Assignment 1

Question 1

Measles is a acute viral respiratory illness that occurs in humans. It is one of the most contagious diseases, 9 of every 10 people you meet while infectious will become infected. It is spread through coughing and sneezing. It is an airborne disease and can live in the air for up to 2 hours after an infected person has left the room. Measles is most common in children under the age of 5. Common symptoms include respiratory symptoms, fever, white spots in the mouth, and rashes. Without vaccines this disease would kill around 2.6 million people per year worldwide. This report discusses US measles cases and vaccinations between 1980 to 2017.

meas <- read.csv("~/Desktop/Ant 109/Assiment 1/measles2.csv", stringsAsFactors=TRUE)
cases<- meas$measles.cases/100000
vacine<-meas$vaccination.coverage
year<- meas$year

barplot(cases, year, col=c("#073e5c"),names.arg = year, xlab = ("Year"), ylab= "Cases (per 100 thousand) ", main ="Cases per Year",las=1)

This plot describes the Measles cases in the hundreds of thousands to the year in question. From 1980 to 2017, the worldwide rate of measle infections has drastically decreased (this is also true in the United States). This is due to a multitude of factors, including better overall health, testing, and vaccination rates. Since the 1980’s, there has been a drastic push to vaccinate the world against measles. There is a substantial drop in the number of Measles Cases 1985 and then again in the late 2000’s. This may be due to increased vaccination rates around the world. In the early 2000’s, measles had been eliminated throughout the United States and many other countries.

Question 2

Starting in the 1960’s the Measles vaccine was offered to all adults and children across the United States. In 1963, a nearly 100% effective vaccine was created and released to the public. Scientists developed a new formula, using chicken eggs, in 1968 that had less side effects. In 1971 scientists altered the vaccine to combat other disease (this is the one we use today). They are given the MMR or MMRV standing for Measles Mumps and Rubella vaccine). The vaccine is given to 12 to 15 month olds (first dose) and again between the ages of 4 and 6 (second dose). People traveling internationally often are required to get it. Since 2000, measles is considered virtually nonexistent, with minimal cases per year.

install.packages("plotly")
library("plotly")
## Loading required package: ggplot2
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## Attaching package: 'plotly'
## The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':
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##     last_plot
## The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter
## The following object is masked from 'package:graphics':
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##     layout
meas2 <- read.csv("~/Desktop/Ant 109/Assiment 1/measles3.csv", stringsAsFactors=TRUE)
plot_ly(data=meas2, x=meas2$vaccination.coverage, y=meas2$measles.cases,type="scatter",color=meas2$year, mode = 'markers')%>%
  
  layout(title = 'Measles Vacitation vs Cases in Terms of the Year', xaxis = list(title = 'Vaccination (in % Vacinated)'),  yaxis = list(title = 'Cases'), legend = list(title=list(text='<b> Year </b>')))

This graph shows the relationship of vaccine percentage to measles cases by year of the world. As the vaccination goes up, measles cases drops significantly. The measles vaccine is 96% effective, meaning that vaccinated people are very unlikely to contract the disease. This relationship is inversely proportional but not exactly linear. This means there are outside factors that can cause individuals to be more likely to contact it. Factors can include densely populated arias, high risk environments such as hospitals, and immunocompromised individuals. For heard immunity to be possible its needed for a minimum of 95% of the population to be vaccinated against Measles.

Question 3

yc<-meas$measles.cases/100000
yv<- meas$vaccination.coverage
x<- meas$year

par(mar=c(5,4,4,4)+0.3)
mybar<-barplot(yc,x,col="#996580",xlab="Year",names.arg=x, ylab="Measles Cases (per 100 thousand) ", main="Vaccination and Cases of Measles by Year",horiz=F,las=1)

points(mybar[,1], yv/2.5, type="l", col="#e0b3c9", lwd=2)
axis(side=4,at=seq(0,40,5),labels=seq(0,40,5)*2.5 ,las=1)
mtext("Vaccination (in % vaccinated )",side=4, line=3)