Question 1:

The following shows the number of measles cases over time. Measles was a large threat to the health of the public in 80’s. It effectively outlasted other once popular diseases such as the Bubonic Plague, Syphilis, Tuberculosis. Being one of the major health threats of its time nations devoted many of their resources to develop better vaccines and preventative measures. While its near eradication took longer than projected, Measles cases rapidly declined soon after nations sought to eliminate it.

``barplot(mea$measles.cases, horiz=FALSE, main="Cases of Evolution of Measles Cases in Animals From 1980-2017", col="red", cex.main=0.8, ylab="Number of Cases", xlim=c(0,50), space=0, xlab="Years from 1980") axis(side=1,labels=TRUE, c(0:38), xlim=c(0, 10), col.axis="red")``

The graph shows a steep decline. Within four decades, measles was nearly eradicated in the concerned population. This is likely due to a dedicated effort from UN countries to eliminate the disease. Contrary to many natural occurrences, the graph does not follow a bell-like curve, implying an consorted effort against the disease. Present fluctuation in the graph makes a case for further research into the cause of increased cases. Specifically, whether or not positive fluctuations occur due to natural chance, or as a result of disaster.

Queston 2:

The following shows measles cases and vaccination coverage from 1980-2005. Each dot represents a different year, following a gradient. The darker the dot, the closer the recorded data is to 1985; the lighter, the closer to 2005. The data set begins with a vaccination coverage of 48%, as opposed to the broader data set’s start of 17% in 1980. It ends in 2005 with 77% coverage, as opposed to the overall data set’s finishing in 2018 with 85% coverage.

`library(plotly)`

`plot_ly(data=mea2, x=~vaccination.coverage, y=~measles.cases, color=~year, type="scatter", mode="markers", marker=list(size = 10))%>% layout(title="Measles Vaccination Coverage vs Cases from 1985-2005", xaxis=list(title="Vaccination Coverage (in %)", yaxis="Measles Cases")`

(click on the graph to visit a page with an interactive version.)

The graph shows an overall consistent trend with an irregular shape. While there is definitely an overall reduction of cases with an increase of coverage, the specific points show variation. The source of this variation is not easily interpretable, but can be speculated on. As previously mentioned, there was an international attempt to eradicate the disease. This attempt is, as all things are, a victim of chaos and random chance, leading to variability in the graph’s shape, while the overall trend is as intended. The graph is evident to at the very least one fact: that an increase in measles vaccination coverage decreases measles cases across the human population.

Question 3

“barplot(mea$measles.cases, horiz=FALSE, main=”Measles Cases From 1980-2017”, col=“red”, cex.main=0.8, ylab=“Number of Cases”, xlim=c(0,50), space=0, xlab=“Years from 1980”) axis(side=1,labels=TRUE, c(0:38), xlim=c(0, 10), col.axis=“red”)”
‘’axis(side=4, c(-10:10)) plot(mea3\(year, mea3\)shift, col=“darkgreen”,pch=“o”, lwd=5, type=“l”, yaxt=“n”, ylab=NA, xlab=NA, xaxt=“n”)’’