1 Purpose

The purpose of this study is to test the relationship between a broken social contract and anti-establishment sentiment. We can think of a broken social contract in two primary ways: (1) The values that are promised on paper are not reflected in practice; and (2) the values that are desired by the people are not reflected in practice. Importantly, because the legitimacy of social institutions rely on people’s trust in them, we are more interested in the subjective beliefs of these values than in the legal interpretation of them. So, we asked people to list values for these three perspectives.

2 Method

In a previous pilot study, we asked participants to list guiding values from three perspectives: (1) What values do they believe guide the US on paper; (2) what values do they believe guide the US in practice; and (3) what values would guide a country they could design themselves. After analyzing the text that they wrote in, we took the 48 most-mentioned values (all values that were mentioned by at least five percent of people) and funneled them into this study.

These were the options: achievement, capitalism, change, compassion, competition, democracy, diversity, education, empathy, equal opportunity, equality, fairness, freedom, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, greed, happiness, hard work, honesty, independence, individualism, informality, integrity, justice, kindness, liberty, life, money, nationalism, opportunity, patriotism, peace, power, privacy, progress, prosperity, pursuit of happiness, religion, respect, right to bear arms, rights, self determination, self government, strength, strong, success, tolerance, unity.

For each perspective, after selecting five values, participants were asked to assign weights of importance for each value (must total 100%). This will help us take a weighted mean score per participant per perspective.

Participants then completed the following measures: (1) anti-establishment sentiment; (2) system-justification; (3) single-item desire for radical change; (4) political ideology; and (5) demographics.

3 Demographics

Race

race N Perc
asian 42 8.35
black 63 12.52
hispanic 16 3.18
multiracial 29 5.77
white 338 67.20
NA 15 2.98

Gender

gender N Perc
man 236 46.92
woman 253 50.30
NA 14 2.78

Education

edu N Perc
GED 116 23.06
2yearColl 67 13.32
4yearColl 213 42.35
MA 63 12.52
PHD 30 5.96
NA 14 2.78

Income

Age

m sd
40.28343 12.2008

Political ideology

Participants were asked to rate their endorsement of the following ideologies, with the option of selecting Not Applicable if they were not sure what the ideology stands for: (1) Conservatism; (2) Liberalism; (3) Democratic Socialism; (4) Libertarianism; (5) Progressivism; and (6) Right-Wing Nationalism.

*Right-Wing Nationalism was removed from the visualization below because it was heavily right-skewed and therefore distorted the interpretability of the rest of the ideologies.

County-level data

We also asked them which county they live in. And then, with census data, we got their county’s GINI coefficient, median income, and population density.

GINI

Median income

Population density

4 Measures

US on paper

Participants were shown the following prompt:

First, we want you to think of the United States.

Since its independence and onwards, the formation of the US as a sovereign country was based on a number of values, all of which were inscribed in the constitution. This document, importantly, has evolved since its inception.

ON PAPER (in the constitution), what are the values that the US stands for? Please select five values.

value N
liberty 316
freedom of speech 197
rights 189
freedom 186
independence 173
pursuit of happiness 151
democracy 144
freedom of religion 144
right to bear arms 115
life 99
justice 96
equality 88
equal opportunity 55
self government 51
capitalism 43
patriotism 42
self determination 42
happiness 36
power 35
individualism 30
opportunity 29
prosperity 27
achievement 21
money 18
privacy 18
diversity 16
hard work 16
unity 16
nationalism 13
greed 12
fairness 10
honesty 10
progress 9
religion 8
strength 8
competition 6
empathy 6
peace 6
respect 5
strong 5
tolerance 5
compassion 4
success 4
change 3
integrity 3
kindness 3
education 2

US in practice

Participants were shown the following prompt:

Now, we want you to think of the values that the United States stands for in reality.

Regardless of what is written in the constitution, the US (across party lines) stands for certain values and does not stand for others.

