Free Press Analyses

Data Creation

Free press

Notes:
a) The website is french. So decimals are stored as commas. b) Not all years have the same columns.

Create WVS

Notes:
- Used WVS Wave 7.
- Merged with Gelfand et al., 2012

2024 analyses

Correlations

Main effects

Score

The Index is based on a score ranging from 0 to 100 that is assigned to each country or territory, with 100 being the best possible score (the highest possible level of press freedom) and 0 the worst.

  • [85-100] Good
  • [70-85] Satisfactory
  • [55-70] Problematic
  • [40-55] Difficult
  • [0- 40] Very serious

Index

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Score ~ PC1_SDS, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -28.979  -6.351  -0.105   7.496  23.267 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)   53.780      1.688   31.86 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## PC1_SDS        2.390      0.356    6.72          0.000000033 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 11 on 43 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.512,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.501 
## F-statistic: 45.1 on 1 and 43 DF,  p-value: 0.000000033

Rank

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank ~ PC1_SDS, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -70.99 -21.99   0.13  21.31  69.90 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)    97.82       4.81   20.32 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## PC1_SDS        -7.09       1.01   -6.99          0.000000013 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 32 on 43 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.532,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.521 
## F-statistic: 48.9 on 1 and 43 DF,  p-value: 0.0000000133

Political context

33 questions and subquestions.

They aim to evaluate:
- the degree of support and respect for media autonomy vis-à-vis political pressure from the state or from other political actors.
- the level of acceptance of a variety of journalistic approaches satisfying professional standards, including politically aligned approaches and independent approaches.
- the degree of support for the media in their role of holding politicians and government to account in the public interest.

Index

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Political.Context ~ PC1_SDS, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -28.997  -9.779  -0.476  11.447  25.076 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)   47.532      2.055   23.13 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## PC1_SDS        2.540      0.433    5.86           0.00000058 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 14 on 43 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.444,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.431 
## F-statistic: 34.4 on 1 and 43 DF,  p-value: 0.000000577

Rank

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank_Pol ~ PC1_SDS, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -63.30 -27.70   1.36  21.67  73.55 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)    95.00       5.43   17.49 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## PC1_SDS        -6.71       1.14   -5.86           0.00000058 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 36 on 43 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.444,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.431 
## F-statistic: 34.4 on 1 and 43 DF,  p-value: 0.00000058

Economic context

25 questions and subquestions

They aim to evaluate:
- Economic constraints linked to governmental policies (including the difficulty of creating a news media outlet, favouritism in the allocation of state subsidies, and corruption).
- Economic constraints linked to non-state actors (advertisers and commercial partners).
- Economic constraints linked to media owners seeking to promote or defend their business interests.

Index

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Economic.Context ~ PC1_SDS, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -18.75  -6.47  -2.08   6.30  22.57 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)   43.596      1.445   30.18 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## PC1_SDS        1.628      0.304    5.35            0.0000032 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 9.6 on 43 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.399,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.386 
## F-statistic: 28.6 on 1 and 43 DF,  p-value: 0.00000321

Rank

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank_Eco ~ PC1_SDS, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -62.95 -32.16   3.59  23.60  72.02 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)   101.40       5.45    18.6 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## PC1_SDS        -6.09       1.15    -5.3            0.0000038 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 36 on 43 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.395,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.381 
## F-statistic: 28.1 on 1 and 43 DF,  p-value: 0.00000381

Social Context

22 questions and subquestions

They aim to evaluate:
- social constraints resulting from denigration and attacks on the press based on such issues as gender, class, ethnicity and religion.
- cultural constraints, including pressure on journalists to not question certain bastions of power or influence or not cover certain issues because it would run counter to the prevailing culture in the country or territory.

