The World Bank’s Doing Business Report
Ayumu Tanaka
2024-05-26
1 The World Bank’s Doing Business Report
The World Bank’s Doing Business Report has published the ease of doing business rankings between 2004 and 2020.
The Doing Business measured business regulations for local firms in 190 economies.
However, the World Bank has decided to discontinue the Doing Business report, after data irregularities on Doing Business 2018 and 2020 were reported internally in June 2020.
The Doing Business’s complete historical data up to Doing Business 2020, revised to correct data irregularities are available at the World Bank’s website.
2 Load the data
library(rio)
DB<- import("Data_raw/WB_Doing_Business/Historical-data.dta")3 Describe the data
library(gtsummary)
library(dplyr)
# Describe the data
DB %>%
select(-cod) %>%
select(-economy) %>%
tbl_summary()| Characteristic | N = 3,6061 |
|---|---|
| Region | |
| 77 (2.1%) | |
| East Asia & Pacific | 479 (13%) |
| Europe & Central Asia | 420 (12%) |
| High income: OECD | 615 (17%) |
| Latin America & Caribbean | 615 (17%) |
| Middle East & North Africa | 340 (9.4%) |
| South Asia | 217 (6.0%) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 843 (23%) |
| Income group | |
| 77 (2.1%) | |
| High income | 1,042 (29%) |
| Low income | 510 (14%) |
| Lower middle income | 934 (26%) |
| Upper middle income | 1,043 (29%) |
| DB Year | 2,012.0 (2,008.0, 2,016.0) |
| Paid-in Minimum capital (% of income per capita) | 0 (0, 27) |
| Extent of disclosure index (0-10) | 6.00 (4.00, 7.00) |
| Unknown | 424 |
| Extent of director liability index (0-10) | 5.00 (2.00, 6.00) |
| Unknown | 424 |
| Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) (DB06-14 methodology) | 6.00 (4.00, 7.00) |
| Unknown | 1,698 |
| Extent of corporate transparency index (0-7) (DB15-20 methodology) | |
| 0 | 424 (29%) |
| 1 | 57 (3.8%) |
| 2 | 138 (9.3%) |
| 3 | 112 (7.5%) |
| 4 | 110 (7.4%) |
| 5 | 267 (18%) |
| 5.4 | 7 (0.5%) |
| 6 | 294 (20%) |
| 7 | 77 (5.2%) |
| Unknown | 2,120 |
| Extent of shareholder rights index (0-6) (DB15-20 methodology) | |
| 0 | 420 (28%) |
| 1 | 21 (1.4%) |
| 2 | 67 (4.5%) |
| 3 | 178 (12%) |
| 4 | 336 (23%) |
| 5 | 346 (23%) |
| 6 | 118 (7.9%) |
| Unknown | 2,120 |
| Extent of ownership and control index (0-7) (DB15-20 methodology) | |
| 0 | 415 (28%) |
| 1 | 83 (5.6%) |
| 2 | 169 (11%) |
| 3 | 171 (12%) |
| 3.4 | 7 (0.5%) |
| 4 | 204 (14%) |
| 5 | 228 (15%) |
| 6 | 157 (11%) |
| 7 | 52 (3.5%) |
| Unknown | 2,120 |
| Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) (DB15-20 methodology) | 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) |
| Unknown | 2,120 |
| Strength of investor protection index (0-30) (DB06-14 methodology) | 16.0 (11.0, 18.0) |
| Unknown | 1,698 |
| Strength of minority investor protection index (0-50) (DB15-20 methodology) | 28 (18, 33) |
| Unknown | 2,120 |
| Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) (DB15-20 methodology) | 7.5 (5.0, 10.5) |
| Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) (DB15-20 methodology) | |
| 0 | 96 (2.7%) |
| 1 | 18 (0.5%) |
| 1.5 | 52 (1.4%) |
| 2 | 1,765 (49%) |
| 2.5 | 869 (24%) |
| 3 | 806 (22%) |
| Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) (DB15-20 methodology) | 4.00 (2.00, 5.50) |
| Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) (DB15-20 methodology) | |
| 0 | 1,596 (44%) |
| 0.5 | 728 (20%) |
| 1 | 513 (14%) |
| 1.5 | 75 (2.1%) |
| 2 | 204 (5.7%) |
| 2.5 | 151 (4.2%) |
| 3 | 339 (9.4%) |
| Creditor participation index (0-4) (DB15-20 methodology) | |
| 0 | 689 (19%) |
| 1 | 1,571 (44%) |
| 2 | 800 (22%) |
| 3 | 512 (14%) |
| 4 | 34 (0.9%) |