IN PRACTICE, what are the values that the US stands for? Select FIVE values.

value N
capitalism 254
freedom 154
money 145
greed 141
right to bear arms 127
power 125
individualism 101
democracy 99
freedom of speech 95
independence 87
competition 86
nationalism 84
patriotism 75
freedom of religion 71
liberty 67
opportunity 61
justice 58
pursuit of happiness 58
prosperity 56
rights 52
achievement 51
strength 50
hard work 48
diversity 44
religion 41
success 33
equal opportunity 32
self determination 28
equality 26
life 18
self government 16
happiness 14
change 13
fairness 13
unity 12
education 10
progress 10
strong 9
integrity 8
tolerance 8
kindness 7
peace 6
privacy 6
compassion 5
respect 4
empathy 3
honesty 2
informality 2

Ideal

Participants were shown the following prompt:

And now, we want you to imagine your ideal state.

Importantly, imagine this ideal state as if you are randomly born into its population. You can end up in any level of its citizenry.

So, if you could design a state completely from scratch, what would be its guiding values? Select FIVE values.

value N
freedom 199
compassion 126
equality 116
equal opportunity 110
pursuit of happiness 110
peace 100
justice 95
freedom of speech 93
kindness 92
happiness 86
opportunity 82
respect 79
freedom of religion 75
democracy 74
liberty 70
diversity 67
honesty 64
rights 61
education 60
independence 58
unity 55
empathy 53
fairness 49
integrity 49
prosperity 47
life 44
self determination 38
hard work 37
progress 36
tolerance 35
right to bear arms 30
achievement 28
individualism 28
success 24
self government 22
patriotism 19
capitalism 17
privacy 14
nationalism 13
religion 10
money 9
strength 9
change 8
greed 7
competition 6
informality 5
power 3
strong 3

If you’re interested in these value lists broken down by ideology, go to the supplementary section

Anti-establishment

A combination of items from ISPP international surveys (used here: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/article/viewFile/3949/3949) and a recent IPSOS survey (https://www.ipsos.com/en/broken-system-sentiment-2022).

Participants indicated their agreement (1-7) with the following statements:

1. The US’s economy is rigged to advantage the rich and powerful
2. Traditional politicians and parties don’t care about people like me
3. Experts in this country don’t understand the lives of people like me
4. Most of the time we can trust people in the government to do what is right (R)

R indicates a reverse-scored item

Cronbach’s alpha = 0.786

System justification

Taken from Kay and Jost (2003; https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-09138-004)\
Participants indicated their agreement (1-7) with the following statements:

1. In general, I find society to be fair
2. In general, the American political system operates as it should
3. American society needs to be radically restructured (R)
4. The United States is the best country in the world to live in
5. Most policies serve the greater good
6. Everyone has a fair shot at wealth and happiness
7. Our society is getting worse every year (R)
8. Society is set up so that people usually get what they deserve

R indicates a reverse-scored item

Cronbach’s alpha = 0.905

Support for radical change

Item used here (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/0032321719874362), but also appears, in various forms, in other surveys.

Participants indicated their agreement (1-7) with the following item:

The way this country works needs to be radically changed.

Similarity scores

Using Glove word embedding, we have 100-column vectors for each value, representing their semantic meaning. The goal is to see how similar each perspective is to one another per participant. How do we do that?

For each participant and each type, we take the average of each column weighted by the importance indicated by the participants. Then, we take the cosine similarity between each of the two perspectives, per participant. Let’s see how this looks in code:

df_similarities = tibble(PID = -999,simi_uspaper_uspractice = 0,simi_uspaper_ideal = 0,simi_uspractice_ideal = 0)
PIDs = unique(df_amd$PID)

