| SN | Heading | Total Budget (in 000s) | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | सशर्त अनुदान ( पुँजीगत) | 2633100 | 1.87 % |
| 2 | सशर्त अनुदान (चालु ) | 137838400 | 98.13 % |
| 3 | Total | 140471500 | 100 % |
Brief Study on the allocation of budget (for FY 2080-81) under आधारभूत शिक्षा at Local Level under सशर्त अनुदान
This is an attempt to investigate allocation of conditional grant under minister of Education to various local Level Governments. The budgetary data and data on number of schools (and/or students) are obtained from the website of Ministry of Education and Center for Education and Human Resource Development. Likewise, the data on electoral data is obtained (scraped) from the website of Election Commission.
Lets look into the सशर्त अनुदान
In the FY 2080-81, 98% of the सशर्त अनुदान were earmarked as recurrent expenses i.e. 137.83 billion Nepalese Rupees.
| SN | Heading | Total Budget (in 000s) | percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | द्वन्द्वपीडित परिवार शिक्षा कार्यक्रम (शहिद प्रतिष्ठान मार्फत संचालन हुने) | 134500 | 0.1 % |
| 2 | प्राविधिक शिक्षा तथा व्यवसायिक तालिम परिषद् (विशेष कार्यक्रम समेत) | 4045400 | 2.93 % |
| 3 | माध्यामिक तह | 20617500 | 14.96 % |
| 4 | राष्ट्रिय परीक्षा बोर्ड | 336900 | 0.24 % |
| 5 | विद्यालय शिक्षा क्षेत्र योजना-(प्रदेश तथा स्थानीय तहका लागि) | 38517100 | 27.94 % |
| 6 | सबैका लागि शिक्षा- आधारभूत तह | 74187000 | 53.82 % |
| 7 | Total | 137838400 | 99.99 % |
Table 2 provides lists of program at the Ministry of Education under recurrent expenses of सशर्त अनुदान for the FY 2080/81. सबैका लागि शिक्षा - आधारभूत तह program comprises 53.82% of the total budgetary allocation under the heading (ie सशर्त अनुदान (चालु)).
The analysis shall make an effort to analyse allocation of budget (as allocated to all Local Level Governments) for the program: सबै का लागि शिक्षा - आधारभूत तह
The primary beneficiary of the program “सबैका लागि शिक्षा - आधारभूत तह” has to be the students at all public schools from Grade 1 to 8. Hence, this study takes budgetary allocation per student as an unit of analysis at all local level of Nepal. Table 3 provides simple descriptive statistical measures based on publicly available data from Ministry of Education for the FY 2080-81. The range (ie difference between the maximum budget per student budget and minimum budget per student) is alarmingly high at Nrs. 3.78 lakhs per student.
The maximum budgetary allocation per student, which is at Nrs. 3.81 lakhs per student in Nasho Rural Municipality at Manang District can be presumed to an effect of higher per unit operations costs (predominately salary of teachers) because of low population in Manang.
| SN | Heading | Value (in NRs 000s per student) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Maximum | 381.82 |
| 2 | Minimum | 2.89 |
| 3 | Mean | 28.20623 |
| 4 | Median | 22.18 |
| 5 | SD | 24.61 |
| 6 | Maximum_locate | नासों गाउँपालिका - MANANG |
| 7 | Minimum_locate | राजपुर नगरपालिका - RAUTAHAT |
The Table 3 above suggests a wide range of per student budget allocation at public school (from Grade 1 to 8) in local level in Nepal. It is presumed that the 74.18 billion allocated in this heading (सबैका लागि शिक्षा - आधारभूत तह) is widely used for teachers salaries. Hence, it can be argued that the budgetary allocation by federal government (under सबैका लागि शिक्षा आधारभूत तह) is a function of number and grade of teachers at each public schools in each local level governments.
In absence of public availability of disaggregated data on teachers of public schools, number of schools in each local level government is taken to test the relationship between the number of schools (in each local level government) and the budgetary allocation.