Index

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Social.Context ~ PC1_SDS, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -32.23  -8.07  -0.38   6.23  28.25 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)    55.35       1.80   30.69 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## PC1_SDS         2.21       0.38    5.81           0.00000068 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 12 on 43 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.44,   Adjusted R-squared:  0.427 
## F-statistic: 33.8 on 1 and 43 DF,  p-value: 0.000000684

Safety

  • 12 questions and subquestions (2/3 of the safety score).
    The questions concern journalists’ safety. For this purpose, press freedom is defined as the ability to identify, gather and disseminate news and information in accordance with journalistic methods and ethics, without unnecessary risk of:
  • bodily harm (including murder, violence, arrest, detention, enforced disappearance and abduction).
  • psychological or emotional distress that could result from intimidation, coercion, harassment, surveillance, doxing (publication of personal information with malicious intent), degrading or hateful speech, smears and other threats targeting journalists or their loved-ones.
  • professional harm (for example, the loss of one’s job, the confiscation of professional equipment, or the ransacking of installations).
  • 1 abuses score (1/3 of the safety score)

Index

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Safety ~ PC1_SDS, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -40.40 -13.05   3.23  13.49  38.83 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)   64.809      2.997   21.62 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## PC1_SDS        3.203      0.632    5.07             0.000008 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 20 on 43 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.374,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.36 
## F-statistic: 25.7 on 1 and 43 DF,  p-value: 0.00000805

Rank

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank_Saf ~ PC1_SDS, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
##  -78.1  -24.6   -1.6   20.8   74.1 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)    96.88       5.54   17.50 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## PC1_SDS        -6.66       1.17   -5.71           0.00000096 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 37 on 43 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.431,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.418 
## F-statistic: 32.6 on 1 and 43 DF,  p-value: 0.000000964

Graphs

Scores

Rank

Looseness analyses

Main effects

summary(lm(Tightness_adjusted_scale~PC1_SDS, rsf24_data))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Tightness_adjusted_scale ~ PC1_SDS, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -0.4500 -0.1768  0.0442  0.1760  0.3898 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value            Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)   1.9629     0.0528   37.20 <0.0000000000000002 ***
## PC1_SDS      -0.0324     0.0156   -2.08                0.05 .  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 0.24 on 21 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.17,   Adjusted R-squared:  0.131 
## F-statistic: 4.31 on 1 and 21 DF,  p-value: 0.0504

Controlling for tightness

Score

Index
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Score ~ PC1_SDS + Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -30.645  -4.732   0.071   5.658  21.496 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                53.406     22.204    2.41    0.026 *
## PC1_SDS                     2.339      0.881    2.65    0.015 *
## Tightness_adjusted_scale    0.981     11.227    0.09    0.931  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 12 on 20 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.292,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.222 
## F-statistic: 4.13 on 2 and 20 DF,  p-value: 0.0315
Rank
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank ~ PC1_SDS + Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -68.46 -20.73  -2.39  17.67  72.82 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                100.26      66.83    1.50    0.149  
## PC1_SDS                     -7.36       2.65   -2.78    0.012 *
## Tightness_adjusted_scale    -2.70      33.79   -0.08    0.937  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 37 on 20 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.312,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.243 
## F-statistic: 4.54 on 2 and 20 DF,  p-value: 0.0238

Political context

Index
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Political.Context ~ PC1_SDS + Tightness_adjusted_scale, 
##     data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -27.582  -7.155  -0.675   8.785  21.357 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                 58.81      26.00    2.26    0.035 *
## PC1_SDS                      2.89       1.03    2.80    0.011 *
## Tightness_adjusted_scale    -5.05      13.14   -0.38    0.705  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 14 on 20 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.348,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.283 
## F-statistic: 5.34 on 2 and 20 DF,  p-value: 0.0138
Rank
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank_Pol ~ PC1_SDS + Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -61.88 -25.96   2.79  24.55  70.88 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                 32.22      69.08    0.47    0.646  
## PC1_SDS                     -6.64       2.74   -2.42    0.025 *
## Tightness_adjusted_scale    29.72      34.93    0.85    0.405  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 38 on 20 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.333,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.266 
## F-statistic: 4.99 on 2 and 20 DF,  p-value: 0.0174

Economic context

Index
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Economic.Context ~ PC1_SDS + Tightness_adjusted_scale, 
##     data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -19.07  -4.87  -1.77   6.94  16.76 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)                31.296     19.031    1.64   0.1157   
## PC1_SDS                     2.521      0.756    3.34   0.0033 **
## Tightness_adjusted_scale    6.538      9.623    0.68   0.5046   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 10 on 20 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.369,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.306 
## F-statistic: 5.86 on 2 and 20 DF,  p-value: 0.00994
Rank
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank_Eco ~ PC1_SDS + Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -57.42 -29.06   1.99  26.17  69.26 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                121.34      72.27    1.68    0.109  
## PC1_SDS                     -8.07       2.87   -2.81    0.011 *
## Tightness_adjusted_scale   -12.29      36.54   -0.34    0.740  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 40 on 20 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.304,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.235 
## F-statistic: 4.37 on 2 and 20 DF,  p-value: 0.0266

