Packages and Data Preparation

Below are the packages necessary for the analysis.

# Load all the necessary packages 
library(estimatr)
library(huxtable)
library(jtools)
library(car)
library(broom.mixed)
library(modelsummary)
library(ggplot2)
library(gridExtra)
# Load the dataset
load('all_data_april24.rda')

# Subset by country
US_data <- all_data[all_data$country == "US",]
GB_data <- all_data[all_data$country == "GB",]
FR_data <- all_data[all_data$country == "FR",]
PL_data <- all_data[all_data$country == "PL",]

Populism (Right-Wing) Models

The base model includes the following independent variables: ethnocentrism, RWA, SDO, feelings of being devalued, religiosity, ideology, ethnic majority status, age, education, political interest, income and marital status.

Some models drop feelings of being devalued. Others include one of the big five traits.

Base Models (Without Big 5)

### With Feelings of Being Devalued
Populism_US = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)
Populism_PL = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
Populism_FR = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
Populism_GB = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

### Without Feelings of Being Devalued
Populism_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                        data=US_data)
Populism_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                        data=PL_data)
Populism_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
Populism_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_populism_basemodel <- plot_summs(Populism_US,Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                               "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std",
                               "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                               "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                               "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                       model.names = c("Populism US", "Populism Poland", "Populism France","Populism UK"))
plot_populism_basemodel + labs(title="Populism with FBD\n(Big 5 not included)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_populism_basemodel_noFBD <- plot_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD,Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                               "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                               "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                               "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                       model.names = c("Populism US (w/out FBD)", "Populism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_populism_basemodel_noFBD + labs(title="Populism without FBD\n(Big 5 not included)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_populism_basemodel<-export_summs(Populism_US, Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US","Populism Poland","Populism France","Populism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulism.docx")
comparison_populism_basemodel
Populism USPopulism PolandPopulism FrancePopulism UK
(Intercept)0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28 Ā·Ā Ā 0.28 **Ā 0.25 **Ā 
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.15)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 ***0.18 ***0.13 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.05 *Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.06 **Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.07 **Ā -0.08 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.41 ***0.35 ***0.42 ***0.45 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.25 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.24 *Ā Ā -0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.23 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.12)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10 ***-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 **Ā -0.04 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.14 ***0.06 **Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07 Ā·Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.32Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic80.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 26.97Ā Ā Ā Ā 49.57Ā Ā Ā Ā 58.51Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
comparison_populism_basemodel_noFBD<-export_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD, Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD,
                              scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US (w/out FBD)","Populism Poland (w/out FBD)","Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"),  
                              statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                              stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulismwithoutFBD.docx")
comparison_populism_basemodel_noFBD
Populism US (w/out FBD)Populism Poland (w/out FBD)Populism France (w/out FBD)Populism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.30 Ā·Ā Ā 0.50 ***0.37 ***
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.16)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.06 *Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.25 ***0.21 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.10 ***-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.07 **Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.29 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.09 ***0.06 **Ā -0.10 ***-0.15 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.03 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.16 ***0.06 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 *Ā Ā -0.11 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 *Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic38.47Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.93Ā Ā Ā Ā 19.76Ā Ā Ā Ā 19.64Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

With Emotional Stability

#### With Feelings of Being Devalued
Populism_US = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=US_data)
Populism_PL = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
Populism_FR = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
Populism_GB = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

#### Without Feelings of Being Devalued
Populism_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_stability_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=US_data)
Populism_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_stability_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=PL_data)
Populism_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_stability_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=FR_data)
Populism_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_stability_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_populism <- plot_summs(Populism_US,Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                            coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std","Emotional Stability"="big5_stability_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                            model.names = c("Populism US", "Populism Poland", "Populism France","Populism UK"))
plot_populism + labs(title="Populism with FBD\n(+ Emotional Stability)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_populism_withoutFBD <- plot_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD,Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                   "Emotional Stability"="big5_stability_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                                        model.names = c("Populism US (w/out FBD)", "Populism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_populism_withoutFBD + labs(title="Populism without FBD\n(+ Emotional Stability)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_populism<-export_summs(Populism_US, Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US","Populism Poland","Populism France","Populism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulism.docx")
comparison_populism
Populism USPopulism PolandPopulism FrancePopulism UK
(Intercept)0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.31 *Ā Ā 0.28 **Ā 0.25 **Ā 
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.15)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 **Ā 0.18 ***0.13 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.13 ***-0.06 **Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.07 **Ā -0.08 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.44 ***0.37 ***0.43 ***0.46 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_stability_std0.09 ***0.08 ***0.06 *Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.24 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.25 *Ā Ā -0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.22 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.12)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 ***-0.06 **Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.06 **Ā -0.04 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.13 ***0.06 *Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07 Ā·Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.32Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic75.72Ā Ā Ā Ā 25.43Ā Ā Ā Ā 46.68Ā Ā Ā Ā 53.82Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
Populism___withoutFBD<-export_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD, Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD,
                                    scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US (w/out FBD)","Populism Poland (w/out FBD)","Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"), 
                                    statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                    stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulismwithoutFBD.docx")
Populism___withoutFBD
Populism US (w/out FBD)Populism Poland (w/out FBD)Populism France (w/out FBD)Populism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.31 Ā·Ā Ā 0.49 ***0.36 ***
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.16)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.25 ***0.20 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.10 ***-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_stability_std-0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.07 **Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.29 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.21 **Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.08 **Ā 0.06 **Ā -0.09 ***-0.12 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.16 ***0.06 *Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 *Ā Ā -0.10 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.08 Ā·Ā Ā 0.11 *Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic35.98Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.19Ā Ā Ā Ā 18.09Ā Ā Ā Ā 19.30Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

With Openness

## with Feelings of Being Devalued (FBD)
Populism_US = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_openness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=US_data)
Populism_PL = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_openness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
Populism_FR = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_openness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
Populism_GB = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_openness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

## without Feelings of Being Devalued (FBD)
Populism_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_openness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=US_data)
Populism_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_openness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=PL_data)
Populism_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_openness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=FR_data)
Populism_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_openness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_populism <- plot_summs(Populism_US,Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                            coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std","Openness"="big5_openness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                            model.names = c("Populism US", "Populism Poland", "Populism France","Populism UK"))
plot_populism + labs(title="Populism with FBD\n(+ Openness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_populism_withoutFBD <- plot_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD,Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Openness"="big5_openness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                                        model.names = c("Populism US (w/out FBD)", "Populism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_populism_withoutFBD + labs(title="Populism without FBD\n(+ Openness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_populism<-export_summs(Populism_US, Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US","Populism Poland","Populism France","Populism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulism.docx")
comparison_populism
Populism USPopulism PolandPopulism FrancePopulism UK
(Intercept)0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28 Ā·Ā Ā 0.29 **Ā 0.26 **Ā 
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.15)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 ***0.18 ***0.14 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.05 *Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.07 *Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.41 ***0.35 ***0.42 ***0.45 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_openness_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 **Ā 0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.07 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.25 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.24 *Ā Ā -0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.22 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.12)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10 ***-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 **Ā -0.04 *Ā Ā -0.08 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.14 ***0.06 **Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07 Ā·Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.32Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic73.96Ā Ā Ā Ā 25.49Ā Ā Ā Ā 45.99Ā Ā Ā Ā 55.67Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
Populism___withoutFBD<-export_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD, Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD,
                                    scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US (w/out FBD)","Populism Poland (w/out FBD)","Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"), 
                                    statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                    stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulismwithoutFBD.docx")
Populism___withoutFBD
Populism US (w/out FBD)Populism Poland (w/out FBD)Populism France (w/out FBD)Populism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.30 Ā·Ā Ā 0.50 ***0.38 ***
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.16)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.06 Ā·Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.25 ***0.22 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.10 ***-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_openness_std-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.07 **Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.28 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.17 *Ā Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.09 ***0.06 **Ā -0.10 ***-0.14 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.03 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.16 ***0.07 **Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 *Ā Ā -0.12 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 *Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic36.77Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.51Ā Ā Ā Ā 18.32Ā Ā Ā Ā 18.99Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

With Agreeableness

## with Feelings of Being Devalued
Populism_US = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=US_data)
Populism_PL = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
Populism_FR = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
Populism_GB = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