for(i in PIDs){
  
mt_cosine <- df_amd %>% 
  select(PID:weight,X1:X100) %>% 
  pivot_longer(-c(PID,type,value,weight),
               names_to = "names",
               values_to = "values") %>% 
  mutate(weigthed_value = values*weight/100) %>% 
  select(-values) %>% 
  pivot_wider(names_from = names,
              values_from = weigthed_value) %>% 
  group_by(PID,type) %>% 
  summarise_at(vars(X1:X100),function(x){sum(x,na.rm = T)}) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  filter(PID == i) %>% 
  select(type,X1:X100) %>% 
  pivot_longer(X1:X100,
               names_to = "names",
               values_to = "values") %>% 
  pivot_wider(names_from = "type",
              values_from = "values") %>% 
  select(-names) %>% 
  as.matrix() %>% 
  cosine() 

cosine_ideal_paper = mt_cosine["ideal","uspaper"]
cosine_ideal_prac = mt_cosine["ideal","uspractice"]
cosine_paper_prac = mt_cosine["uspaper","uspractice"]

current_scores = tibble(PID = i,
                        simi_uspaper_uspractice = cosine_paper_prac,
                        simi_uspaper_ideal = cosine_ideal_paper,
                        simi_uspractice_ideal = cosine_ideal_prac)

df_similarities <- df_similarities %>% 
  bind_rows(current_scores)

}

df_amd <- df_amd %>% 
  left_join(df_similarities,by = "PID") %>% 
  select(PID:weight,simi_uspaper_uspractice:simi_uspractice_ideal,everything())

Great. This gives us cosine similarity scores for each pair of the three perspectives, per participant. Let’s check out their distributions.

5 Analysis

Correlation plot

Let’s start with some correlations.
simi_uspaper_uspractice: Cosine similarity between the US on paper and the US in practice
simi_uspaper_ideal: Cosine similarity between the US on paper and participant’s ideal
simi_uspractice_ideal: Cosine similarity between the US in practice and participant’s ideal
antiest: Anti-establishment sentiment
change: Support for radical change
GSJ: System Justification

Model 1

Does similarity between perceived guiding values of the US on paper and perceived guiding values of the US in practice predict anti-establishment sentiment?

Model 1A

No Controls

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-23)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.00 [-0.09, 0.09] 0.00 501 > .999
Scalesimi uspaper uspractice -0.23 [-0.32, -0.15] -5.32 501 < .001

Model 1B

Controlling for ideology (conservatism) and party ID

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-24)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.14 [-1.71, 2.00] 0.15 464 .879
Scalesimi uspaper uspractice -0.17 [-0.26, -0.08] -3.84 464 < .001
Scaleideo con -0.29 [-0.41, -0.18] -4.93 464 < .001
Party idDemocrat -0.28 [-2.13, 1.58] -0.30 464 .767
Party idIndependent 0.09 [-1.77, 1.95] 0.09 464 .926
Party idRepublican -0.13 [-2.00, 1.75] -0.13 464 .893

Model 1C

Controlling for ideology (conservatism), party ID, age, gender, education, income, race, county inequality, county median income, and county density.

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-25)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.05 [-0.28, 0.39] 0.32 401 .749
Scalesimi uspaper uspractice -0.18 [-0.26, -0.09] -3.91 401 < .001
Scaleideo con -0.28 [-0.40, -0.15] -4.42 401 < .001
Party idIndependent 0.29 [0.07, 0.51] 2.55 401 .011
Party idRepublican 0.16 [-0.15, 0.47] 1.01 401 .311
Scaleage -0.08 [-0.18, 0.02] -1.60 401 .109
Genderwoman -0.05 [-0.23, 0.13] -0.51 401 .613
Scaleedu num -0.17 [-0.27, -0.07] -3.47 401 < .001
Scaleincome num -0.07 [-0.17, 0.02] -1.55 401 .121
Raceblack -0.06 [-0.46, 0.35] -0.28 401 .778
Racehispanic -0.12 [-0.73, 0.49] -0.40 401 .692
Racemultiracial -0.08 [-0.56, 0.39] -0.35 401 .729
Racewhite -0.16 [-0.50, 0.18] -0.93 401 .353
Scalecounty gini -0.04 [-0.16, 0.07] -0.75 401 .455
Scalecounty medianincome 0.05 [-0.04, 0.14] 1.06 401 .291
Scalecounty density 0.00 [-0.11, 0.11] 0.06 401 .956

The more closely aligned the perceived values are between the US on paper and the US in practice, the less likely people are to endorse anti-establishment sentiment. This holds when adjusting for ideological and demographic variables.

