The following is an initial prototype of a
human disturbance index. The aim of this index is to capture the quantity of human intervention time that might affect a biodiversity SARA, in this case, the Wolverine.This prototype assumes that from a Wolverine perspective, broadly, ‘machine hours are machine hours’, and the same pattern holds for human hours. This assumption can easily be revised if desired.
| treatment_code | base_cst_acres | laborer_hours_ac | laborer_hours_mbf | laborer_hours_grt | professional_hours_ac | professional_hours_mbf | professional_hours_grt | masticator_hours_ac | mower_hours_ac | grapple_hours_ac | harvester_hours_mbf | skidder_hours_mbf | skidder_hours_grt | yarder_crane_hours_mbf | yarder_crane_hours_grt | loader_hours_mbf | log_truck_hours_mbf | chipper_hours_grt | chipper_van_hours_grt | helicopter_hours_ac | animal_herd_hours_ac | workforce_adjustment_factor | frq | MgmtID | treatment_name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMR_TH_NONE_NONE | 10 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | MTTH | Complex Mechanical Removal - Thinning |
| CMR_URC_NONE_NONE | 1 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | CMUR | Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing |
| HCD_TA_NONE_NONE | 50 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 2.5 | 25 | HCTA | Herbicides - Targeted |
| HRB_HRB_NONE_NONE | 25 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3600 | 2.5 | 25 | HERB | Herbivory - Herbivory |
| MRM_CT_NONE_NONE | 5 | 0.00 | 0.87 | 0.28 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | MRCT | Mechanical Removal - Commercial Thinning |
| MRM_TH_NONE_NONE | 10 | 0.00 | 0.87 | 0.28 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | MRCT | Mechanical Removal - Thinning |
| MTH_ISR_NONE_NONE | 10 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | BASE | Manual - Invasives Removal |
| MTH_TH_NONE_NONE | 10 | 4.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | MTTH | Manual - Thinning |
| MTH_URC_NONE_NONE | 1 | 4.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | MTUR | Manual - Urban Clearing |
| REV_A_NONE_NONE | 10 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | REVA | Revegetation - Revegetation |
| RGM_TFF_NONE_NONE | 25 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 2.5 | 25 | BASE | Mechanical Rearrangement - Mowing |
| RGM_GMP_NONE_NONE | 5 | 1.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 2.5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | RMGP | Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile |
| RGM_MASL_NONE_NONE | 5 | 0.88 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.76 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | RMMA | Mechanical Rearrangement - Mastication |
| RXF_AI_NONE_NONE | 100 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | RXAI | Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Aerial |
| RXF_GFL_NONE_NONE | 0 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | RXGF | Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground |
- Per acre
- Per merchantable board foot removed
- Per ton of sub-merchantable biomass removed
ppl.force = wrk.force%>% #treatment name and all cost estimate columns
select(treatment_name, treatment_code, MgmtID, base_cst_acres, starts_with('laborer')| starts_with('professional'))%>%
mutate(
ppl.ac = rowSums(select(., ends_with("_ac")), na.rm = TRUE), #all per acre metrics
ppl.mbf = rowSums(select(., ends_with("_mbf")), na.rm = TRUE), #all per board foot metrics
ppl.grt = rowSums(select(., ends_with("_grt")), na.rm = TRUE) #all sub-merchantable biomass metrics
)%>%
select(treatment_name, treatment_code, MgmtID, ppl.ac, ppl.mbf, ppl.grt)| treatment_name | ppl.ac | ppl.mbf | ppl.grt |
|---|---|---|---|
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Thinning | 0.00 | 1.50 | 0.78 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | 0.00 | 1.50 | 0.78 |
| Herbicides - Targeted | 5.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Herbivory - Herbivory | 0.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mechanical Removal - Commercial Thinning | 0.00 | 1.22 | 0.39 |
| Mechanical Removal - Thinning | 0.00 | 1.22 | 0.39 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | 7.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Manual - Thinning | 5.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | 14.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Revegetation - Revegetation | 1.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mowing | 0.70 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | 1.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mastication | 1.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Aerial | 0.60 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | 1.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
mech.force = wrk.force%>%
select(treatment_code, base_cst_acres, everything(), -starts_with('laborer'), -starts_with('professional'))%>% # Select all columns except those starting with 'laborer' or 'professional'
select(-animal_herd_hours_ac)%>% #goats are kinda 'eating machines', but not this type...