## without Feelings of Being Devalued

Populism_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=US_data)
Populism_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=PL_data)
Populism_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=FR_data)
Populism_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_populism <- plot_summs(Populism_US,Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                            coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std","Agreeableness"="big5_agreeableness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                           model.names = c("Populism US", "Populism Poland", "Populism France","Populism UK"))
plot_populism + labs(title="Populism with FBD\n{+ Agreeableness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_populism_withoutFBD <- plot_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD,Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Agreeableness"="big5_agreeableness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                                       model.names = c("Populism US (w/out FBD)", "Populism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_populism_withoutFBD + labs(title="Populism without FBD\n{+ Agreeableness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_populism<-export_summs(Populism_US, Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US","Populism Poland","Populism France","Populism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulism.docx")
comparison_populism
Populism USPopulism PolandPopulism FrancePopulism UK
(Intercept)0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.30 *Ā Ā 0.27 **Ā 0.25 **Ā 
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.15)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 ***0.18 ***0.13 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.05 *Ā Ā -0.13 ***-0.07 **Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.07 *Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.41 ***0.36 ***0.42 ***0.45 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_agreeableness_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10 ***0.06 *Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.25 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.25 *Ā Ā -0.09Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.23 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.12)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 ***-0.06 **Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 **Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.14 ***0.06 **Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07 Ā·Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.32Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic73.85Ā Ā Ā Ā 25.86Ā Ā Ā Ā 46.66Ā Ā Ā Ā 53.90Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
Populism___withoutFBD<-export_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD, Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD,
                                    scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US (w/out FBD)","Populism Poland (w/out FBD)","Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"), 
                                    statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                    stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulismwithoutFBD.docx")
Populism___withoutFBD
Populism US (w/out FBD)Populism Poland (w/out FBD)Populism France (w/out FBD)Populism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.32 *Ā Ā 0.50 ***0.37 ***
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.16)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.25 ***0.20 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.13 ***-0.10 ***-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_agreeableness_std-0.06 *Ā Ā 0.08 **Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.07 **Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.28 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.22 Ā·Ā Ā -0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.08 **Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.14 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.03 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.16 ***0.06 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 *Ā Ā -0.11 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07 Ā·Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 *Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic36.47Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.61Ā Ā Ā Ā 18.11Ā Ā Ā Ā 17.98Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

With Conscientiousness

## with Feelings of Being Devalued
Populism_US = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=US_data)
Populism_PL = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
Populism_FR = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
Populism_GB = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

## without Feelings of Being Devalued 

Populism_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=US_data)
Populism_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=PL_data)
Populism_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=FR_data)
Populism_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_populism <- plot_summs(Populism_US,Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                            coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std","Conscientiousness"="big5_conscientiousness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                            model.names = c("Populism US", "Populism Poland", "Populism France","Populism UK"))
plot_populism + labs(title="Populism with FBD\n(+ Conscientiousness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_populism_withoutFBD <- plot_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD,Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std", "Conscientiousness"="big5_conscientiousness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                                        model.names = c("Populism US (w/out FBD)", "Populism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_populism_withoutFBD + labs(title="Populism without FBD\n(+ Conscientiousness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_populism<-export_summs(Populism_US, Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US","Populism Poland","Populism France","Populism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulism.docx")
comparison_populism
Populism USPopulism PolandPopulism FrancePopulism UK
(Intercept)0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.34 *Ā Ā 0.29 **Ā 0.26 **Ā 
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.15)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 **Ā 0.18 ***0.13 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.13 ***-0.07 **Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.07 *Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.43 ***0.36 ***0.42 ***0.46 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_conscientiousness_std0.10 ***0.13 ***0.05 *Ā Ā 0.06 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.06 **Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.24 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.26 *Ā Ā -0.09Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.22 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.12)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07 ***-0.06 **Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.06 **Ā -0.04 *Ā Ā -0.08 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.13 ***0.05 *Ā Ā 0.04 *Ā Ā 0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07 Ā·Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.32Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.18Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic74.46Ā Ā Ā Ā 27.63Ā Ā Ā Ā 46.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 54.87Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
Populism___withoutFBD<-export_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD, Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD,
                                    scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US (w/out FBD)","Populism Poland (w/out FBD)","Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"), 
                                    statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                    stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulismwithoutFBD.docx")
Populism___withoutFBD
Populism US (w/out FBD)Populism Poland (w/out FBD)Populism France (w/out FBD)Populism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.36 *Ā Ā 0.50 ***0.37 ***
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.16)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.06 *Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.25 ***0.21 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.13 ***-0.10 ***-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_conscientiousness_std-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.07 **Ā -0.05 Ā·Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.29 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.23 Ā·Ā Ā -0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.09 ***0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.15 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.16 ***0.05 *Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 *Ā Ā -0.11 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 *Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic35.38Ā Ā Ā Ā 9.95Ā Ā Ā Ā 18.12Ā Ā Ā Ā 18.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

With Extraversion

## with Feelings of Being Devalued (FBD)
Populism_US = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_extraversion_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=US_data)
Populism_PL = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_extraversion_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
Populism_FR = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_extraversion_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
Populism_GB = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_extraversion_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

## without Feelings of Being Devalued (FBD)
Populism_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_extraversion_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=US_data)
Populism_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_extraversion_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=PL_data)
Populism_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_extraversion_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=FR_data)
Populism_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_extraversion_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_populism <- plot_summs(Populism_US,Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                            coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std","Extraversion"="big5_extraversion_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                            model.names = c("Populism US", "Populism Poland", "Populism France","Populism UK"))
plot_populism + labs(title="Populism with FBD\n(+ Extraversion)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_populism_withoutFBD <- plot_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD,Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                  "Extraversion"="big5_extraversion_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                                        model.names = c("Populism US (w/out FBD)", "Populism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_populism_withoutFBD + labs(title="Populism without FBD\n(+ Extraversion)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_populism<-export_summs(Populism_US, Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US","Populism Poland","Populism France","Populism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulism.docx")
comparison_populism
Populism USPopulism PolandPopulism FrancePopulism UK
(Intercept)0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.30 *Ā Ā 0.28 **Ā 0.25 **Ā 
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.15)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 **Ā 0.18 ***0.13 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.05 *Ā Ā -0.13 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.07 **Ā -0.08 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.41 ***0.37 ***0.42 ***0.46 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_extraversion_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.07 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.25 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.24 *Ā Ā -0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.23 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.12)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 ***-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 **Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.14 ***0.05 *Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07 Ā·Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.32Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic73.88Ā Ā Ā Ā 25.78Ā Ā Ā Ā 45.70Ā Ā Ā Ā 54.59Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
Populism___withoutFBD<-export_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD, Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD,
                                    scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US (w/out FBD)","Populism Poland (w/out FBD)","Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"), 
                                    statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                    stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulismwithoutFBD.docx")
Populism___withoutFBD
Populism US (w/out FBD)Populism Poland (w/out FBD)Populism France (w/out FBD)Populism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.32 Ā·Ā Ā 0.50 ***0.37 ***
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.16)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.06 *Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.25 ***0.21 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.13 ***-0.10 ***-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_extraversion_std-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.07 **Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.28 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.09 ***0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.15 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.03 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.16 ***0.06 *Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 *Ā Ā -0.11 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.08 Ā·Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 *Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic35.45Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.44Ā Ā Ā Ā 18.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 18.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Populism (Main) Models

The base model includes the following independent variables: ethnocentrism, RWA, SDO, feelings of being devalued, religiosity, ideology, ethnic majority status, age, education, political interest, income and marital status.

The dependent variable does not include the right-wing populism subscale. I did not test for different Big 5 traits.

