[SCUDA: Experiment 3] UTI Tool
AThorpe
2024-05-16
1 Experiment Overview
1.1 Description
1.1.1
Sections describing experiment purpose, group assignment, and messages shown to respondents.
1.1.2 Purpose
In this experiment, respondents are asked to imagine a hypothetical situation where they are planning to have a non-urgent surgery (e.g., knee replacement or tonsils out) and their urine test during pre-surgery office visit comes back positive for bacteria though they do not have any symptoms of a urinary tract infection. Here we look at the impact of the educational tool we developed alongside a surgeon’s recommendation on respondents’ illness beliefs, antibiotic treatment preferences, and knowledge.
Group 1 (NoRecNoTool): No educational too provided and the surgeon DOES NOT give any recommendation.
Group 2 (NoRecYesTool): Given the educational too and the surgeon DOES NOT give any recommendation.
Group 3 (YesRecNoTool): No educational too provided and the surgeon RECOMMENDS antibiotics.
Group 4 (YesRecYesTool): Given the educational too and the surgeon RECOMMENDS antibiotics.
1.1.3 Scenarios
Introductory text (shown to all): “Please read the text below carefully and imagine that the situation described is real.”
Scenario:
“Please read the text below carefully and imagine that the situation described is real.
Imagine you are planning to have a non-urgent surgery, perhaps a knee replacement or getting your tonsils out. You are asked to provide a urine sample during your pre-surgery office visit. The urine test comes back positive for bacteria. You are surprised as you do not have any symptoms of a urinary tract infection.
The surgeon comes in to see how you are feeling and talk with you about the surgery you have come in for. The surgeon explains the procedure, how long they expect it to take, and reviews your medical report and lab work.
Based on the positive urine test result the surgeon recommends that you take a course of antibiotics.
Before leaving the room, the surgeon gives you a handout with some information about urinary tract infections and antibiotics [shown on the next page].”
(Note: The text represents the scenario presented to Group 4 (Yes recommendation and Yes Tool). Italics indicate the text that was removed for Groups 1 (NoRecNoTool) and 2 (NoRecYesTool). Bold font indicates the text that was removed for groups 1 (NoRecNoTool) and 3 (YesRecNoTool).
1.1.4 UTI Tool
2 Survey responses
2.1 Sample and Survey Length
2.1.1
We aimed for a total sample of N=500 and ended with N=504.
Median completion time was 15 minutes with 85% completing between 5 and 25 minutes.
2.1.2 Enrollment
Desired total sample: [N=500]. Below, we first exclude those were not verified, then those who were were not eligible, then those who did not finish, then those who were flagged as overquota:
| Term | n | percent |
|---|---|---|
| Verification | ||
| success | 743 | 100.0% |
| Total | 743 |
|
| Quota | ||
| QuotaMet | 168 | 22.6% |
| NA | 575 | 77.4% |
| Eligibility Flag | ||
| NA | 575 | 100.0% |
| Total | 575 |
|
| Progress | ||
| 94% or less | 64 | 11.1% |
| 95% or more | 511 | 88.9% |
| Answer Quality | ||
| Low answer quality | 7 | 1.4% |
| No issues found | 504 | 98.6% |
| Note. Respondents flagged as ‘likely bot’ reviewed and replaced as necessary by authors. | ||
| Speeder: 1 Completed survey in ≤5 minutes | ||
| Underage: a Reported age as ≤17 years (did not complete survey) | ||
2.1.3 Time: Descriptives
| Variable | Mean | SD | Median | Min | Max | Range |
| Stream 1 Duration | 23M 3 | 1H 39 | 15M 7 | 5M 1S | 1d 12 | 1d 12 |
2.1.4 Time: Figure
2.1.5 Grouped Timings
| df$Duration_Mins | n | percent |
|---|---|---|
| Less than 5 minutes | 0 | 0.0% |
| 5 to 9 minutes | 70 | 13.9% |
| 10 to 14 minutes | 178 | 35.3% |
| 15 to 19 minutes | 124 | 24.6% |
| 20 to 24 minutes | 57 | 11.3% |
| 25 to 29 minutes | 31 | 6.2% |
| 30 to 34 minutes | 16 | 3.2% |
| 35 to 39 minutes | 6 | 1.2% |
| More than 40 minutes | 22 | 4.4% |
| Total | 504 |
|
2.1.6 Individual timings
| Duration (Minutes and Seconds) | Duration (Seconds) | n | percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5M 1S | 301 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 5M 24S | 324 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 6M 4S | 364 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 6M 17S | 377 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 6M 19S | 379 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 6M 41S | 401 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 6M 43S | 403 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 6M 45S | 405 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 6M 47S | 407 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 6M 48S | 408 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 7M 0S | 420 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 7M 2S | 422 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 7M 16S | 436 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 7M 22S | 442 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 7M 31S | 451 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 7M 39S | 459 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 7M 42S | 462 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 7M 59S | 479 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 8M 0S | 480 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 2S | 482 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 3S | 483 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 8M 8S | 488 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 10S | 490 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 12S | 492 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 15S | 495 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 19S | 499 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 25S | 505 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 26S | 506 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 27S | 507 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 30S | 510 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 31S | 511 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 32S | 512 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 37S | 517 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 39S | 519 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 8M 40S | 520 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 8M 41S | 521 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 48S | 528 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 49S | 529 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 50S | 530 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 52S | 532 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 8M 53S | 533 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 0S | 540 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 7S | 547 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 9M 9S | 549 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 10S | 550 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 13S | 553 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 9M 19S | 559 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 22S | 562 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 27S | 567 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 30S | 570 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 35S | 575 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 38S | 578 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 40S | 580 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 44S | 584 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 9M 45S | 585 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 46S | 586 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 9M 47S | 587 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 9M 48S | 588 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 53S | 593 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 9M 55S | 595 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 3S | 603 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 4S | 604 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 5S | 605 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 6S | 606 | 3 | 0.6% |
| 10M 7S | 607 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 11S | 611 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 12S | 612 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 10M 14S | 614 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 15S | 615 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 18S | 618 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 19S | 619 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 10M 20S | 620 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 24S | 624 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 25S | 625 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 26S | 626 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 10M 27S | 627 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 28S | 628 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 29S | 629 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 32S | 632 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 37S | 637 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 39S | 639 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 41S | 641 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 42S | 642 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 43S | 643 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 45S | 645 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 50S | 650 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 52S | 652 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 10M 53S | 653 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 10M 58S | 658 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 0S | 660 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 4S | 664 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 10S | 670 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 11M 11S | 671 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 11M 13S | 673 | 3 | 0.6% |
| 11M 15S | 675 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 18S | 678 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 19S | 679 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 21S | 681 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 11M 22S | 682 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 28S | 688 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 30S | 690 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 31S | 691 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 11M 33S | 693 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 35S | 695 | 3 | 0.6% |
| 11M 37S | 697 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 11M 41S | 701 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 43S | 703 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 45S | 705 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 11M 48S | 708 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 49S | 709 | 3 | 0.6% |
| 11M 50S | 710 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 51S | 711 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 52S | 712 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 57S | 717 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 11M 59S | 719 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 0S | 720 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 1S | 721 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 2S | 722 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 3S | 723 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 4S | 724 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 5S | 725 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 8S | 728 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 12M 10S | 730 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 12S | 732 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 12M 13S | 733 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 15S | 735 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 16S | 736 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 17S | 737 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 23S | 743 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 24S | 744 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 30S | 750 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 35S | 755 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 36S | 756 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 37S | 757 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 38S | 758 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 39S | 759 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 45S | 765 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 12M 46S | 766 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 12M 48S | 768 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 51S | 771 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 12M 52S | 772 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 55S | 775 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 12M 58S | 778 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 5S | 785 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 6S | 786 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 13M 9S | 789 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 13M 15S | 795 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 16S | 796 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 20S | 800 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 23S | 803 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 25S | 805 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 26S | 806 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 27S | 807 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 28S | 808 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 30S | 810 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 32S | 812 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 33S | 813 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 34S | 814 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 35S | 815 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 36S | 816 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 38S | 818 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 13M 41S | 821 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 45S | 825 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 13M 50S | 830 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 53S | 833 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 55S | 835 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 56S | 836 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 13M 57S | 837 | 3 | 0.6% |
| 13M 59S | 839 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 0S | 840 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 2S | 842 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 3S | 843 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 4S | 844 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 7S | 847 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 8S | 848 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 10S | 850 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 15S | 855 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 14M 18S | 858 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 20S | 860 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 21S | 861 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 14M 23S | 863 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 14M 25S | 865 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 14M 27S | 867 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 14M 31S | 871 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 32S | 872 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 33S | 873 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 34S | 874 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 36S | 876 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 37S | 877 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 39S | 879 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 14M 41S | 881 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 42S | 882 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 14M 43S | 883 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 44S | 884 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 45S | 885 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 48S | 888 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 53S | 893 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 14M 55S | 895 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 56S | 896 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 57S | 897 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 14M 59S | 899 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 0S | 900 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 15M 2S | 902 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 5S | 905 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 10S | 910 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 11S | 911 | 3 | 0.6% |
| 15M 14S | 914 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 17S | 917 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 18S | 918 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 19S | 919 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 20S | 920 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 23S | 923 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 15M 24S | 924 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 29S | 929 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 30S | 930 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 15M 32S | 932 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 36S | 936 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 38S | 938 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 42S | 942 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 43S | 943 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 44S | 944 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 15M 45S | 945 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 15M 47S | 947 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 15M 49S | 949 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 51S | 951 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 52S | 952 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 15M 53S | 953 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 55S | 955 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 15M 57S | 957 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 15M 59S | 959 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 7S | 967 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 8S | 968 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 11S | 971 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 12S | 972 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 20S | 980 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 24S | 984 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 25S | 985 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 26S | 986 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 16M 27S | 987 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 33S | 993 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 35S | 995 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 42S | 1002 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 16M 44S | 1004 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 45S | 1005 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 49S | 1009 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 16M 51S | 1011 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 55S | 1015 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 16M 57S | 1017 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 0S | 1020 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 17M 7S | 1027 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 11S | 1031 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 12S | 1032 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 13S | 1033 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 17S | 1037 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 19S | 1039 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 20S | 1040 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 36S | 1056 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 37S | 1057 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 39S | 1059 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 17M 44S | 1064 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 51S | 1071 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 55S | 1075 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 17M 57S | 1077 | 4 | 0.8% |
| 18M 5S | 1085 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 7S | 1087 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 18M 13S | 1093 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 14S | 1094 | 3 | 0.6% |
| 18M 19S | 1099 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 20S | 1100 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 24S | 1104 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 27S | 1107 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 28S | 1108 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 40S | 1120 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 44S | 1124 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 45S | 1125 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 46S | 1126 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 47S | 1127 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 52S | 1132 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 53S | 1133 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 18M 57S | 1137 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 0S | 1140 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 2S | 1142 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 3S | 1143 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 7S | 1147 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 8S | 1148 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 9S | 1149 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 16S | 1156 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 17S | 1157 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 19S | 1159 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 19M 20S | 1160 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 21S | 1161 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 22S | 1162 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 19M 30S | 1170 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 31S | 1171 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 32S | 1172 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 39S | 1179 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 50S | 1190 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 51S | 1191 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 53S | 1193 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 55S | 1195 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 56S | 1196 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 19M 58S | 1198 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 0S | 1200 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 2S | 1202 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 7S | 1207 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 20M 11S | 1211 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 20M 16S | 1216 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 18S | 1218 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 31S | 1231 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 37S | 1237 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 43S | 1243 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 45S | 1245 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 47S | 1247 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 50S | 1250 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 20M 59S | 1259 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 21M 6S | 1266 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 21M 18S | 1278 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 21M 19S | 1279 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 21M 26S | 1286 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 21M 30S | 1290 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 21M 35S | 1295 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 21M 36S | 1296 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 21M 37S | 1297 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 21M 38S | 1298 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 21M 39S | 1299 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 21M 58S | 1318 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 22M 19S | 1339 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 22M 26S | 1346 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 22M 31S | 1351 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 22M 32S | 1352 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 22M 33S | 1353 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 22M 35S | 1355 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 23M 3S | 1383 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 23M 8S | 1388 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 23M 21S | 1401 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 23M 27S | 1407 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 23M 40S | 1420 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 23M 42S | 1422 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 23M 48S | 1428 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 23M 53S | 1433 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 23M 58S | 1438 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 23M 59S | 1439 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 24M 12S | 1452 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 24M 15S | 1455 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 24M 19S | 1459 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 24M 22S | 1462 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 24M 25S | 1465 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 24M 40S | 1480 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 24M 43S | 1483 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 24M 51S | 1491 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 24M 52S | 1492 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 24M 54S | 1494 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 24M 56S | 1496 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 25M 3S | 1503 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 25M 7S | 1507 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 25M 15S | 1515 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 25M 18S | 1518 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 25M 37S | 1537 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 25M 40S | 1540 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 26M 6S | 1566 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 26M 21S | 1581 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 26M 40S | 1600 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 27M 0S | 1620 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 27M 10S | 1630 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 27M 20S | 1640 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 27M 36S | 1656 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 27M 45S | 1665 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 27M 51S | 1671 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 27M 52S | 1672 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 28M 1S | 1681 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 28M 5S | 1685 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 28M 15S | 1695 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 28M 24S | 1704 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 28M 31S | 1711 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 28M 49S | 1729 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 28M 58S | 1738 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 29M 1S | 1741 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 29M 31S | 1771 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 29M 32S | 1772 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 29M 38S | 1778 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 29M 48S | 1788 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 29M 52S | 1792 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 30M 10S | 1810 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 30M 20S | 1820 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 30M 22S | 1822 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 30M 25S | 1825 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 30M 30S | 1830 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 30M 31S | 1831 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 31M 10S | 1870 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 31M 18S | 1878 | 2 | 0.4% |
| 31M 43S | 1903 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 31M 53S | 1913 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 31M 54S | 1914 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 32M 33S | 1953 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 32M 50S | 1970 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 33M 12S | 1992 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 34M 6S | 2046 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 35M 42S | 2142 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 36M 16S | 2176 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 37M 22S | 2242 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 38M 4S | 2284 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 38M 43S | 2323 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 38M 51S | 2331 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 40M 7S | 2407 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 43M 7S | 2587 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 46M 54S | 2814 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 49M 40S | 2980 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 50M 18S | 3018 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 51M 17S | 3077 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 52M 20S | 3140 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 53M 54S | 3234 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 54M 29S | 3269 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 55M 8S | 3308 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 56M 45S | 3405 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 1H 0M 2S | 3602 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 1H 8M 0S | 4080 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 1H 13M 42S | 4422 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 1H 25M 0S | 5100 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 1H 35M 13S | 5713 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 1H 47M 58S | 6478 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 2H 28M 10S | 8890 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 3H 13M 58S | 11638 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 4H 4M 32S | 14672 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 4H 28M 9S | 16089 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 1d 12H 32M 5S | 131525 | 1 | 0.2% |
2.2 Quotas and group assingment
2.2.1
We had sample Quotas for: Age | Gender | Race | Region
Respondents were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups.
