相関と因果・疑似相関

太郎丸 博

2024-06-02

相関関係はあるが因果関係は想定できない例

疑似相関 spuriousness

因果関係 causal relation と反実仮想 counter factual

因果推論 causal inference

現実的な因果推論

個体因果効果 individual causal effect と平均処置効果 average treatment effect

歴史社会学と因果推論

実験 experiment と調査 survey

実験の例

調査と実験の違い:交絡要因 confounding factor, confounder

適切な実験が満たすべき条件: SUTVA

適切な実験が満たすべき条件: 識別性

ランダム割り当て/割り付け random assignment

ランダム割り当てによる交絡要因の排除

社会学での実験の例:ニセ履歴書実験

実験のデメリット

内的妥当性 internal validity と外的妥当性 external validity

頑健性 roubustness

統計的人工物 statistical artifact

意味解釈 vs 一般化/法則定律?

実験室実験とフィールド実験

自然実験 natural experiment

自然実験の例:居住地と再犯率

自然実験の例:社会主義と性役割意識

複数の原因と交互作用効果 interaction effect

交互作用効果の例

生態学的推論 ecological inference

「動機」や「きっかけ」は証拠として弱い場合も

おまけ:アクション・リサーチ

文献

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