### With Feelings of Being Devalued
Populism_US = lm_robust(populism_main_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)
Populism_PL = lm_robust(populism_main_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
Populism_FR = lm_robust(populism_main_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
Populism_GB = lm_robust(populism_main_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

### Without Feelings of Being Devalued
Populism_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_main_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                        data=US_data)
Populism_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_main_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                        data=PL_data)
Populism_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_main_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
Populism_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(populism_main_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_populism_main_basemodel <- plot_summs(Populism_US,Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                               "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std",
                               "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                               "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                               "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                       model.names = c("Populism US", "Populism Poland", "Populism France","Populism UK"))
plot_populism_main_basemodel + labs(title="Populism (general orientation) with FBD\n(Big 5 not included)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_populism_main_basemodel_noFBD <- plot_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD,Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                               "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                               "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                               "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                       model.names = c("Populism US (w/out FBD)", "Populism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_populism_main_basemodel_noFBD + labs(title="Populism (general orientation) without FBD\n(Big 5 not included)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_populism_main_basemodel<-export_summs(Populism_US, Populism_PL,Populism_FR,Populism_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US","Populism Poland","Populism France","Populism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulism.docx")
comparison_populism_main_basemodel
Populism USPopulism PolandPopulism FrancePopulism UK
(Intercept)-0.13Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.21 *Ā Ā 0.19 *Ā Ā 
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.14)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std-0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.14 ***0.06 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.18 ***-0.08 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.20 ***-0.22 ***-0.21 ***-0.22 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.38 ***0.30 ***0.39 ***0.41 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.04 *Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.21 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.11 Ā·Ā Ā -0.16Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.16 **Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std0.09 ***0.13 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.15 ***0.08 ***0.05 *Ā Ā 0.13 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.23Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.20Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic41.60Ā Ā Ā Ā 32.78Ā Ā Ā Ā 39.27Ā Ā Ā Ā 40.60Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
comparison_populism_main_basemodel_noFBD<-export_summs(Populism_US_withoutFBD, Populism_PL_withoutFBD,Populism_FR_withoutFBD,Populism_GB_withoutFBD,
                              scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US (w/out FBD)","Populism Poland (w/out FBD)","Populism France (w/out FBD)","Populism UK (w/out FBD)"),  
                              statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                              stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulismwithoutFBD.docx")
comparison_populism_main_basemodel_noFBD
Populism US (w/out FBD)Populism Poland (w/out FBD)Populism France (w/out FBD)Populism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)-0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.14Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.41 ***0.30 **Ā 
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.15)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 **Ā 0.20 ***0.13 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.18 ***-0.12 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.18 ***-0.21 ***-0.20 ***-0.24 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.08 **Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.24 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.11 Ā·Ā Ā -0.14Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.12)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.07 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.04 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.17 ***0.08 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.14 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.08 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 Ā·Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10 *Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic17.60Ā Ā Ā Ā 20.46Ā Ā Ā Ā 14.92Ā Ā Ā Ā 11.81Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Conspiratorial Orientation Models

The base model includes the following independent variables: ethnocentrism, RWA, SDO, feelings of being devalued, religiosity, ideology, ethnic majority status, age, education, political interest, income and marital status.

Some models drop feelings of being devalued. Others include one of the big five traits.

Base Models (Without Big 5)

### With Feelings of Being Devalued
conspiracy_US = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

### Without Feelings of Being Devalued
conspiracy_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                        data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                        data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_conspiracy_basemodel <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US,conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                               "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std",
                               "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                               "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                               "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                       model.names = c("Conspiracism US", "Conspiracism Poland", "Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"))
plot_conspiracy_basemodel + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation with FBD\n(Big 5 not included)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_conspiracy_basemodel_noFBD <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD,conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                               "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                               "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                               "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                       model.names = c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_conspiracy_basemodel_noFBD + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation without FBD\n(Big 5 not included)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_conspiracy_basemodel<-export_summs(conspiracy_US, conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US","Conspiracism Poland","Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracy.docx")
comparison_conspiracy_basemodel
Conspiracism USConspiracism PolandConspiracism FranceConspiracism UK
(Intercept)0.20 **Ā 0.22 Ā·Ā Ā 0.52 ***0.33 ***
(0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.15 ***0.08 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.07 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.11 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.36 ***0.32 ***0.33 ***0.39 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.27 ***0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.19 Ā·Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā -0.24 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.13 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.06 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.39Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic128.38Ā Ā Ā Ā 25.36Ā Ā Ā Ā 64.34Ā Ā Ā Ā 57.64Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
comparison_conspiracy_basemodel_noFBD<-export_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD, conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD,
                              scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"),  
                              statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                              stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracywithoutFBD.docx")
comparison_conspiracy_basemodel_noFBD
Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.26 **Ā 0.24 Ā·Ā Ā 0.70 ***0.43 ***
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.14)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.16 ***0.20 ***0.15 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.13 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.04 *Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.30 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.16Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.19 *Ā Ā -0.20 **Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.22 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.18 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.09 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.15 ***-0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.27Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic78.68Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.34Ā Ā Ā Ā 34.75Ā Ā Ā Ā 28.74Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

With Emotional Stability

#### With Feelings of Being Devalued
conspiracy_US = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

#### Without Feelings of Being Devalued
conspiracy_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_stability_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_stability_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_stability_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_stability_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_conspiracy <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US,conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                            coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std","Emotional Stability"="big5_stability_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                            model.names = c("Conspiracism US", "Conspiracism Poland", "Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"))
plot_conspiracy + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation with FBD\n(+ Emotional Stability)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_conspiracy_withoutFBD <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD,conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                   "Emotional Stability"="big5_stability_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                                        model.names = c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_conspiracy_withoutFBD + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation without FBD\n(+ Emotional Stability)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_conspiracy<-export_summs(conspiracy_US, conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US","Conspiracism Poland","Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracy.docx")
comparison_conspiracy
Conspiracism USConspiracism PolandConspiracism FranceConspiracism UK
(Intercept)0.21 **Ā 0.22 Ā·Ā Ā 0.52 ***0.33 ***
(0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.15 ***0.08 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.07 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.11 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.37 ***0.33 ***0.33 ***0.40 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_stability_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.27 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.19 *Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā -0.23 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.13 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.09 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.07 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 **Ā -0.07 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.08 Ā·Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.39Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic118.30Ā Ā Ā Ā 23.49Ā Ā Ā Ā 59.43Ā Ā Ā Ā 53.24Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
conspiracy___withoutFBD<-export_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD, conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD,
                                    scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"), 
                                    statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                    stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracywithoutFBD.docx")
conspiracy___withoutFBD
Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.24 **Ā 0.22Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.68 ***0.42 ***
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.14)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.16 ***0.20 ***0.14 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.06 *Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.12 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_stability_std-0.08 ***-0.05 Ā·Ā Ā -0.06 **Ā -0.08 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.31 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.16Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.19 *Ā Ā -0.22 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.20 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.16 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.07 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.09 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.15 ***-0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 Ā·Ā Ā 0.15 ***
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.16Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic76.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 7.98Ā Ā Ā Ā 32.48Ā Ā Ā Ā 27.44Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

With Openness

## with Feelings of Being Devalued (FBD)
conspiracy_US = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_openness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_openness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_openness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_openness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

## without Feelings of Being Devalued (FBD)
conspiracy_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_openness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_openness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_openness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_openness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_conspiracy <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US,conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                            coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std","Openness"="big5_openness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                            model.names = c("Conspiracism US", "Conspiracism Poland", "Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"))
plot_conspiracy + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation with FBD\n(+ Openness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_conspiracy_withoutFBD <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD,conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Openness"="big5_openness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                                        model.names = c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_conspiracy_withoutFBD + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation without FBD\n(+ Openness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_conspiracy<-export_summs(conspiracy_US, conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US","Conspiracism Poland","Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracy.docx")
comparison_conspiracy
Conspiracism USConspiracism PolandConspiracism FranceConspiracism UK
(Intercept)0.21 **Ā 0.22 Ā·Ā Ā 0.54 ***0.34 ***
(0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.15 ***0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.07 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.12 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.37 ***0.32 ***0.34 ***0.39 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_openness_std0.05 *Ā Ā -0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 ***0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.27 ***0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.19 Ā·Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā -0.24 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.12 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.07 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.08 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.07 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.08 ***-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.39Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.27Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic119.27Ā Ā Ā Ā 23.46Ā Ā Ā Ā 61.49Ā Ā Ā Ā 56.37Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
conspiracy___withoutFBD<-export_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD, conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD,
                                    scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"), 
                                    statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                    stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracywithoutFBD.docx")
conspiracy___withoutFBD
Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.26 **Ā 0.23 Ā·Ā Ā 0.71 ***0.44 ***
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.14)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.16 ***0.21 ***0.16 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.13 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_openness_std0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07 **Ā 0.07 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.04 *Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.30 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.16Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.19 *Ā Ā -0.19 **Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.22 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.15 ***-0.18 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.08 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.16 ***-0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.27Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.16Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic72.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 7.66Ā Ā Ā Ā 33.12Ā Ā Ā Ā 27.16Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