2.2.2 Age
All respondents were ≥65 years old and most (72%) were between 65 and 74 years.
| label | levels | Control | Tool Only | Recom. Only | Recom. & Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 126 (25.0) | 118 (23.4) | 132 (26.2) | 128 (25.4) | 504 | |
| age_cat | 65 to 69 | 56 (44.4) | 58 (49.2) | 52 (39.4) | 45 (35.2) | 211 (41.9) |
| 70 to 74 | 36 (28.6) | 30 (25.4) | 44 (33.3) | 39 (30.5) | 149 (29.6) | |
| 75 to 79 | 21 (16.7) | 26 (22.0) | 20 (15.2) | 30 (23.4) | 97 (19.2) | |
| 80 to 85 | 9 (7.1) | 3 (2.5) | 12 (9.1) | 13 (10.2) | 37 (7.3) | |
| 85 and older | 4 (3.2) | 1 (0.8) | 4 (3.0) | 1 (0.8) | 10 (2.0) |
| label | levels | Control | Tool Only | Recom. Only | Recom. & Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 126 (25.0) | 118 (23.4) | 132 (26.2) | 128 (25.4) | 504 | |
| Age | Mean (SD) | 71.5 (5.3) | 71.2 (4.5) | 72.0 (5.4) | 72.5 (5.0) | 71.8 (5.1) |
| median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 71 | 71.33 | 5.93 | 65 | 88 | 23 | 0.70 | -0.17 | 0.23 |
| No Tool | 71 | 71.25 | 5.93 | 65 | 86 | 21 | 0.72 | -0.24 | 0.33 |
| Yes Tool | 71 | 71.45 | 5.93 | 65 | 88 | 23 | 0.67 | -0.14 | 0.31 |
| Control | 71 | 70.93 | 5.93 | 65 | 86 | 21 | 0.78 | -0.09 | 0.47 |
| Tool Only | 70 | 70.77 | 4.45 | 65 | 87 | 22 | 0.85 | 0.39 | 0.42 |
| Recom. Only | 71 | 71.55 | 5.93 | 65 | 86 | 21 | 0.66 | -0.41 | 0.47 |
| Recom. & Tool | 72 | 72.18 | 5.93 | 65 | 88 | 23 | 0.50 | -0.50 | 0.44 |
2.2.3 Gender
Most respondents identified as male (64.7%).
| label | levels | Control | Tool Only | Recom. Only | Recom. & Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 126 (25.0) | 118 (23.4) | 132 (26.2) | 128 (25.4) | 504 | |
| Gender_QuotaChr | Male | 79 (62.7) | 77 (65.3) | 86 (65.2) | 83 (64.8) | 325 (64.5) |
| Female | 47 (37.3) | 41 (34.7) | 46 (34.8) | 45 (35.2) | 179 (35.5) | |
| AnyOtherGender | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
2.2.4 Race
Around half of respondents identified as non-Hispanic White (53.4%).
| label | levels | Control | Tool Only | Recom. Only | Recom. & Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 126 (25.0) | 118 (23.4) | 132 (26.2) | 128 (25.4) | 504 | |
| Race_QuotaChr | NHanyother | 16 (12.7) | 8 (6.8) | 10 (7.6) | 8 (6.2) | 42 (8.3) |
| NHwhite | 59 (46.8) | 72 (61.5) | 66 (50.0) | 72 (56.2) | 269 (53.5) | |
| NHblack | 26 (20.6) | 17 (14.5) | 23 (17.4) | 22 (17.2) | 88 (17.5) | |
| Hisp | 25 (19.8) | 20 (17.1) | 33 (25.0) | 26 (20.3) | 104 (20.7) |
2.2.5 Region
Respondents were distributed by US region as follows:
| label | levels | Control | Tool Only | Recom. Only | Recom. & Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 126 (25.0) | 118 (23.4) | 132 (26.2) | 128 (25.4) | 504 | |
| Region_QuotaFct | northeast | 20 (15.9) | 24 (20.5) | 25 (18.9) | 21 (16.4) | 90 (17.9) |
| midwest | 32 (25.4) | 31 (26.5) | 35 (26.5) | 38 (29.7) | 136 (27.0) | |
| south | 39 (31.0) | 31 (26.5) | 29 (22.0) | 35 (27.3) | 134 (26.6) | |
| west | 35 (27.8) | 31 (26.5) | 43 (32.6) | 34 (26.6) | 143 (28.4) |
2.2.6 Group tables
| label | levels | No Tool | Yes Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 258 (51.2) | 246 (48.8) | 504 | |
| UTI_GrpFct | Control | 126 (48.8) | 0 (0.0) | 126 (25.0) |
| Tool Only | 0 (0.0) | 118 (48.0) | 118 (23.4) | |
| Recom. Only | 132 (51.2) | 0 (0.0) | 132 (26.2) | |
| Recom. & Tool | 0 (0.0) | 128 (52.0) | 128 (25.4) |
3 Preregistered Results: DV1
3.1 Comfort with NOT taking antibiotics
3.1.1
Hypothesis 1 [H1]: Main effect of surgeon’s recommendation
- We expect that a surgeon’s recommendation to take antibiotics will decrease respondents’ comfort with not taking antibiotics. H1 supported
Hypothesis 2 [H2]: Main effect of educational tool provision
- We expect that providing educational information will increase respondents’ comfort with not taking antibiotics. H2 supported
Preregistered hypothesis available at: https://aspredicted.org/JXK_PHN
3.1.2 DV1: Figure
3.1.3 DV1: Descriptives
Responses and percentages
| Grp | Very uncomfortable | Uncomfortable | Comfortable | Very comfortable | NA | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 111 (22.0) | 177 (35.1) | 160 (31.7) | 56 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 504 | |
| Original groupings | |||||||
| UTI_GrpFct | Control | 29 (23.0) | 48 (38.1) | 34 (27.0) | 15 (11.9) | 0 (0.0) | 126 (100) |
| Tool Only | 15 (12.7) | 37 (31.4) | 48 (40.7) | 18 (15.3) | 0 (0.0) | 118 (100) | |
| Recom. Only | 44 (33.3) | 50 (37.9) | 33 (25.0) | 5 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 132 (100) | |
| Recom. & Tool | 23 (18.0) | 42 (32.8) | 45 (35.2) | 18 (14.1) | 0 (0.0) | 128 (100) | |
| No Tool vs Tool | |||||||
| ToolFct | No Tool | 73 (28.3) | 98 (38.0) | 67 (26.0) | 20 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) | 258 (100) |
| Yes Tool | 38 (15.4) | 79 (32.1) | 93 (37.8) | 36 (14.6) | 0 (0.0) | 246 (100) | |
| No Recom. vs Recom. | |||||||
| RecomFct | No Recom. | 44 (18.0) | 85 (34.8) | 82 (33.6) | 33 (13.5) | 0 (0.0) | 244 (100) |
| Yes Recom. | 67 (25.8) | 92 (35.4) | 78 (30.0) | 23 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | 260 (100) | |
Distribution and central tendency
| n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 504 | 2.32 | 0.94 | 2 | 2.27 | 1.48 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0.13 | -0.91 | 0.04 |
| Original groupings | ||||||||||||
| Control | 126 | 2.28 | 0.95 | 2 | 2.23 | 1.48 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0.26 | -0.89 | 0.08 |
| Tool Only | 118 | 2.58 | 0.90 | 3 | 2.60 | 1.48 | 1 | 4 | 3 | -0.15 | -0.77 | 0.08 |
| Recom. Only | 132 | 1.99 | 0.86 | 2 | 1.94 | 1.48 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0.37 | -0.82 | 0.07 |
| Recom. & Tool | 128 | 2.45 | 0.95 | 2 | 2.44 | 1.48 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0.00 | -0.94 | 0.08 |
| No Tool vs Tool | ||||||||||||
| No Tool | 258 | 2.13 | 0.92 | 2 | 2.07 | 1.48 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0.34 | -0.79 | 0.06 |
| Yes Tool | 246 | 2.52 | 0.92 | 3 | 2.52 | 1.48 | 1 | 4 | 3 | -0.08 | -0.85 | 0.06 |
| No Recom. vs Recom. | ||||||||||||
| No Recom. | 244 | 2.43 | 0.94 | 2 | 2.41 | 1.48 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0.05 | -0.90 | 0.06 |
| Recom. | 260 | 2.22 | 0.93 | 2 | 2.16 | 1.48 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0.21 | -0.91 | 0.06 |
Least squares means (unadjusted) and CIs around means
## NOTE: Results may be misleading due to involvement in interactions
## NOTE: Results may be misleading due to involvement in interactions| RecomFct | ToolFct | lsmean | SE | df | lower.CL | upper.CL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Recom. | No Tool | 2.28 | 0.082 | 500 | 2.118 | 2.44 |
| Yes Recom. | No Tool | 1.99 | 0.080 | 500 | 1.836 | 2.15 |
| No Recom. | Yes Tool | 2.58 | 0.084 | 500 | 2.419 | 2.75 |
| Yes Recom. | Yes Tool | 2.45 | 0.081 | 500 | 2.294 | 2.61 |
| RecomFct | lsmean | SE | df | lower.CL | upper.CL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Recom. | 2.431 | 0.06 | 500 | 2.32 | 2.546 |
| Yes Recom. | 2.223 | 0.06 | 500 | 2.11 | 2.334 |
| ToolFct | lsmean | SE | df | lower.CL | upper.CL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Tool | 2.135 | 0.06 | 500 | 2.02 | 2.247 |
| Yes Tool | 2.519 | 0.06 | 500 | 2.40 | 2.634 |
3.1.4 DV1: Analyses
Checking for assumptions before running ANOVA
Plots are slightly skewed, but do not look too extreme
Levene test is not significant ∴ we do not reject null hypothesis of equal population variances
| df1 | df2 | statistic | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 500 | 1.27 | 0.283 |
- The one-way omnibus ANOVA found statistically significant (\(\alpha\)=.05, two sided) main effects of surgeon recommendation and tool provision, but no interaction.