Model 2

Does similarity between perceived guiding values of the participant’s ideal and perceived guiding values of the US in practice predict anti-establishment sentiment?

Model 2A

No Controls

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-26)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.00 [-0.08, 0.08] 0.00 501 > .999
Scalesimi uspractice ideal -0.30 [-0.38, -0.22] -7.04 501 < .001

Model 2B

Controlling for ideology (conservatism) and party ID

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-27)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.11 [-1.72, 1.95] 0.12 464 .903
Scalesimi uspractice ideal -0.23 [-0.32, -0.14] -5.02 464 < .001
Scaleideo con -0.26 [-0.38, -0.14] -4.38 464 < .001
Party idDemocrat -0.27 [-2.11, 1.56] -0.29 464 .771
Party idIndependent 0.13 [-1.71, 1.97] 0.14 464 .886
Party idRepublican -0.08 [-1.94, 1.78] -0.08 464 .933

Model 2C

Controlling for ideology (conservatism), party ID, age, gender, education, income, race, county inequality, county median income, and county density.

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-28)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.02 [-0.31, 0.35] 0.12 401 .904
Scalesimi uspractice ideal -0.21 [-0.31, -0.12] -4.44 401 < .001
Scaleideo con -0.25 [-0.37, -0.12] -3.93 401 < .001
Party idIndependent 0.32 [0.10, 0.54] 2.89 401 .004
Party idRepublican 0.18 [-0.13, 0.49] 1.13 401 .260
Scaleage -0.08 [-0.18, 0.02] -1.50 401 .134
Genderwoman -0.05 [-0.23, 0.13] -0.52 401 .604
Scaleedu num -0.16 [-0.26, -0.07] -3.36 401 < .001
Scaleincome num -0.06 [-0.15, 0.03] -1.26 401 .209
Raceblack -0.06 [-0.47, 0.34] -0.32 401 .752
Racehispanic -0.06 [-0.67, 0.55] -0.20 401 .843
Racemultiracial 0.00 [-0.48, 0.47] -0.02 401 .985
Racewhite -0.15 [-0.49, 0.19] -0.87 401 .387
Scalecounty gini -0.05 [-0.16, 0.07] -0.79 401 .432
Scalecounty medianincome 0.04 [-0.05, 0.13] 0.85 401 .395
Scalecounty density 0.00 [-0.11, 0.11] -0.03 401 .974

The more closely aligned the desired values and the perceived values of the US in practice, the less likely people are to endorse anti-establishment sentiment. This holds when adjusting for ideological and demographic variables.

6 Supplementary

Values Broken down by ideology

I’ll categorize anyone who is over 50 on a certain ideology as part of that ideological group.

US on paper

Conservatives

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
liberty 82
rights 61
independence 57
freedom of speech 56
freedom 53
freedom of religion 48
pursuit of happiness 40
right to bear arms 39
democracy 37
justice 34
life 28
equality 19
patriotism 17
equal opportunity 15
self government 15
opportunity 12
self determination 11
capitalism 10
happiness 10
power 9
individualism 7
prosperity 6
religion 6
achievement 5
privacy 5
hard work 4
honesty 3
money 3
progress 3
strength 3
strong 3
unity 3
compassion 2
competition 2
diversity 2
education 2
empathy 2
greed 2
nationalism 2
change 1
integrity 1
kindness 1
peace 1
respect 1
success 1
tolerance 1