| Procedures - Men (number) | 8.0 (6.0, 10.0) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Time - Men (days) | 20 (11, 39) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Cost - Men (% of income per capita) | 15 (5, 44) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Procedures - Women (number) | 8.0 (6.0, 11.0) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Time - Women (days) | 20 (11, 39) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Cost - Women (% of income per capita) | 15 (5, 44) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Procedures (number) | 15.0 (12.0, 18.0) |
| Unknown | 667 |
| Time (days) | 161 (112, 219) |
| Unknown | 667 |
| Cost (% of Warehouse value) | 3 (1, 8) |
| Unknown | 667 |
| Building quality control index (0-15) (DB16-20 methodology) | 11.0 (8.0, 12.0) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Quality of building regulations index (0-2) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 28 (2.2%) |
| 0 | 83 (6.5%) |
| 0.385 | 3 (0.2%) |
| 0.5 | 38 (3.0%) |
| 1 | 240 (19%) |
| 1.5 | 51 (4.0%) |
| 1.55 | 3 (0.2%) |
| 1.78 | 2 (0.2%) |
| 2 | 825 (65%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Quality control before construction index (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 28 (2.2%) |
| 0 | 155 (12%) |
| 1 | 1,090 (86%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Quality control during construction index (0-3) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 28 (2.2%) |
| 0 | 191 (15%) |
| 1 | 124 (9.7%) |
| 1.35 | 5 (0.4%) |
| 2 | 824 (65%) |
| 2.53 | 3 (0.2%) |
| 3 | 98 (7.7%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Quality control after construction index (0-3) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 28 (2.2%) |
| 0 | 55 (4.3%) |
| 2 | 281 (22%) |
| 2.17 | 6 (0.5%) |
| 2.39 | 6 (0.5%) |
| 2.65 | 4 (0.3%) |
| 2.77 | 6 (0.5%) |
| 3 | 887 (70%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 28 (2.2%) |
| 0 | 418 (33%) |
| 0.4 | 6 (0.5%) |
| 0.5 | 80 (6.3%) |
| 0.975 | 6 (0.5%) |
| 1 | 467 (37%) |
| 1.17 | 6 (0.5%) |
| 1.5 | 24 (1.9%) |
| 2 | 238 (19%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Professional certifications index (0-4) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 28 (2.2%) |
| 0 | 237 (19%) |
| 1 | 102 (8.0%) |
| 1.1 | 1 (<0.1%) |
| 2 | 267 (21%) |
| 3 | 128 (10%) |
| 3.32 | 6 (0.5%) |
| 3.47 | 5 (0.4%) |
| 4 | 499 (39%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Procedures (number) | 5.00 (4.00, 6.00) |
| Unknown | 1,382 |
| Time (days) | 83 (56, 120) |
| Unknown | 1,382 |
| Cost (% of income per capita) | 397 (79, 1,309) |
| Unknown | 1,382 |
| Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8) (DB16-20 methodolog | 5.00 (0.00, 7.00) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) (DB16-20 methodology) | 0.15 (0.11, 0.21) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) (DB16-20 metho | 1.00 (0.00, 2.00) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) (DB16-20 methodology) | 1 (-4, 6) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) (DB16-20 methodology) | 1 (-4, 5) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Minimum outage time (in minutes) (DB16-20 methodology) | 3.00 (0.00, 5.00) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 20 (1.6%) |
| 0 | 335 (26%) |
| 1 | 918 (72%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 20 (1.6%) |
| 0 | 372 (29%) |
| 1 | 881 (69%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Regulatory monitoring (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 20 (1.6%) |
| 0 | 330 (26%) |
| 0.6 | 6 (0.5%) |
| 1 | 917 (72%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 20 (1.6%) |
| 0 | 660 (52%) |