| Sum.Sq | Df | F.value | Pr..F. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RecomFct | 5.57 | 1 | 6.65 | 0.010 |
| ToolFct | 18.79 | 1 | 22.44 | 0.000 |
| RecomFct:ToolFct | 0.74 | 1 | 0.89 | 0.347 |
| Sum.Sq | Df | F.value | Pr..F. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residuals | 418.64 | 500 | NA | NA |
| term | df | sumsq | meansq | statistic | p.value | etasq | partial.etasq | omegasq | partial.omegasq | epsilonsq | cohens.f | power |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RecomFct | 1 | 5.39 | 5.39 | 6.44 | 0.011 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.72 |
| ToolFct | 1 | 18.79 | 18.79 | 22.44 | 0.000 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 1.00 |
| RecomFct:ToolFct | 1 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.347 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.16 |
| term | df | sumsq | meansq | statistic | p.value | etasq | partial.etasq | omegasq | partial.omegasq | epsilonsq | cohens.f | power | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | Residuals | 500 | 418.64 | 0.84 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Follow-up tests revealed that…
the presence of a surgeon recommendation to take antibiotics decreased comfort with NOT taking antibiotics.
the presence of the educational tool increased comfort with NOT taking antibiotics.
| Group1 | n1 | Group2 | n2 | df | M1 | M2 | Mdiff | t | CIlow | CIhigh | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Recom. vs Recom. | |||||||||||
| No Recom. | 244 | Yes Recom. | 260 | 499.5 | 2.43 | 2.22 | 0.21 | 2.49 | 0.04 | 0.37 | 0.013 |
| Group1 | n1 | Group2 | n2 | df | M1 | M2 | Mdiff | t | CIlow | CIhigh | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Tool vs Tool | |||||||||||
| No Tool | 258 | Yes Tool | 246 | 500.36 | 2.13 | 2.52 | -0.38 | -4.69 | -0.55 | -0.22 | 0.000 |
| Group1 | n1 | Group2 | n2 | df | M1 | M2 | Mdiff | t | CIlow | CIhigh | p | pAdj | PAdj* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Original groupings | |||||||||||||
| Control | 126 | Tool Only | 118 | 241.98 | 2.28 | 2.58 | -0.31 | -2.59 | -0.54 | -0.07 | 0.010 | 0.041 |
|
| Control | 126 | Recom. Only | 132 | 250.57 | 2.28 | 1.99 | 0.29 | 2.52 | 0.06 | 0.51 | 0.012 | 0.041 |
|
| Control | 126 | Recom. & Tool | 128 | 251.88 | 2.28 | 2.45 | -0.18 | -1.47 | -0.41 | 0.06 | 0.142 | 0.284 | ns |
| Tool Only | 118 | Recom. Only | 132 | 242.05 | 2.58 | 1.99 | 0.59 | 5.31 | 0.37 | 0.81 | 0.000 | 0.000 | **** |
| Tool Only | 118 | Recom. & Tool | 128 | 243.77 | 2.58 | 2.45 | 0.13 | 1.12 | -0.10 | 0.36 | 0.265 | 0.284 | ns |
| Recom. Only | 132 | Recom. & Tool | 128 | 254.00 | 1.99 | 2.45 | -0.46 | -4.10 | -0.68 | -0.24 | 0.000 | 0.000 | *** |
3.1.5 Text
4 Key Results: DV2
4.1 Belief in presence of UTI
4.1.1
Hypothesis 1 [H1]: Main effect of surgeon’s recommendation
- We expect that a surgeon’s recommendation to take antibiotics will increase respondents’ belief that they have a UTI based on the described scenario. H1 supported
Hypothesis 2 [H2]: Main effect of educational tool provision
- We expect that providing educational information will decrease respondents’ belief that they have a UTI based on the described scenario. H2 supported
These hypotheses were not preregistered, but implied as listed as primary DVs.
4.1.2 DV2: Figure (Recoded)
Chi-Squared Test of Independence with Yates’ Continuity Correction are reported in the figures below which (from left to right) show…
Omnibus test of statistically significant difference (\(\alpha\)=.05, two sided) across groups on reported belief of UTI
2X2 test showing statistically significant difference, with educational tool provision associated with lower likelihood of belief in UTI
2X2 test showing statistically significant difference, with surgeon recommendation to take antibiotics associated with higher likelihood of belief in UTI
4.1.3 DV2: Figure (Original)
5 Key Results: DV3
5.1 Knowledge of UTI, ASB, and Antibiotics
5.1.1
Hypothesis 1 [H1]: Main effect of surgeon’s recommendation
- We expect that a surgeon’s recommendation to take antibiotics will decrease the proportion of correct answers by respondents to the four knowledge questions. H1 partially supported
Hypothesis 2 [H2]: Main effect of educational tool provision
- We expect that providing educational information will increase the proportion of correct answers by respondents to the four knowledge questions. H2 supported
These hypotheses were not preregistered, but implied as listed as primary DVs.
5.1.2 DV3: Items & Table
Please indicate whether you agree or disagree with each statement.
- If someone has bacteria in their urine that means that they have a
urinary tract infection.
- Correct response: disagree Overall, 71% of respondents did not answer correctly
- Bacteria in the urine does not always need to be treated with
antibiotics.
- Correct response: agree Overall, 48% of respondents did not answer correctly
- To confirm a bacterial urinary tract infection, you need to have
both specific symptoms and a positive test for bacteria in the urine.
- Correct response: agree Overall, 36% of respondents did not answer correctly
- Symptoms like fever, confusion, feeling tired or dizzy, a change in
color or smell of urine, or a fall could have many other causes and
might not be a UTI.
- Correct response: agree Overall, 31% of respondents did not answer correctly
| label | levels | No Tool | Yes Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 258 (51.2) | 246 (48.8) | 504 | |
| Bacteria in urine means that you have a UTI | Incorrect | 223 (86.4) | 134 (54.7) | 357 (71.0) |
| Correct | 35 (13.6) | 111 (45.3) | 146 (29.0) | |
| Bacteria in urine does not always need ABXs | Incorrect | 167 (64.7) | 78 (31.7) | 245 (48.6) |
| Correct | 91 (35.3) | 168 (68.3) | 259 (51.4) | |
| Need specific symptoms & clinical test for UTI | Incorrect | 134 (51.9) | 48 (19.6) | 182 (36.2) |
| Correct | 124 (48.1) | 197 (80.4) | 321 (63.8) | |
| Nonspecific symptoms could have other causes than UTI | Incorrect | 106 (41.1) | 50 (20.3) | 156 (31.0) |
| Correct | 152 (58.9) | 196 (79.7) | 348 (69.0) |
Click to see the raw coding of knowledge items (1,2,3).
| label | levels | No Tool | Yes Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 258 (51.2) | 246 (48.8) | 504 | |
| Exp3_UTIKnow_1 | 1 | 35 (13.6) | 111 (45.3) | 146 (29.0) |
| 2 | 88 (34.1) | 91 (37.1) | 179 (35.6) | |
| 3 | 135 (52.3) | 43 (17.6) | 178 (35.4) | |
| Exp3_UTIKnow_2 | 1 | 52 (20.2) | 37 (15.0) | 89 (17.7) |
| 2 | 91 (35.3) | 168 (68.3) | 259 (51.4) | |
| 3 | 115 (44.6) | 41 (16.7) | 156 (31.0) | |
| Exp3_UTIKnow_3 | 1 | 40 (15.5) | 24 (9.8) | 64 (12.7) |
| 2 | 124 (48.1) | 197 (80.4) | 321 (63.8) | |
| 3 | 94 (36.4) | 24 (9.8) | 118 (23.5) | |
| Exp3_UTIKnow_4 | 1 | 22 (8.5) | 17 (6.9) | 39 (7.7) |
| 2 | 152 (58.9) | 196 (79.7) | 348 (69.0) | |
| 3 | 84 (32.6) | 33 (13.4) | 117 (23.2) |
| label | levels | No Tool | Yes Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 258 (51.2) | 246 (48.8) | 504 | |
| Bacteria in urine means that you have a UTI | Disagree | 35 (13.6) | 111 (45.3) | 146 (29.0) |
| Agree | 88 (34.1) | 91 (37.1) | 179 (35.6) | |
| Not sure | 135 (52.3) | 43 (17.6) | 178 (35.4) | |
| Bacteria in urine does not always need ABXs | Disagree | 52 (20.2) | 37 (15.0) | 89 (17.7) |
| Agree | 91 (35.3) | 168 (68.3) | 259 (51.4) | |
| Not sure | 115 (44.6) | 41 (16.7) | 156 (31.0) | |
| Need specific symptoms & clinical test for UTI | Disagree | 40 (15.5) | 24 (9.8) | 64 (12.7) |
| Agree | 124 (48.1) | 197 (80.4) | 321 (63.8) | |
| Not sure | 94 (36.4) | 24 (9.8) | 118 (23.5) | |
| Nonspecific symptoms could have other causes than UTI | Disagree | 22 (8.5) | 17 (6.9) | 39 (7.7) |
| Agree | 152 (58.9) | 196 (79.7) | 348 (69.0) | |
| Not sure | 84 (32.6) | 33 (13.4) | 117 (23.2) |
5.1.3 DV3: Figure (Recoded)
Chi-Squared Test of Independence with Yates’ Continuity Correction are reported in the figures below which (from left to right) show…
- 2X2 tests showing statistically significant difference, with educational tool provision associated with greater likelihood of correct response to all four questions
Chi-Squared Test of Independence with Yates’ Continuity Correction are reported in the figures below which (from left to right) show…
- 2X2 test showing only one statistically significant difference, with surgeon recommendation to take antibiotics associated with lower likelihood of correct response only for the question about requirements for confirming a bacterial UTI. No other significant differences found.
5.1.4 Figure (Original)
5.2 Knowledge as a scale
5.2.1
Same as above: With knowledge coded as number of correct answers/4.
Hypothesis 1 [H1]: Main effect of surgeon’s recommendation
- We expect that a surgeon’s recommendation to take antibiotics will decrease the proportion of correct answers by respondents to the four knowledge questions. H1 partially supported
Hypothesis 2 [H2]: Main effect of educational tool provision
- We expect that providing educational information will increase the proportion of correct answers by respondents to the four knowledge questions. H2 supported
These hypotheses were not preregistered, but implied as listed as primary DVs.
5.2.2 DV3: Figure (scale)
## df$UTIknowVars n percent
## 0 78 15.5%
## 1 89 17.7%
## 2 127 25.2%
## 3 109 21.6%
## 4 101 20.0%
##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: psych::alpha(x = df[, c(UTIknowVars)])
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.67 0.66 0.61 0.33 2 0.024 0.53 0.34 0.33
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.62 0.67 0.71
## Duhachek 0.62 0.67 0.71
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## UTIKnw1 0.60 0.61 0.51 0.34 1.5 0.031 0.00062 0.34
## UTIKnw2 0.54 0.54 0.44 0.28 1.2 0.035 0.00356 0.28
## UTIKnw3 0.62 0.62 0.54 0.35 1.6 0.029 0.01617 0.36
## UTIKnw4 0.62 0.62 0.54 0.36 1.7 0.029 0.01087 0.31
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## UTIKnw1 503 0.69 0.70 0.55 0.44 0.29 0.45
## UTIKnw2 504 0.77 0.76 0.66 0.53 0.51 0.50
## UTIKnw3 503 0.69 0.68 0.50 0.41 0.64 0.48
## UTIKnw4 504 0.68 0.68 0.50 0.41 0.69 0.46
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## UTIKnw1 0.71 0.29 0
## UTIKnw2 0.49 0.51 0
## UTIKnw3 0.36 0.64 0
## UTIKnw4 0.31 0.69 05.2.3 DV3: Descriptives
| n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 504 | 2.13 | 1.34 | 2.0 | 2.16 | 1.48 | 0 | 4 | 4 | -0.13 | -1.13 | 0.06 |
| Original groupings | ||||||||||||
| Control | 126 | 1.68 | 1.24 | 2.0 | 1.63 | 1.48 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0.19 | -1.01 | 0.11 |
| Tool Only | 118 | 2.82 | 1.14 | 3.0 | 2.94 | 1.48 | 0 | 4 | 4 | -0.59 | -0.60 | 0.10 |
| Recom. Only | 132 | 1.44 | 1.15 | 1.0 | 1.37 | 1.48 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0.37 | -0.77 | 0.10 |
| Recom. & Tool | 128 | 2.65 | 1.28 | 3.0 | 2.80 | 1.48 | 0 | 4 | 4 | -0.71 | -0.54 | 0.11 |
| No Tool vs Tool | ||||||||||||
| No Tool | 258 | 1.56 | 1.20 | 1.5 | 1.50 | 0.74 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0.29 | -0.89 | 0.07 |
| Yes Tool | 246 | 2.73 | 1.22 | 3.0 | 2.87 | 1.48 | 0 | 4 | 4 | -0.69 | -0.45 | 0.08 |
| No Recom. vs Recom. | ||||||||||||
| No Recom. | 244 | 2.23 | 1.32 | 2.0 | 2.29 | 1.48 | 0 | 4 | 4 | -0.19 | -1.08 | 0.08 |
| Recom. | 260 | 2.03 | 1.36 | 2.0 | 2.04 | 1.48 | 0 | 4 | 4 | -0.06 | -1.19 | 0.08 |
Least squares means (unadjusted) and CIs around means
## NOTE: Results may be misleading due to involvement in interactions
## NOTE: Results may be misleading due to involvement in interactions| RecomFct | ToolFct | lsmean | SE | df | lower.CL | upper.CL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Recom. | No Tool | 1.68 | 0.107 | 500 | 1.472 | 1.89 |
| Yes Recom. | No Tool | 1.44 | 0.105 | 500 | 1.233 | 1.65 |
| No Recom. | Yes Tool | 2.82 | 0.111 | 500 | 2.604 | 3.04 |
| Yes Recom. | Yes Tool | 2.65 | 0.107 | 500 | 2.439 | 2.86 |
| RecomFct | lsmean | SE | df | lower.CL | upper.CL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Recom. | 2.252 | 0.08 | 500 | 2.1 | 2.404 |
| Yes Recom. | 2.044 | 0.07 | 500 | 1.9 | 2.191 |
| ToolFct | lsmean | SE | df | lower.CL | upper.CL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Tool | 1.561 | 0.08 | 500 | 1.41 | 1.708 |
| Yes Tool | 2.735 | 0.08 | 500 | 2.58 | 2.886 |
5.2.4 DV4: Analyses
Checking for assumptions before running ANOVA
Plots are slightly skewed, but do not look too extreme
Levene test is not significant ∴ we do not reject null hypothesis of equal population variances
| df1 | df2 | statistic | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 500 | 0.44 | 0.721 |
- The one-way omnibus ANOVA found statistically significant (\(\alpha\)=.05, two sided) main effect of tool provision, but no effect of surgeon recommendation and no interaction.