Liberals

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
liberty 145
freedom of speech 85
pursuit of happiness 81
rights 76
freedom 75
democracy 70
independence 68
freedom of religion 65
life 53
justice 41
equality 38
right to bear arms 38
self government 25
equal opportunity 24
capitalism 20
self determination 20
patriotism 18
happiness 16
opportunity 15
power 14
prosperity 13
achievement 12
individualism 10
money 10
privacy 9
unity 9
diversity 8
nationalism 7
hard work 6
progress 6
fairness 5
honesty 5
competition 4
greed 4
tolerance 4
respect 3
strong 3
success 3
compassion 2
empathy 2
peace 2
strength 2
change 1
education 1
integrity 1
religion 1

Progressives

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
liberty 114
freedom of speech 68
freedom 64
independence 62
pursuit of happiness 61
rights 60
democracy 54
freedom of religion 53
right to bear arms 42
life 40
justice 34
equality 30
self government 21
capitalism 17
equal opportunity 17
individualism 17
self determination 16
patriotism 14
happiness 12
opportunity 11
diversity 8
power 8
privacy 8
prosperity 8
achievement 7
hard work 7
money 7
greed 6
nationalism 6
unity 6
peace 4
progress 4
respect 4
honesty 3
tolerance 3
compassion 2
competition 2
empathy 2
fairness 2
success 2
change 1
education 1
religion 1
strength 1

Democratic Socialists

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
liberty 113
rights 68
freedom of speech 67
freedom 58
pursuit of happiness 57
democracy 56
independence 56
freedom of religion 50
life 39
justice 36
equality 35
right to bear arms 30
self determination 22
self government 19
equal opportunity 18
patriotism 18
happiness 16
capitalism 14
individualism 14
opportunity 14
power 13
achievement 9
diversity 8
money 8
privacy 8
unity 8
progress 7
prosperity 7
nationalism 6
hard work 5
greed 4
respect 4
honesty 3
peace 3
strength 3
strong 3
compassion 2
competition 2
success 2
tolerance 2
education 1
integrity 1
religion 1

Libertarians

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
liberty 72
freedom of speech 58
freedom 43
freedom of religion 42
rights 40
independence 39
democracy 38
pursuit of happiness 35
justice 28
life 28
right to bear arms 27
equality 19
individualism 12
patriotism 11
self determination 11
happiness 10
self government 10
achievement 9
equal opportunity 9
prosperity 9
opportunity 8
capitalism 7
money 6
power 6
hard work 5
honesty 5
privacy 5
greed 4
progress 4
diversity 3
fairness 3
religion 3
compassion 2
competition 2
empathy 2
unity 2
change 1
education 1
nationalism 1
peace 1
respect 1
strength 1
strong 1
success 1

Right-Wing Nationals

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
liberty 31
freedom 19
freedom of religion 17
freedom of speech 17
independence 17
justice 17
democracy 15
rights 14
right to bear arms 12
life 11
equality 9
patriotism 8
pursuit of happiness 8
self government 8
achievement 5
equal opportunity 5
happiness 4
individualism 4
opportunity 4
self determination 4
strength 4
capitalism 3
hard work 3
progress 3
prosperity 3
religion 3
compassion 2
diversity 2
honesty 2
money 2
privacy 2
strong 2
change 1
competition 1
education 1
empathy 1
greed 1
kindness 1
nationalism 1
respect 1
success 1
unity 1

US in practice

Conservatives

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
freedom 60
capitalism 50
democracy 41
independence 37
money 34
freedom of speech 32
freedom of religion 29
liberty 29
right to bear arms 26
power 24
pursuit of happiness 24
individualism 23
greed 22
rights 21
competition 20
opportunity 20
achievement 19
diversity 18
hard work 18
prosperity 18
justice 17
patriotism 16
equal opportunity 13
strength 13
equality 10
life 9
nationalism 9
success 9
self determination 7
self government 7
change 6
happiness 6
fairness 4
integrity 4
strong 4
tolerance 4
unity 4
compassion 3
kindness 3
progress 3
religion 3
respect 2
education 1
empathy 1
informality 1
privacy 1