With Agreeableness

## with Feelings of Being Devalued
conspiracy_US = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

## without Feelings of Being Devalued

conspiracy_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_agreeableness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_conspiracy <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US,conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                            coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std","Agreeableness"="big5_agreeableness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                           model.names = c("Conspiracism US", "Conspiracism Poland", "Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"))
plot_conspiracy + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation with FBD\n{+ Agreeableness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_conspiracy_withoutFBD <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD,conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Agreeableness"="big5_agreeableness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                                       model.names = c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_conspiracy_withoutFBD + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation without FBD\n{+ Agreeableness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_conspiracy<-export_summs(conspiracy_US, conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US","Conspiracism Poland","Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracy.docx")
comparison_conspiracy
Conspiracism USConspiracism PolandConspiracism FranceConspiracism UK
(Intercept)0.20 **Ā 0.23 Ā·Ā Ā 0.52 ***0.33 ***
(0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.15 ***0.08 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.07 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.11 ***-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07 *Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.36 ***0.33 ***0.33 ***0.39 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_agreeableness_std-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.27 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.20 *Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā -0.25 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.13 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.07 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.39Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic118.58Ā Ā Ā Ā 23.91Ā Ā Ā Ā 59.42Ā Ā Ā Ā 53.50Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
conspiracy___withoutFBD<-export_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD, conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD,
                                    scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"), 
                                    statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                    stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracywithoutFBD.docx")
conspiracy___withoutFBD
Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.25 **Ā 0.25 Ā·Ā Ā 0.70 ***0.44 ***
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.16 ***0.20 ***0.14 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.06 *Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.10 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_agreeableness_std-0.07 **Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.30 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.19 *Ā Ā -0.20 **Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.21 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.17 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.09 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.16 ***-0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic73.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 7.87Ā Ā Ā Ā 32.21Ā Ā Ā Ā 27.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

With Conscientiousness

## with Feelings of Being Devalued
conspiracy_US = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

## without Feelings of Being Devalued 

conspiracy_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_conspiracy <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US,conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                            coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std","Conscientiousness"="big5_conscientiousness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                            model.names = c("Conspiracism US", "Conspiracism Poland", "Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"))
plot_conspiracy + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation with FBD\n(+ Conscientiousness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_conspiracy_withoutFBD <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD,conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std", "Conscientiousness"="big5_conscientiousness_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                                        model.names = c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_conspiracy_withoutFBD + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation without FBD\n(+ Conscientiousness)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_conspiracy<-export_summs(conspiracy_US, conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US","Conspiracism Poland","Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracy.docx")
comparison_conspiracy
Conspiracism USConspiracism PolandConspiracism FranceConspiracism UK
(Intercept)0.21 **Ā 0.26 *Ā Ā 0.52 ***0.33 ***
(0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.15 ***0.08 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.07 **Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.11 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.37 ***0.33 ***0.33 ***0.39 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_conscientiousness_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 Ā·Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.27 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.20 *Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā -0.24 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.13 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.06 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 **Ā -0.07 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.08 Ā·Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.39Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.16Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic118.31Ā Ā Ā Ā 24.84Ā Ā Ā Ā 59.36Ā Ā Ā Ā 53.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
conspiracy___withoutFBD<-export_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD, conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD,
                                    scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"), 
                                    statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                    stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracywithoutFBD.docx")
conspiracy___withoutFBD
Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.24 **Ā 0.27 *Ā Ā 0.69 ***0.42 ***
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.14)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.16 ***0.20 ***0.14 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.06 *Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.11 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_conscientiousness_std-0.06 **Ā 0.07 **Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.31 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.17 Ā·Ā Ā -0.19 *Ā Ā -0.21 **Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.21 ***-0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.17 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.09 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.15 ***-0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15 ***
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.27Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic74.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.51Ā Ā Ā Ā 31.75Ā Ā Ā Ā 26.93Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

With Extraversion

## with Feelings of Being Devalued (FBD)
conspiracy_US = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_extraversion_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_extraversion_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_extraversion_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std+big5_extraversion_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                        data=GB_data)

## without Feelings of Being Devalued (FBD)
conspiracy_US_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_extraversion_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=US_data)
conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_extraversion_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,   
                                   data=PL_data)
conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_extraversion_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=FR_data)
conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD = lm_robust(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_extraversion_std
                                   +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                                   +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status,  
                                   data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_conspiracy <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US,conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                            coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                    "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std","Extraversion"="big5_extraversion_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                            model.names = c("Conspiracism US", "Conspiracism Poland", "Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"))
plot_conspiracy + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation with FBD\n(+ Extraversion)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

plot_conspiracy_withoutFBD <- plot_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD,conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                                  "Extraversion"="big5_extraversion_std",
                                    "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                                    "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                                    "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                                    "Marital Status"="marital_status"),
                                        model.names = c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)", "Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"))
plot_conspiracy_withoutFBD + labs(title="Conspiratorial orientation without FBD\n(+ Extraversion)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_conspiracy<-export_summs(conspiracy_US, conspiracy_PL,conspiracy_FR,conspiracy_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US","Conspiracism Poland","Conspiracism France","Conspiracism UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracy.docx")
comparison_conspiracy
Conspiracism USConspiracism PolandConspiracism FranceConspiracism UK
(Intercept)0.20 **Ā 0.23 Ā·Ā Ā 0.54 ***0.33 ***
(0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.15 ***0.09 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.07 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.11 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07 *Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.36 ***0.33 ***0.34 ***0.40 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_extraversion_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 0.06 **Ā 0.07 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.07 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.27 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.19 Ā·Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā -0.24 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.13 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.06 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 **Ā -0.07 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.39Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic118.48Ā Ā Ā Ā 24.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 61.89Ā Ā Ā Ā 53.90Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.
conspiracy___withoutFBD<-export_summs(conspiracy_US_withoutFBD, conspiracy_PL_withoutFBD,conspiracy_FR_withoutFBD,conspiracy_GB_withoutFBD,
                                    scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)","Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)"), 
                                    statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                    stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsconspiracywithoutFBD.docx")
Populism___withoutFBD
Populism US (w/out FBD)Populism Poland (w/out FBD)Populism France (w/out FBD)Populism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.32 Ā·Ā Ā 0.50 ***0.37 ***
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.16)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.06 *Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.25 ***0.21 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.13 ***-0.10 ***-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_extraversion_std-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.07 **Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.28 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.09 ***0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.15 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.03 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.16 ***0.06 *Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 *Ā Ā -0.11 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.08 Ā·Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 *Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic35.45Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.44Ā Ā Ā Ā 18.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 18.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

TLDR: Base Models Regression Tables

Populism (Right-Wing) with FBD

comparison_populism_basemodel
Populism USPopulism PolandPopulism FrancePopulism UK
(Intercept)0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28 Ā·Ā Ā 0.28 **Ā 0.25 **Ā 
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.15)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 ***0.18 ***0.13 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.05 *Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.06 **Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.07 **Ā -0.08 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.41 ***0.35 ***0.42 ***0.45 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.25 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.24 *Ā Ā -0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.23 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.12)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10 ***-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 **Ā -0.04 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.14 ***0.06 **Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07 Ā·Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.32Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic80.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 26.97Ā Ā Ā Ā 49.57Ā Ā Ā Ā 58.51Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Populism (Right-Wing) without FBD

comparison_populism_basemodel_noFBD
Populism US (w/out FBD)Populism Poland (w/out FBD)Populism France (w/out FBD)Populism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.30 Ā·Ā Ā 0.50 ***0.37 ***
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.16)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.06 *Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.25 ***0.21 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.10 ***-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.07 **Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.29 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 *Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.09 ***0.06 **Ā -0.10 ***-0.15 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.03 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.16 ***0.06 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 *Ā Ā -0.11 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11 *Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic38.47Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.93Ā Ā Ā Ā 19.76Ā Ā Ā Ā 19.64Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Populism (General Orientation) with FBD

comparison_populism_main_basemodel
Populism USPopulism PolandPopulism FrancePopulism UK
(Intercept)-0.13Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.21 *Ā Ā 0.19 *Ā Ā 
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.14)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std-0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.14 ***0.06 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.18 ***-0.08 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.20 ***-0.22 ***-0.21 ***-0.22 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.38 ***0.30 ***0.39 ***0.41 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.04 *Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.21 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.11 Ā·Ā Ā -0.16Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.16 **Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std0.09 ***0.13 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.15 ***0.08 ***0.05 *Ā Ā 0.13 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.23Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.20Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic41.60Ā Ā Ā Ā 32.78Ā Ā Ā Ā 39.27Ā Ā Ā Ā 40.60Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Populism (General Orientation) without FBD