mutate(
mech.ac = rowSums(select(., ends_with("_ac")), na.rm = TRUE),
mech.mbf = rowSums(select(., ends_with("_mbf")), na.rm = TRUE),
mech.grt = rowSums(select(., ends_with("_grt")), na.rm = TRUE)
)%>%
select(treatment_name, treatment_code, MgmtID, mech.ac, mech.mbf, mech.grt)| treatment_name | mech.ac | mech.mbf | mech.grt |
|---|---|---|---|
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Thinning | 0.00 | 1.59 | 0.44 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | 0.00 | 2.31 | 0.69 |
| Herbicides - Targeted | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Herbivory - Herbivory | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mechanical Removal - Commercial Thinning | 0.00 | 1.73 | 0.41 |
| Mechanical Removal - Thinning | 0.00 | 1.73 | 0.41 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Manual - Thinning | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Revegetation - Revegetation | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mowing | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | 2.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mastication | 1.76 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Aerial | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Human Disturbance Index by stand conditions
present in Wolverine HabitatTo quantify response functions for many of our Strategic Assets and Resource Areas (SARAs) (equivalent to an HVRA) we use the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) to simulate treatments. FVS outputs all of the metrics listed above in workforce estimation.
Now we will scale human and mechanical hours of impact by the quantity of merchantable board feet and biomass coming off of the landscape during treatments.
human disturbance index:metrics <- c(
'MgmtID',
'StandID',
'Year',
'Biomass_Removed', #green tonnes of biomass removed
'RBdFt', #merchantable board feet removed
'RMCuFt' #total merchantable cubic feet of volume removed
)ppl.impact = ppl.impact%>%
mutate(mbf.hrs = (RBdFt/1000)* ppl.mbf)%>% #translate to workforce units
mutate(grt.hrs = Biomass_Removed* ppl.grt)%>% #sub-merchantable green tons of biomass
mutate(ac.hrs = 3* ppl.ac)%>% #FVS outputs represent 1 acre, scale to 3 acre minimum treatment unit from product guide
distinct()%>%
mutate(tot.ppl.hrs = mbf.hrs+grt.hrs+ac.hrs)%>%
mutate_if(is.numeric, round, 1)| treatment_name | Biomass_Removed | RBdFt | ppl.ac | ppl.grt | mbf.hrs | grt.hrs | ac.hrs | tot.ppl.hrs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | 0 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | 0 | 0.0 | 14.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 42.0 | 42.0 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | 0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Aerial | 0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | 22 | 3147.6 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 4.7 | 17.2 | 0.0 | 21.9 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | 0 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | 0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 |
| Manual - Thinning | 1 | 0.0 | 5.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.5 | 16.5 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mastication | 0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | 37 | 5030.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 7.5 | 28.9 | 0.0 | 36.4 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Thinning | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mastication | 0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Aerial | 0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
| Manual - Thinning | 0 | 0.0 | 5.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.5 | 16.5 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | 0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Aerial | 0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | 0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | 1 | 0.0 | 14.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 42.0 | 42.0 |
Tip: You can zoom in and click the treatments on and off in the legend to see hours associated with each treatment
mech.impact = mech.impact%>%
mutate(mbf.hrs = (RBdFt/1000)* mech.mbf)%>% #translate to workforce units
mutate(grt.hrs = Biomass_Removed* mech.grt)%>% #sub-merch biomass
mutate(ac.hrs = 3* mech.ac)%>% #FVS outputs represent 1 acre, scale to 3 acre minimum treatment unit from product guide
distinct()%>%
mutate(tot.mech.hrs = mbf.hrs+grt.hrs+ac.hrs)%>%
mutate_if(is.numeric, round, 1)| treatment_name | Biomass_Removed | RBdFt | mech.ac | mech.grt | mbf.hrs | grt.hrs | ac.hrs | tot.mech.hrs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | 9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0 | 6.2 | 0.0 | 6.2 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mastication | 0 | 0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 5.3 |