Liberals

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
capitalism 138
greed 71
money 67
right to bear arms 67
power 58
freedom 56
individualism 50
democracy 44
nationalism 41
patriotism 41
competition 40
freedom of speech 37
independence 31
liberty 27
religion 27
achievement 25
pursuit of happiness 25
justice 24
hard work 23
opportunity 23
diversity 22
prosperity 22
strength 22
rights 20
freedom of religion 16
success 14
self determination 11
equal opportunity 10
equality 8
fairness 6
life 6
self government 6
progress 5
unity 5
integrity 4
kindness 4
change 3
compassion 3
happiness 3
privacy 3
education 2
empathy 2
peace 2
strong 2
honesty 1
informality 1
respect 1
tolerance 1

Progressives

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
capitalism 121
greed 71
money 57
power 53
right to bear arms 48
freedom 42
nationalism 42
individualism 40
democracy 35
competition 34
patriotism 31
independence 26
freedom of speech 25
religion 24
prosperity 20
rights 19
strength 18
diversity 17
justice 17
achievement 16
freedom of religion 16
liberty 16
pursuit of happiness 16
hard work 13
opportunity 13
self determination 10
success 10
equal opportunity 6
equality 5
fairness 5
strong 5
unity 5
life 4
self government 4
education 3
happiness 3
peace 3
privacy 3
progress 3
change 2
integrity 2
kindness 2
tolerance 2
compassion 1
empathy 1
respect 1

Democratic Socialists

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
capitalism 116
greed 68
money 57
power 55
right to bear arms 52
freedom 41
individualism 40
nationalism 39
patriotism 36
competition 34
democracy 32
religion 27
freedom of speech 24
independence 23
prosperity 21
opportunity 19
rights 19
strength 19
achievement 18
pursuit of happiness 18
justice 17
liberty 17
diversity 16
freedom of religion 13
hard work 12
success 10
self determination 9
equal opportunity 8
life 7
unity 6
equality 5
progress 4
happiness 3
self government 3
strong 3
compassion 2
education 2
fairness 2
integrity 2
kindness 2
peace 2
privacy 2
respect 2
change 1
empathy 1
honesty 1

Libertarians

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
capitalism 52
freedom 43
greed 35
money 31
freedom of speech 26
power 26
democracy 23
individualism 22
opportunity 21
right to bear arms 21
independence 19
liberty 19
achievement 18
pursuit of happiness 18
diversity 17
justice 17
prosperity 17
freedom of religion 16
nationalism 15
patriotism 15
rights 15
hard work 14
competition 13
equal opportunity 11
strength 9
success 9
change 8
religion 8
equality 7
life 7
self determination 7
fairness 5
happiness 4
integrity 4
kindness 4
self government 4
tolerance 4
unity 4
peace 3
progress 3
compassion 2
informality 2
respect 2
strong 2
education 1
honesty 1
privacy 1

Right-Wing Nationals

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
freedom 20
democracy 19
independence 14
freedom of speech 13
money 13
liberty 12
capitalism 11
freedom of religion 10
achievement 9
diversity 9
justice 9
hard work 8
opportunity 8
competition 7
life 7
patriotism 7
right to bear arms 7
rights 7
equal opportunity 6
equality 6
greed 6
individualism 6
power 6
prosperity 6
pursuit of happiness 6
change 4
nationalism 4
success 4
compassion 3
fairness 3
self determination 3
self government 3
education 2
happiness 2
kindness 2
progress 2
respect 2
privacy 1
strength 1
tolerance 1
unity 1