Social Context

Index
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Social.Context ~ PC1_SDS + Tightness_adjusted_scale, 
##     data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -34.76  -8.96  -2.61   9.31  24.79 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                 61.06      25.45    2.40    0.026 *
## PC1_SDS                      1.63       1.01    1.61    0.123  
## Tightness_adjusted_scale    -1.72      12.87   -0.13    0.895  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 14 on 20 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.144,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.0584 
## F-statistic: 1.68 on 2 and 20 DF,  p-value: 0.211

Safety

Index

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Safety ~ PC1_SDS + Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -42.42  -7.55   1.60  14.98  29.38 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)                 -1.30      34.60   -0.04   0.9703   
## PC1_SDS                      3.92       1.37    2.85   0.0098 **
## Tightness_adjusted_scale    34.17      17.49    1.95   0.0649 . 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 19 on 20 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.307,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.238 
## F-statistic: 4.43 on 2 and 20 DF,  p-value: 0.0255

Rank

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank_Saf ~ PC1_SDS + Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -75.54 -20.80   3.44  10.73  74.71 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                          Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)                221.28      65.31    3.39   0.0029 **
## PC1_SDS                     -8.10       2.59   -3.12   0.0053 **
## Tightness_adjusted_scale   -62.90      33.02   -1.90   0.0713 . 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 36 on 20 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.338,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.272 
## F-statistic: 5.11 on 2 and 20 DF,  p-value: 0.0161

Interacting with tightness

Score

Index
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Score ~ PC1_SDS * Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -26.68  -4.73  -1.56   4.54  25.34 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                         34.44      21.89    1.57    0.132  
## PC1_SDS                             21.63       8.57    2.52    0.021 *
## Tightness_adjusted_scale             8.39      10.74    0.78    0.444  
## PC1_SDS:Tightness_adjusted_scale    -9.27       4.10   -2.26    0.036 *
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 11 on 19 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.442,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.354 
## F-statistic: 5.03 on 3 and 19 DF,  p-value: 0.00988

## JOHNSON-NEYMAN INTERVAL 
## 
## When Tightness_adjusted_scale is OUTSIDE the interval [2.14, 5.54], the slope of PC1_SDS is p < .05.
## 
## Note: The range of observed values of Tightness_adjusted_scale is [1.48, 2.36]
## 
## SIMPLE SLOPES ANALYSIS 
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.67 (- 1 SD): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   6.14   1.86     3.30   0.00
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.92 (Mean): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   3.78   1.02     3.69   0.00
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 2.18 (+ 1 SD): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   1.42   0.90     1.58   0.13
Rank
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank ~ PC1_SDS * Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -80.93 -13.20   1.65  17.64  59.98 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                         161.7       64.5    2.51    0.021 *
## PC1_SDS                             -69.8       25.2   -2.77    0.012 *
## Tightness_adjusted_scale            -26.7       31.6   -0.84    0.409  
## PC1_SDS:Tightness_adjusted_scale     30.0       12.1    2.49    0.022 *
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 33 on 19 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.481,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.399 
## F-statistic: 5.87 on 3 and 19 DF,  p-value: 0.00518

## JOHNSON-NEYMAN INTERVAL 
## 
## When Tightness_adjusted_scale is OUTSIDE the interval [2.15, 3.69], the slope of PC1_SDS is p < .05.
## 
## Note: The range of observed values of Tightness_adjusted_scale is [1.48, 2.36]
## 
## SIMPLE SLOPES ANALYSIS 
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.67 (- 1 SD): 
## 
##     Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## -------- ------ -------- ------
##   -19.67   5.49    -3.59   0.00
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.92 (Mean): 
## 
##     Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## -------- ------ -------- ------
##   -12.03   3.02    -3.98   0.00
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 2.18 (+ 1 SD): 
## 
##    Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------- ------ -------- ------
##   -4.38   2.65    -1.65   0.11

Political context

Index
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Political.Context ~ PC1_SDS * Tightness_adjusted_scale, 
##     data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -22.680  -6.071   0.436   7.784  26.114 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                         35.37      25.23    1.40    0.177  
## PC1_SDS                             26.73       9.88    2.71    0.014 *
## Tightness_adjusted_scale             4.10      12.38    0.33    0.744  
## PC1_SDS:Tightness_adjusted_scale   -11.46       4.73   -2.42    0.025 *
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 13 on 19 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.502,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.424 
## F-statistic: 6.39 on 3 and 19 DF,  p-value: 0.00354