| 1 | 593 (47%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Communication of tariffs and tariff changes (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 20 (1.6%) |
| 0 | 312 (25%) |
| 0.77 | 2 (0.2%) |
| 1 | 939 (74%) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Procedures (number) | 6.00 (5.00, 7.00) |
| Unknown | 512 |
| Time (days) | 39 (18, 69) |
| Unknown | 512 |
| Cost (% of property value) | 5.0 (2.5, 7.9) |
| Unknown | 512 |
| Quality of land administration index (0-30) (DB17-20 methodology) | 14 (8, 22) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) (DB17-20 methodology) | 4.61 (1.00, 7.00) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Transparency of information index (0-6) (DB17-20 methodology) | 3.00 (1.50, 4.00) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Geographic coverage index (0-8) (DB17-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 20 (1.9%) |
| 0 | 494 (47%) |
| 2 | 76 (7.2%) |
| 2.34 | 5 (0.5%) |
| 4 | 240 (23%) |
| 6 | 25 (2.4%) |
| 8 | 202 (19%) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Land dispute resolution index (0-8) (DB17-20 methodology) | 5.00 (3.50, 6.00) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Equal access to property rights index (-2-0) (DB17-20 methodology) | |
| -9999 | 20 (1.9%) |
| -2 | 5 (0.5%) |
| -1 | 66 (6.2%) |
| 0 | 971 (91%) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Strength of legal rights index (0-10) (DB05-14 methodology) | 5.00 (3.00, 7.00) |
| Unknown | 1,785 |
| Strength of legal rights index (0-12) (DB15-20 methodology) | 5.0 (2.0, 7.0) |
| Unknown | 2,122 |
| creditinformation6pnt | |
| 0 | 443 (28%) |
| 1 | 141 (8.8%) |
| 2 | 141 (8.8%) |
| 3 | 120 (7.5%) |
| 4 | 234 (15%) |
| 5 | 326 (20%) |
| 6 | 205 (13%) |
| Unknown | 1,996 |
| Depth of credit information index (0-6) (DB05-14 methodology) | |
| 0 | 887 (49%) |
| 1 | 5 (0.3%) |
| 2 | 35 (1.9%) |
| 3 | 70 (3.8%) |
| 4 | 218 (12%) |
| 5 | 390 (21%) |
| 6 | 216 (12%) |
| Unknown | 1,785 |
| Depth of credit information index (0-8) (DB15-20 methodology) | |
| 0 | 400 (27%) |
| 1 | 8 (0.5%) |
| 2 | 31 (2.1%) |
| 3 | 18 (1.2%) |
| 4 | 35 (2.4%) |
| 5 | 88 (5.9%) |
| 6 | 237 (16%) |
| 7 | 381 (26%) |
| 8 | 286 (19%) |
| Unknown | 2,122 |
| Credit registry coverage (% of adults) | 0 (0, 8) |
| Unknown | 512 |
| Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) | 1 (0, 49) |
| Unknown | 512 |
| tradeprocedures | 8.00 (6.00, 9.00) |
| Unknown | 2,400 |
| Time to export: Documentary compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology) | 26 (4, 66) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Time to import: Documentary compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology) | 37 (4, 96) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Time to export: Border compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology) | 48 (17, 83) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Time to import: Border compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology) | 56 (10, 100) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Cost to export: Documentary compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology) | 86 (50, 160) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Cost to import: Documentary compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology) | 100 (50, 183) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Cost to export: Border compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology) | 335 (156, 547) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Cost to import: Border compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology) | 386 (175, 660) |