Ideal

Conservatives

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
freedom 70
freedom of speech 41
pursuit of happiness 37
justice 34
freedom of religion 31
independence 29
liberty 29
equal opportunity 26
right to bear arms 24
rights 24
democracy 22
opportunity 22
happiness 20
life 18
peace 18
respect 18
equality 17
hard work 16
honesty 16
compassion 14
fairness 14
integrity 14
unity 14
kindness 13
patriotism 13
capitalism 12
prosperity 11
self determination 11
self government 11
achievement 8
education 8
nationalism 8
individualism 7
religion 7
success 7
diversity 6
progress 6
empathy 4
strength 4
tolerance 4
change 3
competition 3
privacy 3
greed 2
money 2
strong 2
informality 1
power 1

Liberals

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
freedom 78
compassion 77
equality 73
equal opportunity 54
peace 52
pursuit of happiness 49
diversity 46
respect 42
kindness 41
happiness 39
opportunity 39
justice 35
democracy 34
education 31
empathy 31
freedom of speech 28
fairness 27
liberty 27
freedom of religion 25
rights 25
unity 24
honesty 23
integrity 21
life 21
progress 21
tolerance 21
prosperity 20
hard work 18
independence 14
self determination 11
success 11
individualism 10
achievement 9
self government 6
change 5
greed 4
patriotism 4
money 3
nationalism 3
privacy 3
right to bear arms 3
strength 3
capitalism 2
religion 2
strong 2
competition 1
informality 1
power 1

Progressives

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
freedom 64
equality 63
compassion 59
equal opportunity 44
diversity 40
pursuit of happiness 40
peace 38
justice 35
kindness 34
opportunity 32
respect 31
happiness 30
democracy 29
empathy 29
progress 24
liberty 21
rights 21
unity 21
education 20
freedom of speech 20
fairness 18
honesty 18
tolerance 18
freedom of religion 17
integrity 17
prosperity 16
life 15
independence 13
achievement 11
hard work 11
self determination 11
individualism 7
success 7
change 6
self government 6
patriotism 4
greed 3
nationalism 3
strength 3
competition 2
privacy 2
right to bear arms 2
strong 2
capitalism 1
money 1
religion 1

Democratic Socialists

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
freedom 70
equality 64
compassion 57
equal opportunity 45
diversity 44
pursuit of happiness 41
kindness 37
happiness 34
peace 34
justice 33
democracy 31
opportunity 31
empathy 28
freedom of speech 25
respect 25
fairness 22
education 20
unity 20
integrity 19
liberty 19
tolerance 19
rights 18
freedom of religion 17
honesty 17
life 16
progress 16
prosperity 16
hard work 10
self determination 10
achievement 9
independence 9
individualism 8
success 8
change 6
nationalism 5
self government 5
greed 4
money 3
strength 3
competition 2
patriotism 2
religion 2
right to bear arms 2
capitalism 1
power 1
privacy 1
strong 1

Libertarians

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
freedom 60
freedom of speech 28
justice 28
peace 28
pursuit of happiness 28
equality 27
compassion 25
liberty 23
opportunity 22
happiness 20
equal opportunity 19
freedom of religion 18
independence 18
rights 18
kindness 17
honesty 16
life 14
democracy 13
hard work 13
integrity 13
individualism 12
respect 12
unity 12
right to bear arms 11
diversity 10
progress 10
self determination 10
self government 10
fairness 9
success 8
achievement 7
capitalism 7
patriotism 7
education 6
empathy 6
nationalism 5
privacy 5
prosperity 5
greed 4
strength 4
tolerance 4
money 3
change 2
competition 2
religion 2
strong 2
informality 1
power 1

Right-Wing Nationals

## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'value'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
value N
freedom 26
freedom of speech 14
liberty 14
equal opportunity 12
justice 12
right to bear arms 12
freedom of religion 11
democracy 10
peace 9
pursuit of happiness 9
nationalism 8
patriotism 8
unity 8
honesty 7
life 7
rights 7
equality 6
fairness 6
hard work 6
integrity 6
compassion 5
happiness 5
independence 5
opportunity 5
diversity 4
individualism 4
kindness 4
prosperity 4
empathy 3
money 3
progress 3
success 3
tolerance 3
capitalism 2
change 2
education 2
religion 2
respect 2
self determination 2
self government 2
achievement 1
competition 1
greed 1
power 1
privacy 1
strength 1
strong 1