comparison_populism_main_basemodel_noFBD
Populism US (w/out FBD)Populism Poland (w/out FBD)Populism France (w/out FBD)Populism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)-0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.14Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.41 ***0.30 **Ā 
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.15)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 **Ā 0.20 ***0.13 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.18 ***-0.12 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.18 ***-0.21 ***-0.20 ***-0.24 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.08 **Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.24 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.11 Ā·Ā Ā -0.14Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.12)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.07 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.04 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.17 ***0.08 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.14 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.08 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 Ā·Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10 *Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic17.60Ā Ā Ā Ā 20.46Ā Ā Ā Ā 14.92Ā Ā Ā Ā 11.81Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Conspiratorial Orientation with FBD

comparison_conspiracy_basemodel
Conspiracism USConspiracism PolandConspiracism FranceConspiracism UK
(Intercept)0.20 **Ā 0.22 Ā·Ā Ā 0.52 ***0.33 ***
(0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.13)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.15 ***0.08 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.07 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.11 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.36 ***0.32 ***0.33 ***0.39 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.27 ***0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.19 Ā·Ā Ā -0.18 *Ā Ā -0.24 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.13 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.06 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.39Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic128.38Ā Ā Ā Ā 25.36Ā Ā Ā Ā 64.34Ā Ā Ā Ā 57.64Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Conspiratorial Orientation without FBD

comparison_conspiracy_basemodel_noFBD
Conspiracism US (w/out FBD)Conspiracism Poland (w/out FBD)Conspiracism France (w/out FBD)Conspiracism UK (w/out FBD)
(Intercept)0.26 **Ā 0.24 Ā·Ā Ā 0.70 ***0.43 ***
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.14)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.16 ***0.20 ***0.15 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.13 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.04 *Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.30 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.16Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.19 *Ā Ā -0.20 **Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.22 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.18 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.07 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.08 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.09 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.15 ***-0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.27Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic78.68Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.34Ā Ā Ā Ā 34.75Ā Ā Ā Ā 28.74Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

TLDR: Base Model Plots

Populism (Right-Wing) with FBD

plot_populism_basemodel

Populism (Right-Wing) without FBD

plot_populism_basemodel_noFBD

Populism (Main) with FBD

plot_populism_main_basemodel

Populism (Main) without FBD

plot_populism_main_basemodel_noFBD

Conspiratorial Orientation with FBD

plot_conspiracy_basemodel

Conspiratorial Orientation without FBD

plot_conspiracy_basemodel_noFBD

Populism (Right-Wing) Models WITH TRUST

The base model includes the following independent variables: ethnocentrism, RWA, SDO, feelings of being devalued, religiosity, ideology, ethnic majority status, age, education, political interest, income and marital status, trust in institutions.

### With Feelings of Being Devalued
Populism_US_trust = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                              data=US_data)
Populism_PL_trust = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                        data=PL_data)
Populism_FR_trust = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                        data=FR_data)
Populism_GB_trust = lm_robust(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+devalued_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                        data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_populism_basemodel_trust <- plot_summs(Populism_US_trust,Populism_PL_trust,Populism_FR_trust,Populism_GB_trust, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                               "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std",
                               "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                               "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                               "Marital Status"="marital_status", "Trust in Institutions" ="inst_trust_std"),
                       model.names = c("Populism US (with trust)", "Populism Poland (with trust)", "Populism France (with trust)","Populism UK (with trust)"))
plot_populism_basemodel_trust + labs(title="Populism with FBD\n(with TRUST)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_populism_basemodel_trust<-export_summs(Populism_US_trust, Populism_PL_trust,Populism_FR_trust,Populism_GB_trust,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism US (with TRUST)","Populism Poland (with TRUST)","Populism France (with TRUST)","Populism UK (with TRUST)"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelspopulismwithtrust.docx")
comparison_populism_basemodel_trust
Populism US (with TRUST)Populism Poland (with TRUST)Populism France (with TRUST)Populism UK (with TRUST)
(Intercept)-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28 Ā·Ā Ā 0.26 **Ā 0.25 **Ā 
(0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.15)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā (0.09)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08 ***0.15 ***0.13 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std0.05 *Ā Ā -0.14 ***-0.05 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.08 **Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_std0.41 ***0.36 ***0.40 ***0.45 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.11 ***-0.07 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.25 ***0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.24 *Ā Ā -0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.23 ***
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.12)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.06)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10 ***-0.06 **Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.05 *Ā Ā -0.04 *Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.14 ***0.06 **Ā 0.06 **Ā 0.10 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.07 Ā·Ā Ā 0.14 **Ā 0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 *Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
inst_trust_std-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.14 ***0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.32Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.27Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic75.14Ā Ā Ā Ā 25.74Ā Ā Ā Ā 49.66Ā Ā Ā Ā 54.22Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Predicting FBD

The base model includes the following independent variables: ethnocentrism, RWA, SDO, religiosity, ideology, ethnic majority status, age, education, political interest, income, marital status, trust in institutions.

### With Feelings of Being Devalued
FBD_US = lm_robust(devalued_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                              data=US_data)
FBD_PL = lm_robust(devalued_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                        data=PL_data)
FBD_FR = lm_robust(devalued_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                        data=FR_data)
FBD_GB = lm_robust(devalued_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                        data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_FBD_basemodel <- plot_summs(FBD_US,FBD_PL,FBD_FR,FBD_GB, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                               "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                               "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                               "Marital Status"="marital_status", "Trust in Institutions" ="inst_trust_std"),
                       model.names = c("FBD US", "FBD Poland", "FBD France","FBD UK"))
plot_FBD_basemodel + labs(title="Feelings of Being Devalued")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_fbd_basemodel<-export_summs(FBD_US, FBD_PL,FBD_FR,FBD_GB,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("FBD US","FBD Poland","FBD France","FBD UK"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsfbd.docx")
comparison_fbd_basemodel
FBD USFBD PolandFBD FranceFBD UK
(Intercept)0.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.51 ***0.25 *Ā Ā 
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.14)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.09 **Ā 0.12 ***0.14 ***0.18 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std-0.06 *Ā Ā -0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.08 **Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.10 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.09 **Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.10Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.06)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.26 ***-0.10 ***-0.11 ***-0.25 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.08 ***-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.05 *Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.09 *Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.20 ***-0.18 ***
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
inst_trust_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.13 ***-0.14 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.12Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.11Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic22.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 5.37Ā Ā Ā Ā 15.15Ā Ā Ā Ā 22.72Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Predicting FBD with Big 5

The base model includes the following independent variables: ethnocentrism, RWA, SDO, religiosity, ideology, ethnic majority status, age, education, political interest, income, marital status, trust in institutions, the big five traits.

### With Feelings of Being Devalued
FBD_US_Big5 = lm_robust(devalued_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std+big5_agreeableness_std+big5_extraversion_std+big5_openness_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                              data=US_data)
FBD_PL_Big5 = lm_robust(devalued_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std+big5_agreeableness_std+big5_extraversion_std+big5_openness_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                        data=PL_data)
FBD_FR_Big5 = lm_robust(devalued_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std+big5_agreeableness_std+big5_extraversion_std+big5_openness_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                        data=FR_data)
FBD_GB_Big5 = lm_robust(devalued_std~ethnocentrism_std+rwa_std+sdo_std+big5_conscientiousness_std+big5_agreeableness_std+ big5_extraversion_std+big5_openness_std+big5_stability_std
                        +church_attendance_std+ideology_std+ethnic_majority+age_std
                        +education_collapse+Q1_interest_in_politics_std+income+marital_status+inst_trust_std,  
                        data=GB_data)

Model Plots

plot_FBD_basemodel_Big5 <- plot_summs(FBD_US_Big5,FBD_PL_Big5,FBD_FR_Big5,FBD_GB_Big5, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", 
                       coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std",
                               "Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse",
                               "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income",
                               "Marital Status"="marital_status", "Trust in Institutions" ="inst_trust_std", "Conscientiousness"="big5_conscientiousness_std", "Agreeableness"="big5_agreeableness_std", "Extraversion"="big5_extraversion_std", "Openness"="big5_openness_std", "Emotional Stability"="big5_stability_std"),
                       model.names = c("FBD US (Big 5)", "FBD Poland (Big 5)", "FBD France (Big 5)","FBD UK (Big 5)"))
plot_FBD_basemodel_Big5 + labs(title="Feelings of Being Devalued (Big 5)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_fbd_basemodel_Big5<-export_summs(FBD_US_Big5, FBD_PL_Big5,FBD_FR_Big5,FBD_GB_Big5,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("FBD US (Big 5)","FBD Poland (Big 5)","FBD France (Big 5)","FBD UK (Big 5)"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsfbdbig5.docx")
comparison_fbd_basemodel_Big5
FBD US (Big 5)FBD Poland (Big 5)FBD France (Big 5)FBD UK (Big 5)
(Intercept)0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.43 ***0.22 *Ā Ā 
(0.09)Ā Ā Ā (0.14)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.10)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.06 *Ā Ā 0.13 ***0.13 ***0.15 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_std-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_conscientiousness_std-0.11 ***0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.08 **Ā -0.09 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_agreeableness_std-0.06 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_extraversion_std-0.08 ***-0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.07 **Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_openness_std-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_stability_std-0.22 ***-0.21 ***-0.13 ***-0.24 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 ***-0.11 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.10 ***-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.11)Ā Ā Ā (0.08)Ā Ā Ā (0.07)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.18 ***-0.06 **Ā -0.07 **Ā -0.16 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.07 ***-0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.09 ***0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.17 ***-0.13 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 Ā·Ā Ā 0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
inst_trust_std0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05 Ā·Ā Ā -0.12 ***-0.13 ***
(0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.21Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.13Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.18Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic30.48Ā Ā Ā Ā 8.82Ā Ā Ā Ā 15.78Ā Ā Ā Ā 27.78Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Mediation Analysis (Big 5, FBD, Populism)