| Unknown | 2,333 |
| Documents to export (number) (DB06-15 methodology) | 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) |
| Unknown | 1,740 |
| Documents to import (number) (DB06-15 methodology) | 7.00 (6.00, 9.00) |
| Unknown | 1,740 |
| tradingexportcost | 1,109 (810, 1,545) |
| Unknown | 1,729 |
| Cost to export (US$ per container deflated) (DB06-15 methodology) | 1,349 (968, 2,094) |
| Unknown | 1,729 |
| Time to export (days) (DB06-15 methodology) | 20 (13, 27) |
| Unknown | 1,729 |
| tradingimportcost | 1,297 (900, 1,910) |
| Unknown | 1,729 |
| Cost to import (US$ per container deflated) (DB06-15 methodology) | 1,560 (1,042, 2,547) |
| Unknown | 1,729 |
| Time to import (days) (DB06-15 methodology) | 21 (14, 33) |
| Unknown | 1,729 |
| Filing and service (days) | 30 (22, 50) |
| Unknown | 1,748 |
| Trial and judgment (days) | 365 (260, 488) |
| Unknown | 1,748 |
| Enforcement of judgment (days) | 180 (105, 260) |
| Unknown | 1,748 |
| Attorney fees (% of claim) | 18 (12, 24) |
| Unknown | 1,748 |
| Court fees (% of claim) | 5.2 (3.5, 7.8) |
| Unknown | 1,748 |
| Enforcement fees (% of claim) | 3.5 (1.2, 8.0) |
| Unknown | 1,748 |
| Procedures (number) | 38 (34, 42) |
| Unknown | 1,429 |
| Time (days) | 565 (447, 750) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Cost (% of claim) | 28 (22, 39) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) (DB17-20 methodology) | 8.0 (6.0, 10.5) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Court structure and proceedings (0-5) (DB17-20 methodology) | 3.00 (2.50, 4.50) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Case management (0-6) (DB16-20 methodology) | 1.50 (1.00, 3.00) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Court automation (0-4) (DB16-20 methodology) | 0.50 (0.00, 2.00) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) (DB16-20 methodology) | |
| 0 | 9 (0.8%) |
| 0.5 | 5 (0.5%) |
| 1 | 8 (0.8%) |
| 1.5 | 105 (9.9%) |
| 2 | 330 (31%) |
| 2.5 | 493 (46%) |
| 3 | 112 (11%) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Time (years) | 2 (2, 3) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| closingtime | 2 (2, 3) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) | 31 (18, 46) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Cost (% of estate) | 12 (7, 20) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Outcome (0 as piecemeal sale and 1 as going concern) | |
| -9999 | 140 (4.3%) |
| 0 | 2,328 (72%) |
| 1 | 771 (24%) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Time to comply with VAT refund (hours) (DB17-20 methodology) | 1 (-222, 12) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Time to obtain VAT refund (weeks) (DB17-20 methodology) | 6 (-222, 27) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Time to comply with a corporate income tax correction (hours) (DB17-20 methodolo | 7 (3, 17) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Time to complete a corporate income tax correction (weeks) (DB17-20 methodology) | 0 (0, 18) |
| Unknown | 2,544 |
| Payments (number per year) | 28 (11, 40) |
| Unknown | 667 |
| Time (hours per year) | 221 (147, 317) |
| Unknown | 667 |
| Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) | 40 (31, 50) |
| Unknown | 667 |
| Profit tax (% of profit) | 18 (10, 23) |
| Unknown | 667 |
| Labor tax and contributions (% of profit) | 14 (8, 24) |
| Unknown | 667 |
| Other taxes (% of profit) | 3 (1, 7) |
| Unknown | 667 |
| 1 n (%); Median (IQR) | |
4 Select the necessary columns
# Display the names of columns
names(DB)## [1] "cod" "economy"