Figure 1 shows a strong correlation between total number of school and total budget allocated; the pearson coefficient is computed to be 0.76 which means the relationship between two variable is highly correlated. While the 0.76 is an indicator for strong correlation between total number of school and total budget allocation, the variance of budgetary allocation among local level with similar number of school is alarmingly high.
Figure 2 illustrates the alarming variance in budgetary allocation in local level in the given budgetary heading. Among, those local level where the number of schools (from Grade 1 to 8) is between 40 and 70 (which comprises 235 Local Level Governments) the correlation coefficient is computed at 0.36 which suggests that there is weak correlation between total number of schools and budgetary allocation.
The Figure 3 below provides pearson coefficient of all 7 provinces. The pearson coefficient computed for Koshi, Lumbini and Bagmati is particularly lower suggesting weak relationship between number of schools and budget allocated. It could be assumed that these provinces have schools with higher number of teachers (hence higher budget allocation).
While the pearson coefficient for Gandaki and Madhesh province are similar (and of higher value suggesting strong relations between number of schools and budget allocated), a deeper analysis for these two provinces are required to understand the reality of things; the range (also median and mean) of per student budget allocation in Gandaki province is much higher than Madhesh. It is more likely that budgetary efficiency at these two provinces are at two end of the spectrum.
Budget allocation and political influence
Human resource management of teachers have been a major challenge in education sector reform in Nepal; one of the major reason for such is penetration of political parties among teachers in public school. Any disruption in the teacher management reform in Nepal will have to navigate political influence and pressure.
Local Level in Nepal is a administrative unit with independent government (within the ambit of constitutional mandate). And since, local level are run and governed by elected individuals of political parties, it would interesting to investigate and understand any relationship between the party in power and amount of budget allocated in such level government.
| party | mean_budget | maximum | minimum | Total Budget | total no of student | avg budget per student | Total no. of LG won |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| नेपाली काँग्रेस | 100836.78 | 333600 | 6400 | 33175300 | 1530235 | 21.68 | 329 |
| नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एमाले) | 98079.13 | 367200 | 9900 | 20204300 | 864719 | 23.37 | 206 |
| नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी केन्द्र) | 92616.53 | 627100 | 25700 | 11206600 | 494288 | 22.67 | 121 |
| जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल | 72476.67 | 404000 | 23800 | 2174300 | 203588 | 10.68 | 30 |
| नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकिकृत समाजबादी) | 142700.00 | 818300 | 9900 | 2854000 | 138517 | 20.60 | 20 |
| लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल | 51743.75 | 78000 | 33800 | 827900 | 112402 | 7.37 | 16 |
| स्वतन्त्र | 153007.69 | 630600 | 6900 | 1989100 | 112399 | 17.70 | 13 |
| नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी | 86225.00 | 107700 | 58200 | 344900 | 22365 | 15.42 | 4 |
| राष्ट्रिय जनमोर्चा | 126075.00 | 188800 | 64500 | 504300 | 12413 | 40.63 | 4 |
| राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी | 106050.00 | 135200 | 87200 | 424200 | 24737 | 17.15 | 4 |
| जनमत पार्टी (जपा) | 54350.00 | 73100 | 35600 | 108700 | 11143 | 9.76 | 2 |
| जनता प्रगतिशिल पार्टी, नेपाल | 55200.00 | 55200 | 55200 | 55200 | 6392 | 8.64 | 1 |
| तराइ-मधेश लोकतान्त्रिक पार्टी | 42800.00 | 42800 | 42800 | 42800 | 6268 | 6.83 | 1 |
| नेपाल मजदुर किसान पार्टी | 234400.00 | 234400 | 234400 | 234400 | 6420 | 36.51 | 1 |
| विवेकशील साझा पार्टी | 41000.00 | 41000 | 41000 | 41000 | 6334 | 6.47 | 1 |
`geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'Warning: Computation failed in `stat_cor()`.
Caused by error in `cor.test.default()`:
! not enough finite observations