| Sum.Sq | Df | F.value | Pr..F. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RecomFct | 5.51 | 1 | 3.79 | 0.052 |
| ToolFct | 173.96 | 1 | 119.77 | 0.000 |
| RecomFct:ToolFct | 0.15 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.746 |
| Sum.Sq | Df | F.value | Pr..F. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residuals | 418.64 | 500 | NA | NA |
| term | df | sumsq | meansq | statistic | p.value | etasq | partial.etasq | omegasq | partial.omegasq | epsilonsq | cohens.f | power |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RecomFct | 1 | 4.98 | 4.98 | 3.43 | 0.065 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.46 |
| ToolFct | 1 | 173.96 | 173.96 | 119.77 | 0.000 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.49 | 1.00 |
| RecomFct:ToolFct | 1 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.746 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
| term | df | sumsq | meansq | statistic | p.value | etasq | partial.etasq | omegasq | partial.omegasq | epsilonsq | cohens.f | power | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | Residuals | 500 | 726.26 | 1.45 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Follow-up tests revealed that…
the presence of a surgeon recommendation to take antibiotics did not influnce correct responses.
the presence of the educational tool increased the average number of correct responses.
| Group1 | n1 | Group2 | n2 | df | M1 | M2 | Mdiff | t | CIlow | CIhigh | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Recom. vs Recom. | |||||||||||
| No Recom. | 244 | Yes Recom. | 260 | 501.48 | 2.23 | 2.03 | 0.2 | 1.67 | -0.04 | 0.43 | 0.096 |
| Group1 | n1 | Group2 | n2 | df | M1 | M2 | Mdiff | t | CIlow | CIhigh | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Tool vs Tool | |||||||||||
| No Tool | 258 | Yes Tool | 246 | 500.1 | 1.56 | 2.73 | -1.17 | -10.9 | -1.39 | -0.96 | 0.000 |
| Group1 | n1 | Group2 | n2 | df | M1 | M2 | Mdiff | t | CIlow | CIhigh | p | pAdj | PAdj* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Original groupings | |||||||||||||
| Control | 126 | Tool Only | 118 | 241.92 | 1.68 | 2.82 | -1.14 | -7.50 | -1.44 | -0.84 | 0.000 | 0.000 | **** |
| Control | 126 | Recom. Only | 132 | 252.61 | 1.68 | 1.44 | 0.24 | 1.63 | -0.05 | 0.54 | 0.104 | 0.208 | ns |
| Control | 126 | Recom. & Tool | 128 | 251.89 | 1.68 | 2.65 | -0.97 | -6.11 | -1.28 | -0.65 | 0.000 | 0.000 | **** |
| Tool Only | 118 | Recom. Only | 132 | 245.66 | 2.82 | 1.44 | 1.38 | 9.53 | 1.10 | 1.67 | 0.000 | 0.000 | **** |
| Tool Only | 118 | Recom. & Tool | 128 | 243.62 | 2.82 | 2.65 | 0.17 | 1.12 | -0.13 | 0.48 | 0.262 | 0.262 | ns |
| Recom. Only | 132 | Recom. & Tool | 128 | 253.29 | 1.44 | 2.65 | -1.21 | -7.98 | -1.51 | -0.91 | 0.000 | 0.000 | **** |
6 Additional variables
6.1 Secondary variables
6.1.1
We had 2 secondary variables for Experiment 3.
- Feedback on the tool (shown only to those who saw it)
- Prior antibiotic prescription for UTI
6.1.2 Exp3_ToolFeedback:
How would you describe the information you saw? + Shown only to those who saw the tool
Response scale:
- Not at all useful (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5), Very useful (6).
- Very difficult to understand (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5), Very easy to understand (6).
- Very inaccurate (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5), Very accurate (6).
- Not at all relevant to me (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5), Very relevant to me (6).
- Not at all interesting to me (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5), Very interesting to me (6).
- Very badly designed (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5), Very well designed (6).
Click to check that ratings only came from those in groups who saw the tool.
| UTIGrp | NA_ | NA_ | NA_ | NA_ | NA_ | NA_ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exp3_NoRecNoTool | 126 | 126 | 126 | 126 | 126 | 126 |
| Exp3_NoRecYesTool | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Exp3_YesRecNoTool | 132 | 132 | 132 | 132 | 132 | 132 |
| Exp3_YesRecYesTool | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 0 |
| label | levels | No Tool | Yes Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 258 (51.2) | 246 (48.8) | 504 | |
| Exp3_ToolFeedback_1 | 1 | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | |
| 2 | 7 (2.9) | 7 (2.9) | ||
| 3 | 12 (5.0) | 12 (5.0) | ||
| 4 | 33 (13.7) | 33 (13.7) | ||
| 5 | 69 (28.6) | 69 (28.6) | ||
| 6 | 118 (49.0) | 118 (49.0) |
| vars | n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Useful | 1 | 241 | 5.13 | 1.1 | 5 | 5.33 | 1.5 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -1.39 | 1.63 | 0.1 |
| Understand | 1 | 244 | 4.92 | 1.3 | 5 | 5.12 | 1.5 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -1.09 | 0.26 | 0.1 |
| Accuracy | 1 | 243 | 5.02 | 1.1 | 5 | 5.18 | 1.5 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -1.20 | 1.40 | 0.1 |
| Relevance | 1 | 238 | 4.09 | 1.6 | 4 | 4.22 | 1.5 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -0.43 | -0.86 | 0.1 |
| Interest | 1 | 243 | 4.67 | 1.4 | 5 | 4.89 | 1.5 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -0.97 | 0.08 | 0.1 |
| Design | 1 | 244 | 4.88 | 1.2 | 5 | 5.07 | 1.5 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -1.11 | 0.98 | 0.1 |
6.1.3 Exp3_PrescABxUTI:
Have you ever been prescribed antibiotics for a urinary tract infection?
Response scale (categorical): No (1), Yes (2), I don’t know (3).
| Exp3_UTIpriorAbx | n | percent | Exp3_UTIpriorAbxFct | n | percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 302 | 59.9% | No | 302 | 59.9% |
| 2 | 180 | 35.7% | Yes | 180 | 35.7% |
| 3 | 22 | 4.4% | I don’t know | 22 | 4.4% |
| Total | 504 |
|
Total | 504 |
|
| label | levels | Control | Tool Only | Recom. Only | Recom. & Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 126 (25.0) | 118 (23.4) | 132 (26.2) | 128 (25.4) | 504 | |
| Exp3_UTIpriorAbxFct | No | 76 (60.3) | 67 (56.8) | 82 (62.1) | 77 (60.2) | 302 (59.9) |
| Yes | 41 (32.5) | 44 (37.3) | 47 (35.6) | 48 (37.5) | 180 (35.7) | |
| I don’t know | 9 (7.1) | 7 (5.9) | 3 (2.3) | 3 (2.3) | 22 (4.4) |
6.2 Exploratory variables
6.2.1
We then asked about side effect concerns. This is completely exploratory and there is not even a strong signal here but I just thought worth noting that for concerns about both short and long-term side effects from taking antibiotics, the mean was descriptively lower for the group who received only the surgeons recommendation.
6.2.2 CL_SideEffectWorry:
These exploratory ANOVAs are not statistically significant.
## Anova Table (Type II tests)
##
## Response: CL_SideEffectWorryNum
## Sum Sq Df F value Pr(>F)
## RecomFct 1.69 1 1.0355 0.30938
## ToolFct 1.35 1 0.8268 0.36365
## RecomFct:ToolFct 6.03 1 3.7013 0.05495 .
## Residuals 793.68 487
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## df sumsq meansq statistic p.value etasq partial.etasq
## RecomFct 1 1.668 1.668 1.024 0.312 0.002 0.002
## ToolFct 1 1.347 1.347 0.827 0.364 0.002 0.002
## RecomFct:ToolFct 1 6.032 6.032 3.701 0.055 0.008 0.008
## ...4 487 793.677 1.630 NA NA NA NA
## omegasq partial.omegasq epsilonsq cohens.f power
## RecomFct 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.046 0.173
## ToolFct 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.041 0.149
## RecomFct:ToolFct 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.087 0.486
## ...4 NA NA NA NA NADescriptives
| n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 491 | 2.51 | 1.28 | 2 | 2.40 | 1.48 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 0.43 | -0.95 | 0.06 |
| Control | 121 | 2.63 | 1.39 | 2 | 2.54 | 1.48 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 0.34 | -1.19 | 0.13 |
| Tool Only | 117 | 2.50 | 1.22 | 2 | 2.43 | 1.48 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 0.38 | -0.95 | 0.11 |
| Recom. Only | 127 | 2.29 | 1.22 | 2 | 2.18 | 1.48 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 0.57 | -0.80 | 0.11 |
| Recom. & Tool | 126 | 2.61 | 1.27 | 2 | 2.52 | 1.48 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 0.38 | -0.97 | 0.11 |
| label | levels | Control | Tool Only | Recom. Only | Recom. & Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 126 (25.0) | 118 (23.4) | 132 (26.2) | 128 (25.4) | 504 | |
| CL_SideEffectWorryFct | Not at all concerned | 34 (27.0) | 29 (24.6) | 43 (32.6) | 28 (21.9) | 134 (26.6) |
| Slightly concerned | 29 (23.0) | 36 (30.5) | 35 (26.5) | 39 (30.5) | 139 (27.6) | |
| Somewhat concerned | 22 (17.5) | 23 (19.5) | 24 (18.2) | 25 (19.5) | 94 (18.7) | |
| Moderately concerned | 20 (15.9) | 22 (18.6) | 19 (14.4) | 22 (17.2) | 83 (16.5) | |
| Extremely concerned | 16 (12.7) | 7 (5.9) | 6 (4.5) | 12 (9.4) | 41 (8.1) | |
| Not sure | 5 (4.0) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (3.8) | 2 (1.6) | 13 (2.6) |
