Introduction

Over the past 60 years, fertility rates have significantly declined, dropping from nearly 6 children per woman to just 2 children per woman. This presentation aims to provide a visual representation of the driving factors behind this reduction. These factors can be categorized into voluntary and involuntary influences.

Voluntary Influences

• Education and Career: As women gain more access to formal education and professional opportunities, they tend to prioritize career and personal development, often resulting in delayed marriage and childbirth.
• Urbanization: The shift from rural to urban living introduces lifestyle changes that discourage large families. Urban environments often offer better access to family planning services and educational opportunities.

Involuntary Influences

• Health and Biological Factors: Some factors negatively impact health, leading to biological infertility. These include environmental pollutants.

Fertility Rate

In the interactive chart below shows decline of fertility rates over the past half century ,to investigate this issue we will look into different driving factors and see how have they progressed over the last century.

Education

As women have started getting more and more formal education, they tend to be more independent and professional.leading to higher participation rates in the labor force. Educated women are more likely to delay marriage and have fewer children

Urbanization

To understand a better relationship i did a regression model of urbanization ratio (year to date) and decline of births per women which shows a perfect fit and inversely propotional trend .

Pollution

The pollutants have also been increasing over time and one of the pollutant, (Ammonia) according to research says that this can lead to infertility in men .

Obesity

Obesity is increasing overall in most of the continents and obesity contributes to low health standards leading to infertility in both men and women .

Women engaement

As women of child bearing age are participating more and more in labor and it is predicted they will increase in the coming years leading to even less fertlity rates in the future.

Refrences

-World Health Organization - Global Health Observatory. (2024). Prevalence of obesity among adults, BMI >= 30 (crude estimate) (%) - Sex: both sexes - Age group: 18+ years [Data set]. World Health Organization. Retrieved from Our World in Data.

-United Nations, World Population Prospects. (2022). Fertility rate [Data set]. United Nations, World Population Prospects. Retrieved from Our World in Data.

-World Bank, & van Zanden, J. et al. (2023). Illiterate [Data set]. World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats); How Was Life? Global Well-being since 1820 - Education. Retrieved from Our World in Data.

-Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). (2024). Ammonia (NH₃) [Data set]. Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). Retrieved from Our World in Data.

-Our World In Data based on OECD, & Long, J. (2017). Female labor force participation rate (OWID based on OECD 2017 and others) [Data set]. Retrieved from Our World in Data.

-World Bank. (2024). Rural population [Data set]. World Bank based on data from the UN Population Division, World Development Indicators. Retrieved from Our World in Data.