Nations Charts

# loading the necessary library s 
library(tidyverse)

── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ dplyr     1.1.4     ✔ readr     2.1.5
✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.1
✔ ggplot2   3.5.1     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
✔ lubridate 1.9.3     ✔ tidyr     1.3.1
✔ purrr     1.0.2     
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors

library(dplyr)

# Accesses to Data
setwd("C:/Users/ava/Downloads/data110")
nations <- read_csv('nations.csv')

Rows: 5275 Columns: 10
── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Delimiter: ","
chr (5): iso2c, iso3c, country, region, income
dbl (5): year, gdp_percap, population, birth_rate, neonat_mortal_rate

ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.

# use filter to select the countries 
selected_countries <- nations %>%
  filter(country %in% c("China", "Germany" , "India" ,"Japan"))%>%
# using filter and !is.na to clean the data
filter( !is.na(year) & !is.na(country) &
         !is.na(gdp_percap) & !is.na(population)) %>%
# using mutate to create a new variabel  
 mutate(
    gdp_trillions = (gdp_percap * population) / 1e12
  )

# using summaries to have average of GDP of countries (otherwise their will be only one obseravtion)
data <- selected_countries |>
   group_by(year , country)%>%
  summarise( avg_gdp = mean(gdp_percap)) 

`summarise()` has grouped output by 'year'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.

# ggplot for mapping following a geom line 
p1 <- data |> 
  ggplot(aes( x= year, y= avg_gdp  , colour = country )) + 
  geom_line(aes( group = country)) + geom_point() +
  # titling the chart 
  labs(title = "GDP of Different Countries Over the Years",
       subtitle = "From 1990 to 2015",
       x = "Year",
       y = "GDP (in trillions)",
       color = "Country") +
 # changing the pallet and them for clearity of the chart  
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Set2") +
  theme_minimal() +
  # adding legend title 
  theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 16, face = "bold"),
        plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12),
        axis.title = element_text(size = 14),
        legend.title = element_text(size = 12),
        legend.text = element_text(size = 10))

p1

# creating a second data for average GDP of nations 
data2 <- nations |>
      
  group_by(region, year)%>%
      
summarise(GDP = sum(gdp_percap, na.rm = TRUE))

`summarise()` has grouped output by 'region'. You can override using the
`.groups` argument.

# ggplot for mapping and using argument fill to fill in the regions (not color)
p2 <- data2 |>
  ggplot(aes( x= year, y= GDP , fill = region)) +  
  # creating function Geom_area and craeting white lines for speration of regions 
  geom_area(alpha = 0.8, linewidth = 0.5, colour = "white") +
labs(title = "GDP of Different Regions Over the Years",
       x = "year",
       y = "GDP",
       fill = "Region") +
  # changing theme and palette 
  theme_minimal()+ scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set2")

p2

 print(p2)

The difference between fill and color when making the chart is that color Argument is perfect for drawing plot borders or outlines because it can be used to alter the color of points, lines, and shapes’ borders. For example, in a line plot made with geom_line(), the lines’ color is determined by the color aesthetic. The interior of shapes, such as areas underlines in an area plot (geom_area()), and bars in a bar plot (geom_bar()), are filled with the fill argument, on the other hand. The color argument can be used to add a border around these filled areas, and the fill argument can be used to distinguish different regions by filling them with different colors when creating an area chart. This boundary, which is frequently a thin line, helps in dividing the areas.