6.2.3 CL_LongEffectWorry:
## Anova Table (Type II tests)
##
## Response: CL_LongEffectWorryNum
## Sum Sq Df F value Pr(>F)
## RecomFct 2.48 1 1.2696 0.26040
## ToolFct 6.76 1 3.4652 0.06328 .
## RecomFct:ToolFct 2.49 1 1.2754 0.25931
## Residuals 944.52 484
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## df sumsq meansq statistic p.value etasq partial.etasq
## RecomFct 1 2.475 2.475 1.268 0.261 0.003 0.003
## ToolFct 1 6.762 6.762 3.465 0.063 0.007 0.007
## RecomFct:ToolFct 1 2.489 2.489 1.275 0.259 0.003 0.003
## ...4 484 944.517 1.951 NA NA NA NA
## omegasq partial.omegasq epsilonsq cohens.f power
## RecomFct 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.051 0.203
## ToolFct 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.085 0.461
## RecomFct:ToolFct 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.051 0.204
## ...4 NA NA NA NA NA| n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 488 | 2.61 | 1.40 | 2 | 2.51 | 1.48 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 0.43 | -1.15 | 0.06 |
| Control | 119 | 2.64 | 1.44 | 2 | 2.56 | 1.48 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 0.35 | -1.28 | 0.13 |
| Tool Only | 117 | 2.73 | 1.39 | 2 | 2.66 | 1.48 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 0.36 | -1.22 | 0.13 |
| Recom. Only | 127 | 2.35 | 1.37 | 2 | 2.20 | 1.48 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 0.59 | -0.98 | 0.12 |
| Recom. & Tool | 125 | 2.73 | 1.39 | 2 | 2.66 | 1.48 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 0.43 | -1.16 | 0.12 |
| label | levels | Control | Tool Only | Recom. Only | Recom. & Tool | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 126 (25.0) | 118 (23.4) | 132 (26.2) | 128 (25.4) | 504 | |
| CL_LongEffectWorryFct | Not at all concerned | 35 (27.8) | 25 (21.2) | 48 (36.4) | 25 (19.5) | 133 (26.4) |
| Slightly concerned | 29 (23.0) | 39 (33.1) | 29 (22.0) | 45 (35.2) | 142 (28.2) | |
| Somewhat concerned | 17 (13.5) | 14 (11.9) | 19 (14.4) | 16 (12.5) | 66 (13.1) | |
| Moderately concerned | 20 (15.9) | 21 (17.8) | 19 (14.4) | 17 (13.3) | 77 (15.3) | |
| Extremely concerned | 18 (14.3) | 18 (15.3) | 12 (9.1) | 22 (17.2) | 70 (13.9) | |
| Not sure | 7 (5.6) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (3.8) | 3 (2.3) | 16 (3.2) |
7 Respondent Characteristics
7.1 Individual differences
7.1.1
We asked respondents about…
- Maximizing | Lack of belief in science | Political leaning | Political affiliation
7.1.2 ID_MinMax:
Sometimes, medical action is clearly necessary, and sometimes it is clearly NOT necessary. Other times, people differ in their beliefs about whether medical action is needed. In medical situations where it’s not clear, do you tend to lean towards taking action or do you lean towards waiting and seeing if action is needed? Importantly, there is no “right” way to be. Please answer on the 1-6 scale below:
Response scale (likert):
I lean toward waiting and seeing (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5), I lean toward taking action (6).
| ID_MinMax | n | percent | valid_percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 56 | 11.1% | 11.1% |
| 2 | 59 | 11.7% | 11.7% |
| 3 | 112 | 22.2% | 22.3% |
| 4 | 112 | 22.2% | 22.3% |
| 5 | 90 | 17.9% | 17.9% |
| 6 | 74 | 14.7% | 14.7% |
| NA | 1 | 0.2% |
|
| Total | 504 |
|
|
| n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 503 | 3.68 | 1.54 | 4 | 3.73 | 1.48 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -0.14 | -0.94 | 0.07 |
7.1.3 ID_BeliefInScience:
Please indicate howmuch you agree or disagree with each statement.
Response scale (likert):
Strongly disagree (1), Disagree (2), Somewhat disagree (3), Neither agree nor disagree (4), Somewhat agree (5), Agree (6), Strongly agree (7).
Use button to check reliability statistics for the lack of belief in science scale (Cronbach’s alpha).
##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: psych::alpha(x = df[, c(BISSvars)])
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.68 13 0.005 3.6 1.4 0.67
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.92 0.93 0.94
## Duhachek 0.92 0.93 0.94
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## ID_BeliefinScience_1 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.71 12.5 0.0052 0.0072
## ID_BeliefinScience_2 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.68 10.6 0.0059 0.0124
## ID_BeliefinScience_3 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.71 12.3 0.0053 0.0068
## ID_BeliefinScience_4 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.65 9.5 0.0067 0.0072
## ID_BeliefinScience_5 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.66 9.6 0.0066 0.0054
## ID_BeliefinScience_6 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.67 10.0 0.0064 0.0082
## med.r
## ID_BeliefinScience_1 0.70
## ID_BeliefinScience_2 0.65
## ID_BeliefinScience_3 0.68
## ID_BeliefinScience_4 0.64
## ID_BeliefinScience_5 0.67
## ID_BeliefinScience_6 0.66
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## ID_BeliefinScience_1 503 0.79 0.79 0.73 0.70 3.6 1.6
## ID_BeliefinScience_2 504 0.85 0.86 0.82 0.79 3.9 1.5
## ID_BeliefinScience_3 504 0.79 0.80 0.74 0.71 3.6 1.5
## ID_BeliefinScience_4 504 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.86 3.5 1.6
## ID_BeliefinScience_5 504 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.85 3.3 1.6
## ID_BeliefinScience_6 504 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.83 3.4 1.7
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 miss
## ID_BeliefinScience_1 0.09 0.21 0.17 0.23 0.19 0.09 0.03 0
## ID_BeliefinScience_2 0.07 0.15 0.14 0.28 0.23 0.10 0.03 0
## ID_BeliefinScience_3 0.08 0.19 0.15 0.29 0.18 0.07 0.03 0
## ID_BeliefinScience_4 0.11 0.23 0.16 0.17 0.21 0.08 0.03 0
## ID_BeliefinScience_5 0.14 0.23 0.17 0.20 0.16 0.07 0.03 0
## ID_BeliefinScience_6 0.14 0.23 0.15 0.23 0.14 0.07 0.05 0| n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 504 | 3.56 | 1.35 | 3.67 | 3.53 | 1.48 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 0.1 | -0.58 | 0.06 |
7.1.4 ID_PoliticalSocial:
How would you describe your political outlook with regard to social issues?
Response scale (categorical):
Very liberal (1), Liberal (2), Slightly liberal (3), Moderate (4), Slightly conservative (5), Conservative (6), Very conservative (7), Prefer not to say (8).
| ID_PolSocial | n | percent | valid_percent | ID_PolSocialFct | n | percent | valid_percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 5.2% | 5.2% | Very liberal | 26 | 5.2% | 5.2% |
| 2 | 72 | 14.3% | 14.3% | Liberal | 72 | 14.3% | 14.3% |
| 3 | 49 | 9.7% | 9.8% | Slightly liberal | 49 | 9.7% | 9.8% |
| 4 | 177 | 35.1% | 35.3% | Moderate | 177 | 35.1% | 35.3% |
| 5 | 42 | 8.3% | 8.4% | Slightly conservative | 42 | 8.3% | 8.4% |
| 6 | 86 | 17.1% | 17.1% | Conservative | 86 | 17.1% | 17.1% |
| 7 | 44 | 8.7% | 8.8% | Very conservative | 44 | 8.7% | 8.8% |
| 8 | 6 | 1.2% | 1.2% | Prefer not to say | 6 | 1.2% | 1.2% |
| NA | 2 | 0.4% |
|
NA | 2 | 0.4% |
|
| Total | 504 |
|
|
Total | 504 |
|
|
| n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 496 | 4.15 | 1.65 | 4 | 4.14 | 1.48 | 1 | 7 | 6 | -0.01 | -0.77 | 0.07 |
7.1.5 ID_PoliticalAffiliation:
Which political party are you affiliated with?
Response scale (categorical):
Democrat (1), Republican (2), Independent (3), Liberal third party (4), Conservative third party (5), No political party affiliation (6), Prefer not to say (7).
|
|
7.2 Medical history
7.2.1
We asked respondents about their medical history regarding…
- Prior antibiotic use | Preexisting comorbidities | COVID-19 infection and vaccination history
7.2.2 D_AbxUse:
In the past 12 months, I have taken antibiotics…
Response scale (likert):
0 times (1), 1 time (2), 2 times (3), 3 times (4), 4 times (5), 5 or more times (6).
| D_AbxUse | n | percent | D_AbxUseFct | n | percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 318 | 63.1% | 0 times | 318 | 63.1% |
| 2 | 119 | 23.6% | 1 time | 119 | 23.6% |
| 3 | 46 | 9.1% | 2 times | 46 | 9.1% |
| 4 | 8 | 1.6% | 3 times | 8 | 1.6% |
| 5 | 3 | 0.6% | 4 times | 3 | 0.6% |
| 6 | 10 | 2.0% | 5 or more times | 10 | 2.0% |
| Total | 504 |
|
Total | 504 |
|
| n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 504 | 1.59 | 0.99 | 1 | 1.38 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 2.34 | 6.48 | 0.04 |
7.2.3 D_PreExist:
Do you have a pre-existing health condition–respiratory illness, cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, immunocompromised etc.–that may make you more vulnerable to infections (e.g., COVID-19)?
Response scale (categorical):
No (1), Yes (2), Unsure (3).
|
|
7.2.4 D_Comorbidities:
As far as you know, do you have any of the following health conditions at the present time?
- Asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis, COPD (other lung disease)
- Arthritis or rheumatism
- Cancer, diagnosed in the past 3 years
- Diabetes
- Digestive problems (such as ulcer, colitis, or gallbladder disease)
- Heart trouble (such as angina, congestive heart failure, or coronary artery disease, having a past heart attack)
- HIV illness or AIDS
- Kidney disease
- Liver problems (such as cirrhosis)
- Stroke
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Very overweight or obese
Response scale (categorical):
No, I do not have this condition (0), Yes, I have this condition (1).
| vars | n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total comorbidities | 1 | 504 | 1.92 | 1.72 | 2 | 1.71 | 1.48 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 1.21 | 2.1 | 0.08 |
| label | levels | 0 | 1 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) | 7 (1.4) | 497 (98.6) | 504 | |
| Asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, COPD (other lung disease) | 0 | 5 (71.4) | 430 (86.5) | 435 (86.3) |
| 1 | 2 (28.6) | 67 (13.5) | 69 (13.7) | |
| Arthritis or rheumatism | 0 | 3 (42.9) | 315 (63.4) | 318 (63.1) |
| 1 | 4 (57.1) | 182 (36.6) | 186 (36.9) | |
| Cancer, diagnosed in the past 3 years | 0 | 7 (100.0) | 469 (94.6) | 476 (94.6) |
| 1 | 0 (0.0) | 27 (5.4) | 27 (5.4) | |
| Diabetes | 0 | 6 (85.7) | 384 (77.3) | 390 (77.4) |
| 1 | 1 (14.3) | 113 (22.7) | 114 (22.6) | |
| Digestive problems (such as ulcer, colitis, or gallbladder disease) | 0 | 5 (71.4) | 458 (92.3) | 463 (92.0) |
| 1 | 2 (28.6) | 38 (7.7) | 40 (8.0) | |
| Heart trouble (e.g. angina, CHF, CAD, past heart attack) | 0 | 6 (85.7) | 408 (82.1) | 414 (82.1) |
| 1 | 1 (14.3) | 89 (17.9) | 90 (17.9) | |
| HIV illness or AIDS | 0 | 7 (100.0) | 488 (98.2) | 495 (98.2) |
| 1 | 0 (0.0) | 9 (1.8) | 9 (1.8) | |
| Kidney disease | 0 | 6 (85.7) | 462 (93.0) | 468 (92.9) |
| 1 | 1 (14.3) | 35 (7.0) | 36 (7.1) | |
| Liver problems (e.g. cirrhosis) | 0 | 7 (100.0) | 485 (97.6) | 492 (97.6) |
| 1 | 0 (0.0) | 12 (2.4) | 12 (2.4) | |
| Stroke | 0 | 7 (100.0) | 470 (94.8) | 477 (94.8) |
| 1 | 0 (0.0) | 26 (5.2) | 26 (5.2) | |
| High blood pressure (hypertension) | 0 | 3 (42.9) | 232 (46.7) | 235 (46.6) |
| 1 | 4 (57.1) | 265 (53.3) | 269 (53.4) | |
| Very overweight or obese | 0 | 6 (85.7) | 409 (82.5) | 415 (82.5) |
| 1 | 1 (14.3) | 87 (17.5) | 88 (17.5) |
| CCI_OrNot | n | percent |
|---|---|---|
| None | 110 | 21.8% |
| At least one | 394 | 78.2% |
| Total | 504 |
|
7.2.5 D_VaxStatus:
Which of the following describes your COVID-19 vaccination status?