Emotional Stability mediated by FBD?

library(mediation)
## Loading required package: MASS
## Loading required package: Matrix
## Loading required package: mvtnorm
## 
## Attaching package: 'mvtnorm'
## The following object is masked from 'package:jtools':
## 
##     standardize
## Loading required package: sandwich
## mediation: Causal Mediation Analysis
## Version: 4.5.0
require(mediation)
## step 1: direct models
DirectEffectPop_US <- lm(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std
                        +rwa_std
                        +sdo_std
                        +big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +big5_agreeableness_std
                        +big5_extraversion_std
                        +big5_openness_std
                        +big5_stability_std 
                        +church_attendance_std
                        +ideology_std
                        +ethnic_majority
                        +age_std
                        +education_collapse
                        +Q1_interest_in_politics_std
                        +income
                        +marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)
## step 2: mediate models
med.fit<-lm(devalued_std~ethnocentrism_std
                        +rwa_std
                        +sdo_std
                        +big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +big5_agreeableness_std
                        +big5_extraversion_std
                        +big5_openness_std
                        +big5_stability_std 
                        +church_attendance_std
                        +ideology_std
                        +ethnic_majority
                        +age_std
                        +education_collapse
                        +Q1_interest_in_politics_std
                        +income
                        +marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)
## step 3: full models
out.fit<-lm(populism_rw_std~devalued_std+ethnocentrism_std
                        +rwa_std
                        +sdo_std
                        +big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +big5_agreeableness_std
                        +big5_extraversion_std
                        +big5_openness_std
                        +big5_stability_std 
                        +church_attendance_std
                        +ideology_std
                        +ethnic_majority
                        +age_std
                        +education_collapse
                        +Q1_interest_in_politics_std
                        +income
                        +marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)
results1 <- mediate(med.fit, out.fit, treat="big5_stability_std", mediator="devalued_std", boot=TRUE, sims=500)
## Running nonparametric bootstrap
summary(results1)
## 
## Causal Mediation Analysis 
## 
## Nonparametric Bootstrap Confidence Intervals with the Percentile Method
## 
##                Estimate 95% CI Lower 95% CI Upper p-value    
## ACME            -0.0997      -0.1265        -0.07  <2e-16 ***
## ADE              0.0744       0.0189         0.13    0.02 *  
## Total Effect    -0.0253      -0.0812         0.03    0.37    
## Prop. Mediated   3.9463     -26.4689        25.70    0.37    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sample Size Used: 2000 
## 
## 
## Simulations: 500
# install.packages("devtools")
# devtools::install_github("dustinfife/flexplot")
require(flexplot)
## Loading required package: flexplot
## 
## Attaching package: 'flexplot'
## The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':
## 
##     flip_data
mediate_plot(populism_rw_std~devalued_std+big5_stability_std, data=US_data)

Overall, the results indicate that FBD plays a significant role in negatively mediating the effect of Emotional Stability on Populist Attitudes, while Emotional Stability also has a significant direct positive effect on the outcome. However, the total effect of the treatment, considering both mediated and direct paths, is not significant.

Without accounting for FBD, more stability is associated with being less populist. But if you account for FBD, stability is associated with being more populist (blue line). The reason unstable people are more populist is not due to their level of instability.

Agreeableness mediated by FBD?

library(mediation)
require(mediation)

results2 <- mediate(med.fit, out.fit, treat="big5_agreeableness_std", mediator="devalued_std", boot=TRUE, sims=500)
## Running nonparametric bootstrap
summary(results2)
## 
## Causal Mediation Analysis 
## 
## Nonparametric Bootstrap Confidence Intervals with the Percentile Method
## 
##                Estimate 95% CI Lower 95% CI Upper p-value  
## ACME            -0.0243      -0.0473         0.00   0.040 *
## ADE             -0.0372      -0.0845         0.01   0.148  
## Total Effect    -0.0615      -0.1144         0.00   0.044 *
## Prop. Mediated   0.3947      -0.2032         1.43   0.076 .
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sample Size Used: 2000 
## 
## 
## Simulations: 500
# install.packages("devtools")
# devtools::install_github("dustinfife/flexplot")
require(flexplot)
mediate_plot(populism_rw_std~devalued_std+big5_agreeableness_std, data=US_data)

FBD negatively mediates the effect of Agreeableness on Populist Attitudes. While the direct effects of Agreeableness are not significant, the negative total effect is. The results suggest that FBD play a crucial role, even though there is some uncertainty about the exact proportion of the effect that is mediated.

Without accounting for FBD, agreeableness is associated with being less populist. But if you account for FBD, agreeableness is associated with being more populist (blue line). The reason disagreeable people are more populist is not due to their level of agreeableness.

Conscientiousness mediated by FBD?

library(mediation)
require(mediation)

results3 <- mediate(med.fit, out.fit, treat="big5_conscientiousness_std", mediator="devalued_std", boot=TRUE, sims=500)
## Running nonparametric bootstrap
summary(results3)
## 
## Causal Mediation Analysis 
## 
## Nonparametric Bootstrap Confidence Intervals with the Percentile Method
## 
##                Estimate 95% CI Lower 95% CI Upper p-value    
## ACME            -0.0499      -0.0736        -0.03  <2e-16 ***
## ADE              0.0863       0.0403         0.14  <2e-16 ***
## Total Effect     0.0363      -0.0188         0.09    0.18    
## Prop. Mediated  -1.3748     -13.1026        13.68    0.18    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sample Size Used: 2000 
## 
## 
## Simulations: 500
# install.packages("devtools")
# devtools::install_github("dustinfife/flexplot")
require(flexplot)
mediate_plot(populism_rw_std~devalued_std+big5_conscientiousness_std, data=US_data)

FBD negatively mediate the relationship between conscientiousness and populist attitudes. The combined total effect of FBD and conscientiousness is not significant.

Without accounting for FBD, conscientiousness is associated with being less populist. But if you account for FBD, conscientiousness is associated with being more populist (blue line). The reason inconscientious people are more populist is not due to their level of conscientiousness.

Extraversion mediated by FBD?

library(mediation)
require(mediation)

results4 <- mediate(med.fit, out.fit, treat="big5_extraversion_std", mediator="devalued_std", boot=TRUE, sims=500)
## Running nonparametric bootstrap
summary(results4)
## 
## Causal Mediation Analysis 
## 
## Nonparametric Bootstrap Confidence Intervals with the Percentile Method
## 
##                Estimate 95% CI Lower 95% CI Upper p-value    
## ACME           -0.03608     -0.05755        -0.02  <2e-16 ***
## ADE             0.00819     -0.03100         0.05    0.70    
## Total Effect   -0.02789     -0.07682         0.01    0.23    
## Prop. Mediated  1.29381     -8.78487        11.09    0.23    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Sample Size Used: 2000 
## 
## 
## Simulations: 500
# install.packages("devtools")
# devtools::install_github("dustinfife/flexplot")
require(flexplot)
mediate_plot(populism_rw_std~devalued_std+big5_extraversion_std, data=US_data)

FBD significantly and negatively mediates the effect of extraversion, but the direct influence of extraversion alone is negligible. The overall impact of extraversion, considering all paths, doesnā€™t show a significant change in populist attitudes. The mediation plays a crucial role, but the analysis reveals substantial uncertainty in the precise contribution of the mediator.