## [3] "region" "incomegroup"
## [5] "dbyear" "startbuscapital"
## [7] "investorsdisclosure" "investorsliability"
## [9] "investorssuitsOld" "investorstransparency"
## [11] "investorsrights" "investorsownership"
## [13] "investorssuits" "investorsProtectingInv"
## [15] "investorsProtectingMinInves" "closinglegal"
## [17] "closing_SI_Commencement" "closing_SI_ManagementAssets"
## [19] "closing_SI_Reorganization" "closing_SI_CreditorParticipate"
## [21] "startbusprocedures" "startbustime"
## [23] "startbuscost" "startbusproceduresW"
## [25] "startbustimeW" "startbuscostW"
## [27] "permitprocedures" "permittime"
## [29] "permitcostWhV" "permitsLegalindex"
## [31] "permits_SI_Buildregulation" "permits_SI_Beforeconstr"
## [33] "permits_SI_Duringconst" "permits_SI_Afterconst"
## [35] "permits_SI_Liability" "permits_SI_Certifications"
## [37] "electricityprocedures" "electricitytime"
## [39] "electricitycost" "electricitySAIDISAIFIscore"
## [41] "electricityPriceperkWhUSD" "electricitySaidiSaifiPoints"
## [43] "electricitySaidiIndex" "electricitySaifiIndex"
## [45] "electricityMinimumOutage" "electricityOutagemoniscore"
## [47] "electricityOutagerestoscore" "electricityRegulatormoniscore"
## [49] "electricityCompensationscore" "electricityTransparencyscore"
## [51] "registerprocedures" "registertime"
## [53] "registercost" "registerLegalindexGener"
## [55] "registerReliabilityInfrast" "registerTransparency"
## [57] "registerCoverage" "registerLegalBackground"
## [59] "registerWEBEqualAccess" "creditrights"
## [61] "creditrights_new" "creditinformation6pnt"
## [63] "creditinformation6pnt5pr" "creditinformation8pnt5pr"
## [65] "creditinformationCoverPublic" "creditinformationCoverPrivate"
## [67] "tradeprocedures" "tradeXtimedocs"
## [69] "tradeMtimedocs" "tradeXtimeborder"
## [71] "tradeMtimeborder" "tradeXcostdocs"
## [73] "tradeMcostdocs" "tradeXcostborder"
## [75] "tradeMcostborder" "tradingexportdocs"
## [77] "tradingimportdocs" "tradingexportcost"
## [79] "tradingexportcost_def" "tradingexporttime"
## [81] "tradingimportcost" "tradingimportcost_def"
## [83] "tradingimporttime" "contracts_filing_days"
## [85] "contracts_trial_days" "contracts_enforcement_days"
## [87] "contracts_attorney_fee" "contracts_court_fee"
## [89] "contracts_enforcement_fee" "contractsproceduresBunus"
## [91] "contractstime" "contractscost"
## [93] "contractsLegalindexGender" "contracts_SI_CourtStructureGen"
## [95] "contracts_SI_CaseManagement" "contracts_SI_CourtAutomation"
## [97] "contracts_SI_ADR" "closingtime_web"
## [99] "closingtime" "closingrecovery"
## [101] "closingcostpercentage" "closingOutcome"
## [103] "taxesTimeComplyVATrefund" "taxesTimeObtainVATrefund"
## [105] "taxesTimeComplyCITaudit" "taxesTimeCompleteCITaudit"
## [107] "taxespayments" "taxestime"
## [109] "taxestotal" "taxesTTRprofit"
## [111] "taxesTTRlabor" "taxesTTROther"# Keep cod year startbustime
DB <- DB[, c("cod", "dbyear", "startbustime", "taxestotal")]
# Rename "dbyear" to "year"
names(DB)[names(DB) == "dbyear"] <- "year"5 Write the data as CSV
using rio package
export(DB, "Data_output/DB.csv")6 Distribution of the observations
library(ggplot2)
# plot the distribution of the observations by year
DB %>%
group_by(year) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = year, y = n)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
labs(title = "Distribution of the observations by year",
x = "Year",
y = "Number of observations")
7 Describe the data again
library(gtsummary)
DB %>%
select(-cod) %>%
tbl_summary()| Characteristic | N = 3,6061 |
|---|---|
| DB Year | 2,012.0 (2,008.0, 2,016.0) |
| Time - Men (days) | 20 (11, 39) |
| Unknown | 367 |
| Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) | 40 (31, 50) |
| Unknown | 667 |
| 1 Median (IQR) | |