Use this button to see the raw coding of the vaccinations status questions.
Which of the following describes your COVID-19 vaccination status?
| D_CV19Vax | n | percent | valid_percent | D_CV19VaxFct | n | percent | valid_percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 44 | 8.7% | 8.8% | Not received a COVID-19 vaccine | 44 | 8.7% | 8.8% |
| 2 | 385 | 76.4% | 76.8% | Received ≥1-dose of a Pfizer or Moderna vaccine | 385 | 76.4% | 76.8% |
| 3 | 72 | 14.3% | 14.4% | Received ≥1-dose of a J&J or Novavax vaccine | 72 | 14.3% | 14.4% |
| NA | 3 | 0.6% |
|
NA | 3 | 0.6% |
|
| Total | 504 |
|
|
Total | 504 |
|
|
For those who received ≥1 dose of either Pfizer or Moderna
| D_CV19Vax_Ext1 | n | percent | valid_percent | D_CV19Vax_Ext1Fct | n | percent | valid_percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 58 | 11.5% | 15.1% | Not completed a full series | 58 | 11.5% | 15.1% |
| 2 | 75 | 14.9% | 19.5% | Completed primary series | 75 | 14.9% | 19.5% |
| 3 | 252 | 50.0% | 65.5% | Completed primary series & received a booster | 252 | 50.0% | 65.5% |
| NA | 119 | 23.6% |
|
NA | 119 | 23.6% |
|
| Total | 504 |
|
|
Total | 504 |
|
|
For those who received ≥1 dose of either J&J or Novavax
| D_CV19Vax_Ext2 | n | percent | valid_percent | D_CV19Vax_Ext2Fct | n | percent | valid_percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | 1.2% | 8.3% | Not completed a full series | 6 | 1.2% | 8.3% |
| 2 | 10 | 2.0% | 13.9% | Completed primary series | 10 | 2.0% | 13.9% |
| 3 | 56 | 11.1% | 77.8% | Completed primary series & received a booster | 56 | 11.1% | 77.8% |
| NA | 432 | 85.7% |
|
NA | 432 | 85.7% |
|
| Total | 504 |
|
|
Total | 504 |
|
|
| VaxStatus | n | percent |
|---|---|---|
| Not received a COVID-19 vaccine | 44 | 8.7% |
| Received ≥1-dose of a Pfizer or Moderna vaccine | 385 | 76.4% |
| Not completed a full series | 58 | 15.1% |
| Completed primary series | 75 | 19.5% |
| Completed primary series & received a booster | 252 | 65.5% |
| Total | 385 |
|
| Not completed a full series | 6 | 8.3% |
| Received ≥1-dose of a J&J or Novavax vaccine | 72 | 14.3% |
| Completed primary series | 10 | 13.9% |
| Completed primary series & received a booster | 56 | 77.8% |
| Total | 72 |
|
| NA | NA | NA |
| NA | 3 | 0.6% |
| Total | 504 |
|
7.2.6 D_VaxPride:
I am proud that I [am/not] vaccinated again COVID-19
Response scale (likert):
Do not agree at all (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5), — (6), — (7), Very much agree (8).
|
|
| vars | n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not vax | 1 | 44 | 5.95 | 2.64 | 7 | 6.28 | 1.48 | 1 | 8 | 7 | -1.00 | -0.63 | 0.40 |
| Vax | 1 | 457 | 6.70 | 1.90 | 8 | 7.08 | 0.00 | 1 | 8 | 7 | -1.43 | 1.10 | 0.09 |
7.2.7 D_HadCov:
Have you had COVID-19?
Response scale (categorical):
No, I have not had COVID-19 (1), Yes, but I did not have any symptoms (asymptomatic) (2), Yes, mild symptoms (3), Yes, I was seriously ill and DID NOT require hospitalization (4), Yes, I was seriously ill and DID require hospitalization (5).
| D_HadCoV1 | n | percent | D_HadCoV1Fct | n | percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 280 | 55.6% | No, I have not had COVID-19 | 280 | 55.6% |
| 2 | 23 | 4.6% | Yes, but no symptoms | 23 | 4.6% |
| 3 | 163 | 32.3% | Yes, mild symptoms | 163 | 32.3% |
| 4 | 29 | 5.8% | Yes, seriously ill but no hospital | 29 | 5.8% |
| 5 | 9 | 1.8% | Yes, seriously ill and hospitalized | 9 | 1.8% |
| Total | 504 |
|
Total | 504 |
|
You said you had COVID-19, have you now recovered?
Response scale (categorical):
No (1), Yes, somewhat (2), Yes, mostly (3), Yes, fully (4).
|
|
D_knwCov2:
Has anyone important to you been seriously ill with COVID-19 (e.g., required some medical care)?
- 1 ~ “Immediate Family”,
- 2 ~ “Wider Family”,
- 3 ~ “Friend”,
- 4 ~ “Work colleague”,
- 5 ~ “No”
Response scale (select all that apply):
| D_KnwCoV | n | percent |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 52 | 10.3% |
| 1,2 | 3 | 0.6% |
| 1,2,3 | 7 | 1.4% |
| 1,2,3,4 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 1,2,4 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 1,3 | 5 | 1.0% |
| 1,4 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 2 | 40 | 7.9% |
| 2,3 | 14 | 2.8% |
| 2,3,4 | 4 | 0.8% |
| 2,4 | 1 | 0.2% |
| 3 | 58 | 11.5% |
| 3,4 | 3 | 0.6% |
| 4 | 4 | 0.8% |
| 5 | 310 | 61.5% |
| Total | 504 |
|
7.3 Demographics
7.3.1
We asked respondents about four additional demographics…
- Education | Residence | Health literacy | Subjective numeracy
7.3.2 D_Edu:
What is the highest level of schooling you have completed?
Response scale (categorical):
None (1), Elementary school (2), Some high school but no diploma (3), High school (Diploma or GED) (4), Some college, but no degree (5), Trade school (6), Bachelor’s degree (BS BA etc.) (7), Master’s degree (MA MPH etc.) (8), Doctoral/Professional degree (PhD MD etc.) (9)
|
|
7.3.3 D_Residence:
How would you best describe the place where you live?
Response scale (categorical):
Rural (1), Small (less than 100000) (2), Suburban near large city (3), Mid sized city (100000 to 1 million) (4), large city more than 1million (5), Other (6).
|
|
7.3.4 D_HealtLit:
How often do you have someone (like a family member, friend, hospital/clinic worker or caregiver) help you read instructions, pamphlets or other written health materials from your doctor or pharmacy?
Response scale (likert): Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), Often (4), Always (5).
| D_HealthLit | n | percent | valid_percent | D_HealthLitFct | n | percent | valid_percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 362 | 71.8% | 72.0% | Never | 362 | 71.8% | 72.0% |
| 2 | 74 | 14.7% | 14.7% | Rarely | 74 | 14.7% | 14.7% |
| 3 | 33 | 6.5% | 6.6% | Sometimes | 33 | 6.5% | 6.6% |
| 4 | 19 | 3.8% | 3.8% | Often | 19 | 3.8% | 3.8% |
| 5 | 15 | 3.0% | 3.0% | Always | 15 | 3.0% | 3.0% |
| NA | 1 | 0.2% |
|
NA | 1 | 0.2% |
|
| Total | 504 |
|
|
Total | 504 |
|
|
| n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 503 | 1.51 | 0.98 | 1 | 1.27 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2.09 | 3.68 | 0.04 |
7.3.5 D_Numeracy:
- Q1. How good are you at working with fractions?
- Q2. How good are you at figuring out how much a shirt will cost if it is 25% off?
Response scale (likert): Not at all good (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5) Extremely good (6).
- Q3. How often do you find numerical information to be useful?
Response scale (likert): Never (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5) Very often (6).
Use button to check reliability statistics for the subjective numeracy scale (Cronbach’s alpha).
##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: psych::alpha(x = df[, c(NUMSvars)])
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.82 0.82 0.76 0.6 4.6 0.014 4.8 1.1 0.56
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.79 0.82 0.84
## Duhachek 0.79 0.82 0.84
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## D_Num1 0.72 0.72 0.56 0.56 2.6 0.025 NA 0.56
## D_Num2 0.70 0.72 0.56 0.56 2.5 0.025 NA 0.56
## D_Num3 0.81 0.82 0.69 0.69 4.5 0.016 NA 0.69
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## D_Num1 504 0.90 0.87 0.79 0.71 4.5 1.5
## D_Num2 504 0.87 0.88 0.79 0.72 5.1 1.2
## D_Num3 504 0.80 0.82 0.66 0.61 5.0 1.1
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 1 2 3 4 5 6 miss
## D_Num1 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.27 0.31 0
## D_Num2 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.13 0.27 0.50 0
## D_Num3 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.20 0.30 0.40 0| Variable | n | mean | sd | median | trimmed | mad | min | max | range | skew | kurtosis | se |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 504 | 4.84 | 1.09 | 5.0 | 4.98 | 0.99 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -1.01 | 0.65 | 0.05 |
| Fraction | 504 | 4.48 | 1.48 | 5.0 | 4.67 | 1.48 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -0.83 | -0.20 | 0.07 |
| Percent | 504 | 5.09 | 1.21 | 5.5 | 5.34 | 0.74 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -1.57 | 2.18 | 0.05 |
| Useful | 504 | 4.95 | 1.13 | 5.0 | 5.12 | 1.48 | 1 | 6 | 5 | -1.11 | 1.17 | 0.05 |
8 Final Comments
“Is there anything else you would like to share with us?”
- Responses of “none”, “None”, “nothing”, “Nothing”, “no”, “No”, “NA”, “N/A”, “na”, “Na”, and ” “, are automatically removed.
9 Exploratory analyses
9.1 Predictors
9.1.1
Exploring how well different individual differences, health behaviors, and demographics predict our dependent variables.
9.1.2 Table 1 (UTI)
- Aligned with our previous analyses we can clearly see that the tool and surgeon recommendation strongly predict UTI belief, therefore we need to rerun the analyses with only the control group.
| Model 1: Full sample | Model 2: Control Group Only | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Odds Ratios | CI | Statistic | p value | Odds Ratios | CI | Statistic | p value |
| (Intercept) | 0.35 | 0.06 – 2.12 | -1.13 | 0.259 | 1.00 | 0.02 – 51.86 | -0.00 | 0.999 |
| 70-74 yrs. [vs. 65-69 yrs.] | 1.08 | 0.62 – 1.90 | 0.28 | 0.778 | 0.40 | 0.10 – 1.43 | -1.36 | 0.173 |
| 75+ yrs. [vs. 65-69 yrs.] | 0.87 | 0.48 – 1.55 | -0.47 | 0.640 | 0.71 | 0.19 – 2.46 | -0.53 | 0.594 |
| Female [vs. Male] | 1.24 | 0.68 – 2.28 | 0.71 | 0.477 | 1.43 | 0.40 – 5.17 | 0.56 | 0.574 |
| NonHispanic Black [vs. NonHispanic White] | 0.82 | 0.38 – 1.72 | -0.53 | 0.599 | 0.15 | 0.02 – 0.72 | -2.24 | 0.025 |
| Hispanic [vs. NonHispanic White] | 0.97 | 0.54 – 1.73 | -0.09 | 0.925 | 0.54 | 0.13 – 1.99 | -0.91 | 0.364 |
| NonHispanic Any other [vs. NonHispanic White] | 0.20 | 0.04 – 0.64 | -2.44 | 0.015 | 0.10 | 0.00 – 0.78 | -1.88 | 0.060 |
| Midwest [vs. NE] | 0.69 | 0.34 – 1.40 | -1.04 | 0.296 | 0.78 | 0.14 – 4.43 | -0.29 | 0.769 |
| South [vs. NE] | 0.95 | 0.47 – 1.94 | -0.15 | 0.880 | 2.96 | 0.65 – 15.76 | 1.36 | 0.175 |
| West [vs. NE] | 0.96 | 0.47 – 2.00 | -0.11 | 0.915 | 1.06 | 0.20 – 6.12 | 0.07 | 0.944 |
| Had Abxs for UTI | 1.67 | 0.99 – 2.84 | 1.92 | 0.055 | 0.99 | 0.29 – 3.14 | -0.02 | 0.982 |
| Worry of short-term side effects from abxs | 0.88 | 0.67 – 1.16 | -0.89 | 0.371 | 0.76 | 0.45 – 1.25 | -1.05 | 0.295 |
| Worry of long-term side effects from abxs | 1.02 | 0.79 – 1.32 | 0.19 | 0.851 | 1.38 | 0.84 – 2.41 | 1.21 | 0.225 |
| Healthcare Maximizer | 0.97 | 0.82 – 1.13 | -0.43 | 0.668 | 0.82 | 0.56 – 1.16 | -1.11 | 0.269 |
| Lack of Belief in Science | 0.96 | 0.80 – 1.14 | -0.51 | 0.609 | 0.99 | 0.66 – 1.49 | -0.04 | 0.969 |
| Frequency of abx Use | 1.00 | 0.78 – 1.27 | 0.04 | 0.969 | 1.37 | 0.83 – 2.33 | 1.21 | 0.225 |
| Total comorbidities | 1.19 | 1.03 – 1.36 | 2.44 | 0.015 | 0.98 | 0.69 – 1.33 | -0.11 | 0.909 |
| Suburban residence [vs. Rural] | 0.89 | 0.52 – 1.52 | -0.44 | 0.658 | 1.44 | 0.43 – 5.15 | 0.58 | 0.562 |
| Urban residence [vs. Rural] | 0.67 | 0.34 – 1.32 | -1.14 | 0.256 | 0.57 | 0.10 – 2.81 | -0.68 | 0.495 |
| Bachelors degree or more [vs. Less than Bachelors] | 1.14 | 0.69 – 1.90 | 0.51 | 0.609 | 1.28 | 0.41 – 4.08 | 0.42 | 0.674 |
| Health Literacy | 0.86 | 0.65 – 1.12 | -1.08 | 0.281 | 0.77 | 0.41 – 1.31 | -0.89 | 0.372 |
| Numeracy | 1.10 | 0.87 – 1.41 | 0.77 | 0.439 | 0.96 | 0.57 – 1.65 | -0.13 | 0.894 |
| Educational tool provision [vs. No Tool] | 0.29 | 0.18 – 0.47 | -4.93 | <0.001 | ||||
| Surgeon Recommends ABXs. [vs. No recommendation] | 2.03 | 1.27 – 3.29 | 2.91 | 0.004 | ||||
| Observations | 464 | 112 | ||||||
| R2 Tjur | 0.143 | 0.184 | ||||||
9.1.3 Table 2 (ABXs)
- Aligned with our previous analyses we can clearly see that the tool and surgeon recommendation strongly predict comfort with NOT taking antibiotics, therefore we need to rerun the analyses with only the control group.