With OpenAI embeddings

anti-establishment

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-47)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.00 [-0.08, 0.08] 0.00 500 > .999
Scalesimi paperpractice -0.16 [-0.28, -0.05] -2.74 500 .006
Scalesimi practiceideal -0.26 [-0.38, -0.15] -4.48 500 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-48)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.06 [-0.26, 0.38] 0.35 400 .724
Scalesimi paperpractice -0.18 [-0.30, -0.06] -2.91 400 .004
Scalesimi practiceideal -0.19 [-0.31, -0.06] -2.90 400 .004
Scaleideo con -0.20 [-0.32, -0.08] -3.22 400 .001
Party idIndependent 0.26 [0.05, 0.47] 2.44 400 .015
Party idRepublican 0.14 [-0.15, 0.44] 0.96 400 .340
Scaleage -0.09 [-0.18, 0.01] -1.73 400 .085
Genderwoman -0.03 [-0.20, 0.14] -0.33 400 .739
Scaleedu num -0.16 [-0.25, -0.07] -3.43 400 < .001
Scaleincome num -0.07 [-0.16, 0.02] -1.49 400 .137
Raceblack -0.07 [-0.46, 0.32] -0.36 400 .720
Racehispanic -0.08 [-0.66, 0.51] -0.25 400 .800
Racemultiracial -0.06 [-0.52, 0.40] -0.27 400 .787
Racewhite -0.16 [-0.48, 0.17] -0.94 400 .350
Scalecounty gini -0.04 [-0.15, 0.07] -0.66 400 .509
Scalecounty medianincome 0.04 [-0.05, 0.13] 0.77 400 .443
Scalecounty density -0.02 [-0.13, 0.08] -0.42 400 .676

change

(#tab:unnamed-chunk-49)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.00 [-0.08, 0.08] 0.00 500 > .999
Scalesimi paperpractice -0.14 [-0.25, -0.02] -2.35 500 .019
Scalesimi practiceideal -0.27 [-0.39, -0.16] -4.64 500 < .001
(#tab:unnamed-chunk-50)
Predictor \(b\) 95% CI \(t\) \(\mathit{df}\) \(p\)
Intercept 0.02 [-0.29, 0.33] 0.12 400 .903
Scalesimi paperpractice -0.19 [-0.31, -0.08] -3.21 400 .001
Scalesimi practiceideal -0.16 [-0.29, -0.04] -2.55 400 .011
Scaleideo con -0.27 [-0.39, -0.15] -4.47 400 < .001
Party idIndependent -0.01 [-0.22, 0.20] -0.08 400 .935
Party idRepublican 0.16 [-0.13, 0.45] 1.09 400 .276
Scaleage -0.17 [-0.27, -0.08] -3.61 400 < .001
Genderwoman 0.24 [0.07, 0.41] 2.76 400 .006
Scaleedu num -0.10 [-0.19, -0.01] -2.15 400 .032
Scaleincome num -0.03 [-0.12, 0.06] -0.66 400 .512
Raceblack 0.27 [-0.11, 0.65] 1.40 400 .163
Racehispanic -0.16 [-0.74, 0.41] -0.56 400 .575
Racemultiracial -0.29 [-0.74, 0.16] -1.28 400 .200
Racewhite -0.25 [-0.57, 0.07] -1.53 400 .127
Scalecounty gini -0.13 [-0.24, -0.02] -2.42 400 .016
Scalecounty medianincome -0.02 [-0.11, 0.06] -0.56 400 .578
Scalecounty density 0.05 [-0.06, 0.15] 0.87 400 .385