## JOHNSON-NEYMAN INTERVAL 
## 
## When Tightness_adjusted_scale is OUTSIDE the interval [2.15, 3.99], the slope of PC1_SDS is p < .05.
## 
## Note: The range of observed values of Tightness_adjusted_scale is [1.48, 2.36]
## 
## SIMPLE SLOPES ANALYSIS 
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.67 (- 1 SD): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   7.58   2.15     3.53   0.00
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.92 (Mean): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   4.67   1.18     3.95   0.00
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 2.18 (+ 1 SD): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   1.75   1.04     1.69   0.11
Rank
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank_Pol ~ PC1_SDS * Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -74.39 -18.72  -5.63  18.63  57.98 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                         93.89      67.26    1.40    0.179  
## PC1_SDS                            -69.36      26.33   -2.63    0.016 *
## Tightness_adjusted_scale             5.64      32.99    0.17    0.866  
## PC1_SDS:Tightness_adjusted_scale    30.15      12.60    2.39    0.027 *
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 34 on 19 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.487,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.406 
## F-statistic: 6.02 on 3 and 19 DF,  p-value: 0.00462

## JOHNSON-NEYMAN INTERVAL 
## 
## When Tightness_adjusted_scale is OUTSIDE the interval [2.12, 3.91], the slope of PC1_SDS is p < .05.
## 
## Note: The range of observed values of Tightness_adjusted_scale is [1.48, 2.36]
## 
## SIMPLE SLOPES ANALYSIS 
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.67 (- 1 SD): 
## 
##     Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## -------- ------ -------- ------
##   -18.99   5.72    -3.32   0.00
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.92 (Mean): 
## 
##     Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## -------- ------ -------- ------
##   -11.32   3.15    -3.60   0.00
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 2.18 (+ 1 SD): 
## 
##    Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------- ------ -------- ------
##   -3.64   2.77    -1.32   0.20

Economic context

Index
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Economic.Context ~ PC1_SDS * Tightness_adjusted_scale, 
##     data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -16.45  -5.81   1.06   5.66  16.34 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                         24.79      20.78    1.19     0.25
## PC1_SDS                              9.14       8.13    1.12     0.28
## Tightness_adjusted_scale             9.08      10.19    0.89     0.38
## PC1_SDS:Tightness_adjusted_scale    -3.18       3.89   -0.82     0.42
## 
## Residual standard error: 11 on 19 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.391,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.295 
## F-statistic: 4.06 on 3 and 19 DF,  p-value: 0.0218

## JOHNSON-NEYMAN INTERVAL 
## 
## When Tightness_adjusted_scale is INSIDE the interval [1.64, 2.23], the slope of PC1_SDS is p < .05.
## 
## Note: The range of observed values of Tightness_adjusted_scale is [1.48, 2.36]
## 
## SIMPLE SLOPES ANALYSIS 
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.67 (- 1 SD): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   3.82   1.77     2.16   0.04
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.92 (Mean): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   3.01   0.97     3.10   0.01
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 2.18 (+ 1 SD): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   2.20   0.85     2.58   0.02
Rank
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank_Eco ~ PC1_SDS * Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -56.58 -27.81   3.05  28.47  61.45 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                        140.79      79.42    1.77    0.092 .
## PC1_SDS                            -27.86      31.09   -0.90    0.381  
## Tightness_adjusted_scale           -19.89      38.95   -0.51    0.616  
## PC1_SDS:Tightness_adjusted_scale     9.51      14.88    0.64    0.530  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 40 on 19 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.319,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.211 
## F-statistic: 2.96 on 3 and 19 DF,  p-value: 0.0582

## JOHNSON-NEYMAN INTERVAL 
## 
## When Tightness_adjusted_scale is INSIDE the interval [1.79, 2.19], the slope of PC1_SDS is p < .05.
## 
## Note: The range of observed values of Tightness_adjusted_scale is [1.48, 2.36]
## 
## SIMPLE SLOPES ANALYSIS 
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.67 (- 1 SD): 
## 
##     Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## -------- ------ -------- ------
##   -11.97   6.76    -1.77   0.09
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.92 (Mean): 
## 
##    Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------- ------ -------- ------
##   -9.55   3.72    -2.57   0.02
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 2.18 (+ 1 SD): 
## 
##    Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------- ------ -------- ------
##   -7.13   3.27    -2.18   0.04