| Model 1: Full sample | Model 2: Control Group Only | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Estimates | CI | Statistic | p value | Estimates | CI | Statistic | p value |
| (Intercept) | 1.95 | 1.31 – 2.59 | 5.97 | <0.001 | 1.11 | -0.21 – 2.43 | 1.64 | 0.101 |
| 70-74 yrs. [vs. 65-69 yrs.] | 0.14 | -0.07 – 0.35 | 1.34 | 0.180 | 0.18 | -0.24 – 0.60 | 0.83 | 0.406 |
| 75+ yrs. [vs. 65-69 yrs.] | 0.18 | -0.03 – 0.39 | 1.72 | 0.085 | 0.23 | -0.21 – 0.66 | 1.03 | 0.305 |
| Female [vs. Male] | -0.00 | -0.22 – 0.22 | -0.01 | 0.991 | 0.37 | -0.06 – 0.80 | 1.71 | 0.088 |
| NonHispanic Black [vs. NonHispanic White] | 0.08 | -0.19 – 0.36 | 0.59 | 0.554 | 0.45 | -0.07 – 0.97 | 1.70 | 0.089 |
| Hispanic [vs. NonHispanic White] | -0.06 | -0.28 – 0.17 | -0.50 | 0.620 | -0.00 | -0.48 – 0.48 | -0.00 | 0.997 |
| NonHispanic Any other [vs. NonHispanic White] | 0.24 | -0.10 – 0.57 | 1.40 | 0.163 | 0.33 | -0.24 – 0.91 | 1.13 | 0.259 |
| Midwest [vs. NE] | -0.01 | -0.27 – 0.25 | -0.07 | 0.943 | 0.27 | -0.30 – 0.85 | 0.94 | 0.348 |
| South [vs. NE] | 0.12 | -0.15 – 0.39 | 0.86 | 0.391 | 0.06 | -0.48 – 0.61 | 0.23 | 0.815 |
| West [vs. NE] | 0.05 | -0.22 – 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.717 | 0.04 | -0.55 – 0.63 | 0.15 | 0.883 |
| Had Abxs for UTI | -0.03 | -0.23 – 0.16 | -0.35 | 0.729 | -0.44 | -0.84 – -0.04 | -2.15 | 0.032 |
| Worry of short-term side effects from abxs | -0.03 | -0.13 – 0.07 | -0.64 | 0.525 | -0.19 | -0.35 – -0.02 | -2.21 | 0.027 |
| Worry of long-term side effects from abxs | 0.01 | -0.08 – 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.784 | 0.16 | -0.01 – 0.33 | 1.85 | 0.065 |
| Healthcare Maximizer | -0.02 | -0.07 – 0.04 | -0.53 | 0.595 | 0.00 | -0.11 – 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.963 |
| Lack of Belief in Science | 0.06 | -0.00 – 0.12 | 1.83 | 0.068 | 0.05 | -0.09 – 0.19 | 0.68 | 0.494 |
| Frequency of abx Use | -0.03 | -0.12 – 0.06 | -0.64 | 0.522 | -0.04 | -0.21 – 0.12 | -0.53 | 0.594 |
| Total comorbidities | 0.00 | -0.05 – 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.989 | -0.04 | -0.15 – 0.06 | -0.81 | 0.419 |
| Suburban residence [vs. Rural] | -0.13 | -0.33 – 0.07 | -1.27 | 0.205 | 0.14 | -0.28 – 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.504 |
| Urban residence [vs. Rural] | -0.12 | -0.36 – 0.13 | -0.94 | 0.349 | -0.03 | -0.53 – 0.48 | -0.10 | 0.923 |
| Bachelors degree or more [vs. Less than Bachelors] | 0.03 | -0.16 – 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.769 | -0.25 | -0.63 – 0.12 | -1.32 | 0.187 |
| Health Literacy | -0.01 | -0.11 – 0.08 | -0.31 | 0.756 | 0.21 | 0.03 – 0.39 | 2.30 | 0.021 |
| Numeracy | 0.03 | -0.06 – 0.11 | 0.61 | 0.541 | 0.13 | -0.05 – 0.31 | 1.40 | 0.160 |
| Educational tool provision [vs. No Tool] | 0.45 | 0.28 – 0.62 | 5.13 | <0.001 | ||||
| Surgeon Recommends ABXs. [vs. No recommendation] | -0.22 | -0.39 – -0.05 | -2.55 | 0.011 | ||||
| Observations | 464 | 112 | ||||||
| R2 | 0.093 | 0.282 | ||||||
9.1.4 Table 3 (Know)
- Aligned with our previous analyses we can clearly see that the tool and surgeon recommendation strongly predict knowledge scores, therefore we need to rerun the analyses with only the control group.
| Model 1: Full sample | Model 2: Control Group Only | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Estimates | CI | Statistic | p value | Estimates | CI | Statistic | p value |
| (Intercept) | 1.31 | 0.48 – 2.14 | 3.10 | 0.002 | 0.28 | -1.61 – 2.16 | 0.29 | 0.774 |
| 70-74 yrs. [vs. 65-69 yrs.] | -0.15 | -0.42 – 0.12 | -1.07 | 0.285 | -0.13 | -0.73 – 0.47 | -0.44 | 0.662 |
| 75+ yrs. [vs. 65-69 yrs.] | -0.03 | -0.30 – 0.24 | -0.21 | 0.831 | 0.10 | -0.52 – 0.72 | 0.31 | 0.757 |
| Female [vs. Male] | 0.08 | -0.21 – 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.594 | 0.35 | -0.26 – 0.95 | 1.11 | 0.266 |
| NonHispanic Black [vs. NonHispanic White] | 0.21 | -0.15 – 0.56 | 1.14 | 0.255 | 0.55 | -0.19 – 1.29 | 1.46 | 0.144 |
| Hispanic [vs. NonHispanic White] | -0.11 | -0.40 – 0.17 | -0.78 | 0.434 | 0.27 | -0.40 – 0.95 | 0.79 | 0.428 |
| NonHispanic Any other [vs. NonHispanic White] | 0.24 | -0.19 – 0.68 | 1.10 | 0.273 | 0.58 | -0.25 – 1.40 | 1.37 | 0.169 |
| Midwest [vs. NE] | -0.25 | -0.59 – 0.09 | -1.45 | 0.148 | -0.04 | -0.85 – 0.78 | -0.09 | 0.932 |
| South [vs. NE] | 0.03 | -0.32 – 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.877 | -0.51 | -1.28 – 0.27 | -1.29 | 0.198 |
| West [vs. NE] | -0.15 | -0.50 – 0.20 | -0.85 | 0.397 | -0.52 | -1.37 – 0.32 | -1.22 | 0.221 |
| Had Abxs for UTI | 0.00 | -0.25 – 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.971 | 0.09 | -0.49 – 0.66 | 0.30 | 0.768 |
| Worry of short-term side effects from abxs | -0.04 | -0.17 – 0.08 | -0.65 | 0.517 | 0.06 | -0.17 – 0.30 | 0.51 | 0.608 |
| Worry of long-term side effects from abxs | 0.02 | -0.10 – 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.704 | -0.12 | -0.36 – 0.13 | -0.93 | 0.351 |
| Healthcare Maximizer | -0.03 | -0.10 – 0.04 | -0.79 | 0.428 | -0.08 | -0.24 – 0.09 | -0.91 | 0.364 |
| Lack of Belief in Science | 0.02 | -0.06 – 0.11 | 0.57 | 0.569 | 0.19 | -0.01 – 0.39 | 1.87 | 0.062 |
| Frequency of abx Use | 0.03 | -0.08 – 0.15 | 0.59 | 0.556 | 0.07 | -0.16 – 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.551 |
| Total comorbidities | 0.08 | 0.01 – 0.15 | 2.36 | 0.018 | 0.06 | -0.09 – 0.20 | 0.74 | 0.461 |
| Suburban residence [vs. Rural] | -0.31 | -0.57 – -0.05 | -2.37 | 0.018 | -0.36 | -0.96 – 0.24 | -1.18 | 0.237 |
| Urban residence [vs. Rural] | -0.52 | -0.83 – -0.20 | -3.20 | 0.001 | -0.55 | -1.27 – 0.18 | -1.47 | 0.140 |
| Bachelors degree or more [vs. Less than Bachelors] | 0.28 | 0.04 – 0.52 | 2.29 | 0.022 | 0.04 | -0.49 – 0.58 | 0.16 | 0.875 |
| Health Literacy | -0.04 | -0.16 – 0.07 | -0.74 | 0.462 | 0.13 | -0.12 – 0.39 | 1.03 | 0.304 |
| Numeracy | 0.11 | -0.00 – 0.22 | 1.95 | 0.051 | 0.21 | -0.05 – 0.46 | 1.58 | 0.113 |
| Educational tool provision [vs. No Tool] | 1.17 | 0.95 – 1.39 | 10.34 | <0.001 | ||||
| Surgeon Recommends ABXs. [vs. No recommendation] | -0.24 | -0.46 – -0.02 | -2.15 | 0.031 | ||||
| Observations | 464 | 112 | ||||||
| R2 | 0.243 | 0.187 | ||||||
| Model 1: UTI belief | Model 2:Comfort | Model 3: Knowledge | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Odds Ratios | CI | p value | Estimates | CI | p value | Estimates | CI | p value |
| (Intercept) | 1.00 | 0.02 – 51.86 | 0.999 | 1.11 | -0.21 – 2.43 | 0.101 | 0.28 | -1.61 – 2.16 | 0.774 |
| 70-74 yrs. [vs. 65-69 yrs.] | 0.40 | 0.10 – 1.43 | 0.173 | 0.18 | -0.24 – 0.60 | 0.406 | -0.13 | -0.73 – 0.47 | 0.662 |
| 75+ yrs. [vs. 65-69 yrs.] | 0.71 | 0.19 – 2.46 | 0.594 | 0.23 | -0.21 – 0.66 | 0.305 | 0.10 | -0.52 – 0.72 | 0.757 |
| Female [vs. Male] | 1.43 | 0.40 – 5.17 | 0.574 | 0.37 | -0.06 – 0.80 | 0.088 | 0.35 | -0.26 – 0.95 | 0.266 |
| NonHispanic Black [vs. NonHispanic White] | 0.15 | 0.02 – 0.72 | 0.025 | 0.45 | -0.07 – 0.97 | 0.089 | 0.55 | -0.19 – 1.29 | 0.144 |
| Hispanic [vs. NonHispanic White] | 0.54 | 0.13 – 1.99 | 0.364 | -0.00 | -0.48 – 0.48 | 0.997 | 0.27 | -0.40 – 0.95 | 0.428 |
| NonHispanic Any other [vs. NonHispanic White] | 0.10 | 0.00 – 0.78 | 0.060 | 0.33 | -0.24 – 0.91 | 0.259 | 0.58 | -0.25 – 1.40 | 0.169 |
| Midwest [vs. NE] | 0.78 | 0.14 – 4.43 | 0.769 | 0.27 | -0.30 – 0.85 | 0.348 | -0.04 | -0.85 – 0.78 | 0.932 |
| South [vs. NE] | 2.96 | 0.65 – 15.76 | 0.175 | 0.06 | -0.48 – 0.61 | 0.815 | -0.51 | -1.28 – 0.27 | 0.198 |
| West [vs. NE] | 1.06 | 0.20 – 6.12 | 0.944 | 0.04 | -0.55 – 0.63 | 0.883 | -0.52 | -1.37 – 0.32 | 0.221 |
| Had Abxs for UTI | 0.99 | 0.29 – 3.14 | 0.982 | -0.44 | -0.84 – -0.04 | 0.032 | 0.09 | -0.49 – 0.66 | 0.768 |
| Worry of short-term side effects from abxs | 0.76 | 0.45 – 1.25 | 0.295 | -0.19 | -0.35 – -0.02 | 0.027 | 0.06 | -0.17 – 0.30 | 0.608 |