Meeting with Bruce (May 2, 2024)

Personality is a puzzle. How does FBD help us understand the relationship between conspiracy belief and personality traits? Personality traits are working through FBD?

Populism Models (Main Effects, Personality, and Full)

Personality is a puzzle. How does FBD help us understand the relationship between conspiracy belief and personality traits? Personality traits are working through FBD?

US_MainEffect = lm(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std
                        +church_attendance_std
                        +ideology_std
                        +ethnic_majority
                        +age_std
                        +education_collapse
                        +Q1_interest_in_politics_std
                        +income
                        +marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)
US_personality = lm(populism_rw_std~ethnocentrism_std
                        +rwa_std
                        +sdo_std
                        +big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +big5_agreeableness_std
                        +big5_extraversion_std
                        +big5_openness_std
                        +big5_stability_std 
                        +church_attendance_std
                        +ideology_std
                        +ethnic_majority
                        +age_std
                        +education_collapse
                        +Q1_interest_in_politics_std
                        +income
                        +marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)
US_fullFBD = lm(populism_rw_std~devalued_std+ethnocentrism_std
                        +rwa_std
                        +sdo_std
                        +big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +big5_agreeableness_std
                        +big5_extraversion_std
                        +big5_openness_std
                        +big5_stability_std 
                        +church_attendance_std
                        +ideology_std
                        +ethnic_majority
                        +age_std
                        +education_collapse
                        +Q1_interest_in_politics_std
                        +income
                        +marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)

Model Plots

modelsUS <- plot_summs(US_MainEffect, US_personality, US_fullFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse", "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income","Marital Status"="marital_status", "RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std", "Big 5 - Openness"="big5_openness_std","Big 5 - Conscientiousness"="big5_conscientiousness_std", "Big 5 - Extraversion"="big5_extraversion_std","Big 5 - Agreeableness"="big5_agreeableness_std", "Big 5 - Emotional Stability"="big5_stability_std", "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std"),
                       model.names = c("Populism-Main Effects Model", "Populism-Personality Model", "Populism-Full Model"))
modelsUS + labs(title="Populism Models (US only)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_modelsUS<-export_summs(US_MainEffect, US_personality, US_fullFBD,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Populism-Main Effects Model", "Populism-Personality Model", "Populism-Full Model"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsUS.docx")
comparison_modelsUS
Populism-Main Effects ModelPopulism-Personality ModelPopulism-Full Model
(Intercept)-0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.08Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.09 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.06 **Ā 0.05 Ā·Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.07 ***-0.08 ***-0.06 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.29 ***0.28 ***0.24 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority0.05Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.08 ***-0.08 **Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.06 **Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.06 **Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.16 ***0.17 ***0.13 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.08 Ā·Ā Ā 0.08 Ā·Ā Ā 0.07 Ā·Ā Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_conscientiousness_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.09 ***
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_agreeableness_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 *Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_extraversion_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_openness_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_stability_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07 **Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.45 ***
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.17Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.33Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic45.84Ā Ā Ā Ā 26.69Ā Ā Ā Ā 58.08Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Conspiracy Models (Main Effects, Personality, and Full)

US_MainEffect = lm(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std
                        +church_attendance_std
                        +ideology_std
                        +ethnic_majority
                        +age_std
                        +education_collapse
                        +Q1_interest_in_politics_std
                        +income
                        +marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)
US_personality = lm(conspiratorial_orientation_std~ethnocentrism_std
                        +rwa_std
                        +sdo_std
                        +big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +big5_agreeableness_std
                        +big5_extraversion_std
                        +big5_openness_std
                        +big5_stability_std 
                        +church_attendance_std
                        +ideology_std
                        +ethnic_majority
                        +age_std
                        +education_collapse
                        +Q1_interest_in_politics_std
                        +income
                        +marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)
US_fullFBD = lm(conspiratorial_orientation_std~devalued_std+ethnocentrism_std
                        +rwa_std
                        +sdo_std
                        +big5_conscientiousness_std
                        +big5_agreeableness_std
                        +big5_extraversion_std
                        +big5_openness_std
                        +big5_stability_std 
                        +church_attendance_std
                        +ideology_std
                        +ethnic_majority
                        +age_std
                        +education_collapse
                        +Q1_interest_in_politics_std
                        +income
                        +marital_status,  
                              data=US_data)

Model Plots

modelsUS <- plot_summs(US_MainEffect, US_personality, US_fullFBD, scale=TRUE, legend.title="Model", coefs=c("Ethnocentrism"="ethnocentrism_std","Religiosity"="church_attendance_std","Ideology"="ideology_std",
                               "Ethnic Majority"="ethnic_majority","Age"="age_std","Education"="education_collapse", "Political Interest"="Q1_interest_in_politics_std","Income"="income","Marital Status"="marital_status", "RWA"="rwa_std","SDO"="sdo_std", "Big 5 - Openness"="big5_openness_std","Big 5 - Conscientiousness"="big5_conscientiousness_std", "Big 5 - Extraversion"="big5_extraversion_std","Big 5 - Agreeableness"="big5_agreeableness_std", "Big 5 - Emotional Stability"="big5_stability_std", "Feelings of Being Devalued"="devalued_std"),
                       model.names = c("Conspiracism-Main Effects Model", "Conspiracism-Personality Model", "Conspiracism-Full Model"))
modelsUS + labs(title="Conspiracism Models (US only)")+ theme(plot.title=element_text(family="sans", face="bold"))

Regression Tables

comparison_modelsUS<-export_summs(US_MainEffect, US_personality, US_fullFBD,
                                  scale=TRUE, model.names=c("Conspiracism-Main Effects Model", "Conspiracism-Personality Model", "Conspiracism-Full Model"), 
                                  statistics=c("adjusted R-Squared" ="adj.r.squared","p-value"="p.value", "F statistic"="statistic"), 
                                  stars = c(`***` = 0.001, `**` = 0.01, `*` = 0.05, `Ā·` = 0.1))#, to.file="word", file.name = "modelsUS.docx")
comparison_modelsUS
Conspiracism-Main Effects ModelConspiracism-Personality ModelConspiracism-Full Model
(Intercept)-0.06Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnocentrism_std0.13 ***0.04 Ā·Ā Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
church_attendance_std-0.07 **Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ideology_std0.35 ***0.31 ***0.27 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
ethnic_majority-0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā (0.05)Ā Ā Ā 
age_std-0.22 ***-0.19 ***-0.12 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
education_collapse-0.09 ***-0.08 ***-0.09 ***
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
Q1_interest_in_politics_std0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.04 *Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
income-0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
(0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
marital_status0.10 *Ā Ā 0.10 *Ā Ā 0.10 **Ā 
(0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā (0.04)Ā Ā Ā 
rwa_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.07 **Ā 0.07 ***
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
sdo_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.12 ***0.11 ***
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.03)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_conscientiousness_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_agreeableness_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.05 *Ā Ā -0.03Ā Ā Ā Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_extraversion_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.04 Ā·Ā Ā -0.01Ā Ā Ā Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_openness_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.05 *Ā Ā 0.05 **Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
big5_stability_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā -0.06 **Ā 0.02Ā Ā Ā Ā 
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
devalued_stdĀ Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.37 ***
Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā (0.02)Ā Ā Ā 
adjusted R-Squared0.26Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.28Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.39Ā Ā Ā Ā 
p-value0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 0.00Ā Ā Ā Ā 
F statistic79.45Ā Ā Ā Ā 49.63Ā Ā Ā Ā 75.80Ā Ā Ā Ā 
All continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 standard deviation. The outcome variable is in its original units. *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; Ā· p < 0.1.