Social Context

Index
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Social.Context ~ PC1_SDS * Tightness_adjusted_scale, 
##     data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -30.69  -5.65  -1.65   6.00  28.73 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                         41.61      25.76    1.62    0.123  
## PC1_SDS                             21.40      10.08    2.12    0.047 *
## Tightness_adjusted_scale             5.87      12.63    0.46    0.647  
## PC1_SDS:Tightness_adjusted_scale    -9.51       4.82   -1.97    0.064 .
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 13 on 19 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.289,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.177 
## F-statistic: 2.58 on 3 and 19 DF,  p-value: 0.084

## JOHNSON-NEYMAN INTERVAL 
## 
## When Tightness_adjusted_scale is INSIDE the interval [-0.55, 2.04], the slope of PC1_SDS is p < .05.
## 
## Note: The range of observed values of Tightness_adjusted_scale is [1.48, 2.36]
## 
## SIMPLE SLOPES ANALYSIS 
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.67 (- 1 SD): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   5.52   2.19     2.52   0.02
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.92 (Mean): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   3.10   1.21     2.57   0.02
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 2.18 (+ 1 SD): 
## 
##   Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------ ------ -------- ------
##   0.68   1.06     0.65   0.53

Safety

Index

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Safety ~ PC1_SDS * Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -38.17  -7.19   2.62  10.24  33.49 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)  
## (Intercept)                        -21.59      36.46   -0.59    0.561  
## PC1_SDS                             24.55      14.27    1.72    0.102  
## Tightness_adjusted_scale            42.10      17.88    2.35    0.029 *
## PC1_SDS:Tightness_adjusted_scale    -9.92       6.83   -1.45    0.163  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 18 on 19 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.376,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.278 
## F-statistic: 3.82 on 3 and 19 DF,  p-value: 0.0269

## JOHNSON-NEYMAN INTERVAL 
## 
## When Tightness_adjusted_scale is INSIDE the interval [1.79, 2.19], the slope of PC1_SDS is p < .05.
## 
## Note: The range of observed values of Tightness_adjusted_scale is [1.48, 2.36]
## 
## SIMPLE SLOPES ANALYSIS 
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.67 (- 1 SD): 
## 
##     Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## -------- ------ -------- ------
##   -11.97   6.76    -1.77   0.09
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.92 (Mean): 
## 
##    Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------- ------ -------- ------
##   -9.55   3.72    -2.57   0.02
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 2.18 (+ 1 SD): 
## 
##    Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------- ------ -------- ------
##   -7.13   3.27    -2.18   0.04

Rank

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Rank_Saf ~ PC1_SDS * Tightness_adjusted_scale, data = rsf24_data)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -82.78 -14.00  -2.44  13.02  67.25 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
## (Intercept)                         257.0       69.3    3.71   0.0015 **
## PC1_SDS                             -44.4       27.1   -1.64   0.1183   
## Tightness_adjusted_scale            -76.8       34.0   -2.26   0.0357 * 
## PC1_SDS:Tightness_adjusted_scale     17.4       13.0    1.34   0.1949   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 35 on 19 degrees of freedom
##   (22 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared:  0.396,  Adjusted R-squared:   0.3 
## F-statistic: 4.15 on 3 and 19 DF,  p-value: 0.0203

## JOHNSON-NEYMAN INTERVAL 
## 
## When Tightness_adjusted_scale is INSIDE the interval [1.32, 2.19], the slope of PC1_SDS is p < .05.
## 
## Note: The range of observed values of Tightness_adjusted_scale is [1.48, 2.36]
## 
## SIMPLE SLOPES ANALYSIS 
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.67 (- 1 SD): 
## 
##     Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## -------- ------ -------- ------
##   -15.25   5.90    -2.59   0.02
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 1.92 (Mean): 
## 
##     Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## -------- ------ -------- ------
##   -10.81   3.24    -3.33   0.00
## 
## Slope of PC1_SDS when Tightness_adjusted_scale = 2.18 (+ 1 SD): 
## 
##    Est.   S.E.   t val.      p
## ------- ------ -------- ------
##   -6.37   2.85    -2.23   0.04