| Worry of long-term side effects from abxs | 1.38 | 0.84 – 2.41 | 0.225 | 0.16 | -0.01 – 0.33 | 0.065 | -0.12 | -0.36 – 0.13 | 0.351 |
| Healthcare Maximizer | 0.82 | 0.56 – 1.16 | 0.269 | 0.00 | -0.11 – 0.12 | 0.963 | -0.08 | -0.24 – 0.09 | 0.364 |
| Lack of Belief in Science | 0.99 | 0.66 – 1.49 | 0.969 | 0.05 | -0.09 – 0.19 | 0.494 | 0.19 | -0.01 – 0.39 | 0.062 |
| Frequency of abx Use | 1.37 | 0.83 – 2.33 | 0.225 | -0.04 | -0.21 – 0.12 | 0.594 | 0.07 | -0.16 – 0.30 | 0.551 |
| Total comorbidities | 0.98 | 0.69 – 1.33 | 0.909 | -0.04 | -0.15 – 0.06 | 0.419 | 0.06 | -0.09 – 0.20 | 0.461 |
| Suburban residence [vs. Rural] | 1.44 | 0.43 – 5.15 | 0.562 | 0.14 | -0.28 – 0.57 | 0.504 | -0.36 | -0.96 – 0.24 | 0.237 |
| Urban residence [vs. Rural] | 0.57 | 0.10 – 2.81 | 0.495 | -0.03 | -0.53 – 0.48 | 0.923 | -0.55 | -1.27 – 0.18 | 0.140 |
| Bachelors degree or more [vs. Less than Bachelors] | 1.28 | 0.41 – 4.08 | 0.674 | -0.25 | -0.63 – 0.12 | 0.187 | 0.04 | -0.49 – 0.58 | 0.875 |
| Health Literacy | 0.77 | 0.41 – 1.31 | 0.372 | 0.21 | 0.03 – 0.39 | 0.021 | 0.13 | -0.12 – 0.39 | 0.304 |
| Numeracy | 0.96 | 0.57 – 1.65 | 0.894 | 0.13 | -0.05 – 0.31 | 0.160 | 0.21 | -0.05 – 0.46 | 0.113 |
| Observations | 112 | 112 | 112 | ||||||
| R2 Tjur | 0.184 | 0.282 | 0.187 | ||||||
9.1.5 ModelFit
- model fit and collinearity statistics for the full sample model below
| Observations | 464 (40 missing obs. deleted) |
| Dependent variable | UTI_Cat |
| Type | Generalized linear model |
| Family | binomial |
| Link | logit |
| 𝛘²(23) | 68.13 |
| Pseudo-R² (Cragg-Uhler) | 0.20 |
| Pseudo-R² (McFadden) | 0.13 |
| AIC | 499.51 |
| BIC | 598.87 |
| Est. | S.E. | z val. | p | VIF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | -1.04 | 0.92 | -1.13 | 0.26 | NA |
| Age_CatModel70 to 74 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.78 | 1.16 |
| Age_CatModel75 plus | -0.14 | 0.30 | -0.47 | 0.64 | 1.16 |
| Gender_QuotaChrFemale | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.71 | 0.48 | 1.63 |
| Race_QuotaChrNHblack | -0.20 | 0.38 | -0.53 | 0.60 | 1.54 |
| Race_QuotaChrHisp | -0.03 | 0.30 | -0.09 | 0.92 | 1.54 |
| Race_QuotaChrNHanyother | -1.62 | 0.67 | -2.44 | 0.01 | 1.54 |
| Region_QuotaFctmidwest | -0.37 | 0.36 | -1.04 | 0.30 | 1.40 |
| Region_QuotaFctsouth | -0.05 | 0.36 | -0.15 | 0.88 | 1.40 |
| Region_QuotaFctwest | -0.04 | 0.37 | -0.11 | 0.91 | 1.40 |
| UTIpriorAbxFctModelYes | 0.51 | 0.27 | 1.92 | 0.06 | 1.32 |
| CL_SideEffectWorryNum | -0.12 | 0.14 | -0.89 | 0.37 | 2.22 |
| CL_LongEffectWorryNum | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.85 | 2.31 |
| ID_MinMaxNum | -0.03 | 0.08 | -0.43 | 0.67 | 1.11 |
| BeliefinScience_Avg | -0.04 | 0.09 | -0.51 | 0.61 | 1.08 |
| D_AbxUseNum | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.97 | 1.13 |
| CCI_ttl | 0.17 | 0.07 | 2.44 | 0.01 | 1.12 |
| UrbanRuralFct2Suburban | -0.12 | 0.27 | -0.44 | 0.66 | 1.20 |
| UrbanRuralFct2Urban | -0.40 | 0.35 | -1.14 | 0.26 | 1.20 |
| EducationFctBachelors or More | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.51 | 0.61 | 1.23 |
| D_HealthLitNum | -0.15 | 0.14 | -1.08 | 0.28 | 1.09 |
| Numeracy_Avg | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.77 | 0.44 | 1.31 |
| ToolFctYes Tool | -1.23 | 0.25 | -4.93 | 0.00 | 1.06 |
| RecomFctYes Recom. | 0.71 | 0.24 | 2.91 | 0.00 | 1.05 |
| Standard errors: MLE |
- model fit and collinearity statistics for the full sample model below
| Observations | 112 (14 missing obs. deleted) |
| Dependent variable | UTI_Cat |
| Type | Generalized linear model |
| Family | binomial |
| Link | logit |
| 𝛘²(21) | 21.39 |
| Pseudo-R² (Cragg-Uhler) | 0.25 |
| Pseudo-R² (McFadden) | 0.16 |
| AIC | 152.78 |
| BIC | 212.59 |
| Est. | S.E. | z val. | p | VIF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | -0.00 | 2.02 | -0.00 | 1.00 | NA |
| Age_CatModel70 to 74 | -0.91 | 0.66 | -1.36 | 0.17 | 1.60 |
| Age_CatModel75 plus | -0.34 | 0.64 | -0.53 | 0.59 | 1.60 |
| Gender_QuotaChrFemale | 0.36 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 1.73 |
| Race_QuotaChrNHblack | -1.89 | 0.85 | -2.24 | 0.03 | 2.55 |
| Race_QuotaChrHisp | -0.63 | 0.69 | -0.91 | 0.36 | 2.55 |
| Race_QuotaChrNHanyother | -2.31 | 1.23 | -1.88 | 0.06 | 2.55 |
| Region_QuotaFctmidwest | -0.25 | 0.86 | -0.29 | 0.77 | 2.70 |
| Region_QuotaFctsouth | 1.08 | 0.80 | 1.36 | 0.18 | 2.70 |
| Region_QuotaFctwest | 0.06 | 0.86 | 0.07 | 0.94 | 2.70 |
| UTIpriorAbxFctModelYes | -0.01 | 0.60 | -0.02 | 0.98 | 1.53 |
| CL_SideEffectWorryNum | -0.27 | 0.26 | -1.05 | 0.30 | 2.41 |
| CL_LongEffectWorryNum | 0.32 | 0.27 | 1.21 | 0.22 | 2.80 |
| ID_MinMaxNum | -0.20 | 0.18 | -1.11 | 0.27 | 1.51 |
| BeliefinScience_Avg | -0.01 | 0.20 | -0.04 | 0.97 | 1.45 |
| D_AbxUseNum | 0.32 | 0.26 | 1.21 | 0.22 | 1.58 |
| CCI_ttl | -0.02 | 0.16 | -0.11 | 0.91 | 1.59 |
| UrbanRuralFct2Suburban | 0.37 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 1.73 |
| UrbanRuralFct2Urban | -0.57 | 0.83 | -0.68 | 0.49 | 1.73 |
| EducationFctBachelors or More | 0.24 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.67 | 1.46 |
| D_HealthLitNum | -0.26 | 0.29 | -0.89 | 0.37 | 1.42 |
| Numeracy_Avg | -0.04 | 0.27 | -0.13 | 0.89 | 1.73 |
| Standard errors: MLE |
9.1.6 Fig1 (UTI)
- The figure below show the model outcomes and plotted coefficients for the overall sample
- The figure below shows the model outcomes and plotted coefficients for those in the Control group only
9.1.7 Fig2 (ABXs)
- The figure below show the model outcomes and plotted coefficients for the overall sample
- The figure below shows the model outcomes and plotted coefficients for those in the Control group only
9.1.8 Fig3 (Know)
- The figure below show the model outcomes and plotted coefficients for the overall sample
- The figure below shows the model outcomes and plotted coefficients for those in the Control group only
9.2 MD1: Moderation by gender
9.2.1 MD1: Finding
No significant main effect of gender or interactions between gender and group on:
- comfort | knowledge | UTI belief
9.2.2 MD1: Table
|
Comfort
|
Knowledge
|
UTI
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SS. | F.Value | p.Value | SS.. | F..Value | p..Value | Z.Value | p..Value. | |
| RecomFct | 5.49 | 6.58 | 0.011 | 5.35 | 3.70 | 0.055 | 2.66 | 0.008 |
| ToolFct | 19.04 | 22.83 | 0.000 | 175.08 | 121.14 | 0.000 | -3.87 | 0.000 |
| Gender_Model | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.755 | 3.43 | 2.37 | 0.124 | 0.27 | 0.787 |
| RecomFct:Gender_Model | 3.14 | 3.77 | 0.053 | 2.51 | 1.73 | 0.188 | 0.29 | 0.773 |
| ToolFct:Gender_Model | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.342 | 0.66 | 0.46 | 0.499 | 0.38 | 0.702 |
9.2.3 Fig 1
UTI belief
9.2.4 Fig 2
Comfort with NOT taking antibiotics
9.2.5 Fig 3
Knowledge
9.3 MD2: Moderation by Prior UTI
9.3.1 MD2: Finding
No significant main effect of gender or interactions between gender and group on:
- comfort | knowledge | UTI belief
9.3.2 MD2: Table
|
Comfort
|
Knowledge
|
UTI
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SS. | F.Value | p.Value | SS.. | F..Value | p..Value | Z.Value | p..Value. | |
| RecomFct | 5.04 | 6.12 | 0.014 | 6.77 | 4.62 | 0.032 | 1.86 | 0.063 |
| ToolFct | 19.63 | 23.82 | 0.000 | 153.75 | 104.87 | 0.000 | -3.49 | 0.000 |
| UTIforAbx_Model | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.540 | 1.74 | 1.19 | 0.277 | 0.99 | 0.321 |
| RecomFct:UTIforAbx_Model | 2.92 | 3.54 | 0.060 | 1.47 | 1.00 | 0.318 | 1.10 | 0.273 |
| ToolFct:UTIforAbx_Model | 1.87 | 2.27 | 0.133 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.995 | -0.20 | 0.844 |
9.3.3 Fig 1
Belief in UTI
9.3.4 Fig 2
Comfort with NOT taking antibiotics
9.3.5 Fig 3
Knowledge