Correlation Matrices

#install.packages("corrplot")
library(corrplot)
## corrplot 0.92 loaded

All Countries

all_data_numeric_only = subset(all_data, select = c(devalued_std, populism_rw_std, populism_main_std, conspiratorial_orientation_std, inst_trust_std, interpersonal_trust_std, Q1_interest_in_politics, Q4_vote, Q6_beliefs_about_democracy_how_well_functioning, big5_openness_std, big5_conscientiousness_std, big5_extraversion_std, big5_agreeableness_std, big5_stability_std, rwa_std, sdo_std, affective_polarization_dem_minus_rep_std, church_attendance_std, marital_status, ethnic_majority, gender))

correlation_matrix_allcountries= cor(all_data_numeric_only, method="pearson", use="pairwise.complete.obs")

corrplot(correlation_matrix_allcountries, method="color", order="alphabet", tl.col = 'steelblue4', tl.pos="lt", tl.cex=0.7, tl.srt=45, number.cex=0.7, addgrid.col = 'white', addCoef.col = 'black')

US only

US_data_numeric_only = subset(US_data, select = c(devalued_std, populism_rw_std, populism_main_std, conspiratorial_orientation_std, inst_trust_std, interpersonal_trust_std, Q1_interest_in_politics, Q4_vote, Q6_beliefs_about_democracy_how_well_functioning, big5_openness_std, big5_conscientiousness_std, big5_extraversion_std, big5_agreeableness_std, big5_stability_std, rwa_std, sdo_std, affective_polarization_dem_minus_rep_std, church_attendance_std, marital_status, ethnic_majority, income, gender))

correlation_matrix_US= cor(US_data_numeric_only, method="pearson", use="pairwise.complete.obs")

corrplot(correlation_matrix_US, method="color", order="alphabet", tl.col = 'steelblue4', tl.pos="lt", tl.cex=0.7, tl.srt=45, number.cex=0.7, addgrid.col = 'white', addCoef.col = 'black')

Poland only

PL_data_numeric_only = subset(PL_data, select = c(devalued_std, populism_rw_std, populism_main_std, conspiratorial_orientation_std, inst_trust_std, interpersonal_trust_std, Q1_interest_in_politics, Q4_vote, Q6_beliefs_about_democracy_how_well_functioning, big5_openness_std, big5_conscientiousness_std, big5_extraversion_std, big5_agreeableness_std, big5_stability_std, rwa_std, sdo_std, church_attendance_std, marital_status, ethnic_majority, income, gender))

correlation_matrix_PL= cor(PL_data_numeric_only, method="pearson", use="pairwise.complete.obs")

corrplot(correlation_matrix_PL, method="color", order="alphabet", tl.col = 'steelblue4', tl.pos="lt", tl.cex=0.7, tl.srt=45, number.cex=0.7, addgrid.col = 'white', addCoef.col = 'black')

France only

FR_data_numeric_only = subset(FR_data, select = c(devalued_std, populism_rw_std, populism_main_std, conspiratorial_orientation_std, inst_trust_std, interpersonal_trust_std, Q1_interest_in_politics, Q4_vote, Q6_beliefs_about_democracy_how_well_functioning, big5_openness_std, big5_conscientiousness_std, big5_extraversion_std, big5_agreeableness_std, big5_stability_std, rwa_std, sdo_std, church_attendance_std, marital_status, ethnic_majority, income, gender))

correlation_matrix_FR= cor(FR_data_numeric_only, method="pearson", use="pairwise.complete.obs")

corrplot(correlation_matrix_FR, method="color", order="alphabet", tl.col = 'steelblue4', tl.pos="lt", tl.cex=0.7, tl.srt=45, number.cex=0.7, addgrid.col = 'white', addCoef.col = 'black')

United Kingdom only

GB_data_numeric_only = subset(GB_data, select = c(devalued_std, populism_rw_std, populism_main_std, conspiratorial_orientation_std, inst_trust_std, interpersonal_trust_std, Q1_interest_in_politics, Q4_vote, Q6_beliefs_about_democracy_how_well_functioning, big5_openness_std, big5_conscientiousness_std, big5_extraversion_std, big5_agreeableness_std, big5_stability_std, rwa_std, sdo_std, church_attendance_std, marital_status, ethnic_majority, income, gender))

correlation_matrix_GB= cor(GB_data_numeric_only, method="pearson", use="pairwise.complete.obs")

corrplot(correlation_matrix_GB, method="color", order="alphabet", tl.col = 'steelblue4', tl.pos="lt", tl.cex=0.7, tl.srt=45, number.cex=0.7, addgrid.col = 'white', addCoef.col = 'black')

Density Plots

# Create the density plot for Feelings of Being Devalued (FBD) in all_data
ggplot(all_data, aes(x=devalued)) + 
  geom_density(fill="darkorange", alpha=0.5) +
  labs(title="Feelings of Being Devalued (all countries)", x="devalued_std", y="Density") +ylim(0, 0.4)

# Create the density plot for FBD in US_data
ggplot(US_data, aes(x=devalued)) + 
  geom_density(fill="darkred", alpha=0.5) +
  labs(title="Feelings of Being Devalued (United States)", x="devalued_std", y="Density") +ylim(0, 0.4)

# Create the density plot for FBD in PL_data
ggplot(PL_data, aes(x=devalued)) + 
  geom_density(fill="darkred", alpha=0.5) +
  labs(title="Feelings of Being Devalued (Poland)", x="devalued_std", y="Density") +ylim(0, 0.4)

# Create the density plot for FBD in FR_data
ggplot(FR_data, aes(x=devalued)) + 
  geom_density(fill="darkred", alpha=0.5) +
  labs(title="Feelings of Being Devalued (France)", x="devalued_std", y="Density") +ylim(0, 0.4)

# Create the density plot for FBD in GB_data
ggplot(GB_data, aes(x=devalued)) + 
  geom_density(fill="darkred", alpha=0.5) +
  labs(title="Feelings of Being Devalued (United Kingdom)", x="devalued_std", y="Density") +ylim(0, 0.4)

Scatterplots

FBD with populism and conspiracy orientation

library(tidyverse) 
## ā”€ā”€ Attaching core tidyverse packages ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ā”€ tidyverse 2.0.0 ā”€ā”€
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## āœ– dplyr::add_rownames() masks huxtable::add_rownames()
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## āœ– tidyr::unpack()       masks Matrix::unpack()
## ā„¹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
library(scales)
## 
## Attaching package: 'scales'
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# scatterplot populism x FBD
populismFBD_scatter <- ggplot(data = all_data, mapping = aes(x = devalued_std, y = populism_rw_std)) +
    geom_jitter(width = 0.1, height = 0.1, alpha = 0.2) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.2) +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm") +
  labs(x = "Feelings of Being Devalued", y = "Populism", title = "FBD x Populism (all countries)") +
  facet_wrap(~ country) 

# scatterplot conspiratorial orientation x FBD
conspiracyFBD_scatter <- ggplot(data = all_data, mapping = aes(x = devalued_std, y = conspiratorial_orientation_std)) +
    geom_jitter(width = 0.1, height = 0.1, alpha = 0.2) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.2) +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm") +
  labs(x = "Feelings of Being Devalued", y = "Conspiracy Orientation", title = "FBD x Conspiracism (all countries)") +
  facet_wrap(~ country)

populismFBD_scatter + theme_minimal() + theme(panel.grid.minor = element_blank())
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'

conspiracyFBD_scatter + theme_minimal() + theme(panel.grid.minor = element_blank())
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'

FBD with Big Five

# Create the scatter plot
big5_scatter <- ggplot(data = all_data, aes(x = devalued_std)) +
  geom_jitter(width = 0.1, height = 0.1, alpha = 0.2) +  # Reduces overplotting
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", color = "blue", se = FALSE) +  # Adds a linear model fit line without confidence interval
  facet_wrap(~ trait, scales = "free_y") +  # One plot per Big 5 trait with independent y scaling
  labs(x = "Feelings of Being Devalued", y = "Standardized Score", title = "Relationship between FBD and Big 5 Personality Traits") +
  theme_minimal() +  # Minimal theme for clean visualization
  theme(panel.grid.minor = element_blank())  # Remove minor grid lines for clarity

# To make 'big5_scatter' work, you need to reshape your data from wide to long format using tidyr
library(tidyr)
all_data_long <- pivot_longer(all_data,
                              cols = c(big5_openness_std, big5_agreeableness_std, big5_conscientiousness_std, big5_stability_std, big5_extraversion_std),
                              names_to = "trait",
                              values_to = "trait_value")

# Update the ggplot call with the reshaped data and correct mappings
big5_scatter <- ggplot(data = all_data_long, aes(x = devalued_std, y = trait_value)) +
  geom_jitter(width = 0.1, height = 0.1, alpha = 0.2) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.2) +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", color = "blue", se = FALSE) +
  facet_wrap(~ trait, scales = "free_y") +
  labs(x = "Feelings of Being Devalued", y = "Standardized Score", title = "Relationship between FBD and Big 5 Personality Traits (all countries)") +
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(panel.grid.minor = element_blank())

# Plot
print(big5_scatter)
## `geom_smooth()` using formula = 'y ~ x'