| Manual - Thinning | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 7.5 | 7.5 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mowing | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Manual - Thinning | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 7.5 | 7.5 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 7.5 | 7.5 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Tip: You can zoom in and click the treatments on and off in the legend to see hours associated with each treatment
- 10 hours in work day
- 4 work days in a week
- 5 months where Wolverines are sensitive to human activities
| treatment_name | mean.ppl.hrs | mean.ppl.days | mean.ppl.weeks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manual - Urban Clearing | 126.000 | 12.600 | 3.150 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | 63.000 | 6.300 | 1.575 |
| Manual - Thinning | 49.500 | 4.950 | 1.238 |
| Herbicides - Targeted | 46.500 | 4.650 | 1.163 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | 17.159 | 1.716 | 0.429 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | 15.600 | 1.560 | 0.390 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | 13.500 | 1.350 | 0.338 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mastication | 11.100 | 1.110 | 0.278 |
| Revegetation - Revegetation | 9.900 | 0.990 | 0.247 |
| Mechanical Removal - Commercial Thinning | 9.608 | 0.961 | 0.240 |
| Mechanical Removal - Thinning | 9.608 | 0.961 | 0.240 |
| Herbivory - Herbivory | 6.600 | 0.660 | 0.165 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mowing | 6.300 | 0.630 | 0.158 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Aerial | 5.400 | 0.540 | 0.135 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Thinning | 4.541 | 0.454 | 0.114 |
| treatment_name | mean.mech.hrs | mean.mech.days | mean.mech.weeks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | 22.500 | 2.250 | 0.562 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | 17.327 | 1.733 | 0.433 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mastication | 15.900 | 1.590 | 0.397 |
| Mechanical Removal - Commercial Thinning | 10.771 | 1.077 | 0.269 |
| Mechanical Removal - Thinning | 10.771 | 1.077 | 0.269 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mowing | 9.000 | 0.900 | 0.225 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Thinning | 2.565 | 0.257 | 0.064 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Aerial | 0.900 | 0.090 | 0.022 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Herbicides - Targeted | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Manual - Thinning | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Herbivory - Herbivory | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Revegetation - Revegetation | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
human.dist.index = m.mech.impact%>%
left_join(m.ppl.impact, by = 'treatment_name')%>%
mutate(
human.dist.idx = ((mean.mech.weeks + mean.ppl.weeks)/(4*5)*-1
)) # 4 weeks in a month, 5 months of the year where wolverines care about human disturbance, disturbance is negative| treatment_name | human.dist.idx |
|---|---|
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | -0.05 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | -0.04 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mastication | -0.03 |
| Mechanical Removal - Commercial Thinning | -0.03 |
| Mechanical Removal - Thinning | -0.03 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mowing | -0.02 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Thinning | -0.01 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Aerial | -0.01 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | -0.16 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | -0.02 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | -0.08 |
| Herbicides - Targeted | -0.06 |
| Manual - Thinning | -0.06 |
| Herbivory - Herbivory | -0.01 |
| Revegetation - Revegetation | -0.01 |
human.dist.index = m.mech.impact%>%
left_join(m.ppl.impact, by = 'treatment_name')%>%
mutate(
human.dist.idx = ((mean.mech.weeks + mean.ppl.weeks)/(4*2)*-1
)) # 4 weeks in a month, scale to maximum impact based on expert knowledge, disturbance is negative| treatment_name | human.dist.idx |
|---|---|
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Grapple Pile | -0.12 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Urban Clearing | -0.11 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mastication | -0.08 |
| Mechanical Removal - Commercial Thinning | -0.06 |
| Mechanical Removal - Thinning | -0.06 |
| Mechanical Rearrangement - Mowing | -0.05 |
| Complex Mechanical Removal - Thinning | -0.02 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Aerial | -0.02 |
| Manual - Urban Clearing | -0.39 |
| Rx Fire - Rx Fire - Ground | -0.04 |
| Manual - Invasives Removal | -0.20 |
| Herbicides - Targeted | -0.15 |
| Manual - Thinning | -0.15 |
| Herbivory - Herbivory | -0.02 |
| Revegetation - Revegetation | -0.03 |