.748 0.475 0.009
Evidence_Condition 1 164 0.864 0.354 0.005
Stimuli_Type:Evidence_Condition 2 164 0.727 0.485 0.009

  1. Post Hoc Tests

Tukey HSD
Stimuli Type Comparisons
diff lwr upr p adj
Showup-Item -0.0889724 -0.8841688 0.7062240 0.9621398
Surveillance-Item -0.3872180 -1.1824144 0.4079783 0.4838074
Surveillance-Showup -0.2982456 -1.0899156 0.4934244 0.6467258


Evidence Strength Comparisons
diff lwr upr p adj
High-Low -0.2526611 -0.793878 0.2885558 0.3579925


All Comparisons
diff lwr upr p adj
Showup:Low-Item:Low -0.1979566 -1.576009 1.1800963 0.9984153
Surveillance:Low-Item:Low -0.7841635 -2.162216 0.5938894 0.5727453
Item:High-Item:Low -0.5772669 -1.955320 0.8007859 0.8324712
Showup:High-Item:Low -0.5846561 -1.974523 0.8052107 0.8299929
Surveillance:High-Item:Low -0.5846561 -1.974523 0.8052107 0.8299929
Surveillance:Low-Showup:Low -0.5862069 -1.939428 0.7670141 0.8117736
Item:High-Showup:Low -0.3793103 -1.732531 0.9739107 0.9656713
Showup:High-Showup:Low -0.3866995 -1.751949 0.9785504 0.9641009
Surveillance:High-Showup:Low -0.3866995 -1.751949 0.9785504 0.9641009
Item:High-Surveillance:Low 0.2068966 -1.146324 1.5601176 0.9978632
Showup:High-Surveillance:Low 0.1995074 -1.165742 1.5647573 0.9982793
Surveillance:High-Surveillance:Low 0.1995074 -1.165742 1.5647573 0.9982793
Showup:High-Item:High -0.0073892 -1.372639 1.3578607 1.0000000
Surveillance:High-Item:High -0.0073892 -1.372639 1.3578607 1.0000000
Surveillance:High-Showup:High 0.0000000 -1.377174 1.3771737 1.0000000

Evidence Connection Analyses

Factor Analysis

We conducted a factor analysis to explore whether the following four items could be condensed into a single scale variable:

  • Evidence_Connection_1
  • Evidence_Connection_2_Reversed
  • Evidence_Connection_3
  • Evidence_Connection_4

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Factor Adequacy
The overall MSA was 0.50947.
Below is the MSA for each item:

x
Evidence_Connection_1 0.5029131
Evidence_Connection_2_Reversed 0.5122777
Evidence_Connection_3 0.5098913
Evidence_Connection_4 0.5076734

Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity
Bartlett’s test revealed a p-value of 0.9276854.
Significant p values indicate substantial correlation in the data, signifying data reduction methods (ie., factor analysis) would be appropriate.

Principal Axis Factoring with Varimax Rotation (1 Factor)
Below are the results of the PAF.

## 
## Factor analysis with Call: fa(r = EvidenceConnection_data, nfactors = 1, rotate = "varimax", 
##     fm = "pa")
## 
## Test of the hypothesis that 1 factor is sufficient.
## The degrees of freedom for the model is 2  and the objective function was  0 
## The number of observations was  170  with Chi Square =  0.36  with prob <  0.83 
## 
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSA) is  0.02 
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is  0.03 
## 
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability =  -0.198
## RMSEA index =  0  and the 10 % confidence intervals are  0 0.088
## BIC =  -9.91