1 Respondent Characteristics

1.1 Individual differences

1.1.1

We asked respondents about…

  • Maximizing | Lack of belief in science | Political leaning | Political affiliation

1.1.2 ID_MinMax:

Sometimes, medical action is clearly necessary, and sometimes it is clearly NOT necessary. Other times, people differ in their beliefs about whether medical action is needed. In medical situations where it’s not clear, do you tend to lean towards taking action or do you lean towards waiting and seeing if action is needed? Importantly, there is no “right” way to be. Please answer on the 1-6 scale below:

Response scale (likert):

I lean toward waiting and seeing (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5), I lean toward taking action (6).

ID_MinMax n percent valid_percent
1 218 14.6% 14.6%
2 187 12.5% 12.5%
3 325 21.8% 21.8%
4 322 21.6% 21.6%
5 231 15.5% 15.5%
6 209 14.0% 14.0%
NA 1 0.1%
Total 1493
Minimizer/Maximizer
n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
1492 3.53 1.59 4 3.54 1.48 1 6 5 -0.05 -1.02 0.04

1.1.3 ID_BeliefInScience:

Please indicate howmuch you agree or disagree with each statement.

Response scale (likert):

Strongly disagree (1), Disagree (2), Somewhat disagree (3), Neither agree nor disagree (4), Somewhat agree (5), Agree (6), Strongly agree (7).

Use button to check reliability statistics for the lack of belief in science scale (Cronbach’s alpha).

## 
## Reliability analysis   
## Call: psych::alpha(x = df[, c(BISSvars)])
## 
##   raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N    ase mean  sd median_r
##       0.91      0.91    0.91      0.64  11 0.0034  3.9 1.4     0.61
## 
##     95% confidence boundaries 
##          lower alpha upper
## Feldt     0.91  0.91  0.92
## Duhachek  0.91  0.91  0.92
## 
##  Reliability if an item is dropped:
##                      raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r  S/N alpha se  var.r
## ID_BeliefinScience_1      0.91      0.91    0.90      0.67 10.4   0.0036 0.0071
## ID_BeliefinScience_2      0.90      0.90    0.89      0.65  9.3   0.0039 0.0113
## ID_BeliefinScience_3      0.91      0.91    0.90      0.66  9.7   0.0038 0.0085
## ID_BeliefinScience_4      0.89      0.89    0.88      0.61  7.9   0.0046 0.0057
## ID_BeliefinScience_5      0.89      0.89    0.87      0.62  8.1   0.0045 0.0044
## ID_BeliefinScience_6      0.89      0.89    0.88      0.63  8.4   0.0043 0.0069
##                      med.r
## ID_BeliefinScience_1  0.65
## ID_BeliefinScience_2  0.60
## ID_BeliefinScience_3  0.61
## ID_BeliefinScience_4  0.60
## ID_BeliefinScience_5  0.61
## ID_BeliefinScience_6  0.61
## 
##  Item statistics 
##                         n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean  sd
## ID_BeliefinScience_1 1492  0.76  0.77  0.69   0.66  4.0 1.6
## ID_BeliefinScience_2 1493  0.81  0.82  0.77   0.73  4.2 1.5
## ID_BeliefinScience_3 1493  0.79  0.80  0.74   0.71  3.9 1.6
## ID_BeliefinScience_4 1493  0.90  0.89  0.88   0.84  3.8 1.7
## ID_BeliefinScience_5 1493  0.88  0.88  0.87   0.82  3.7 1.7
## ID_BeliefinScience_6 1493  0.87  0.86  0.84   0.80  3.7 1.7
## 
## Non missing response frequency for each item
##                         1    2    3    4    5    6    7 miss
## ID_BeliefinScience_1 0.07 0.14 0.15 0.26 0.19 0.13 0.05    0
## ID_BeliefinScience_2 0.06 0.11 0.12 0.28 0.24 0.14 0.06    0
## ID_BeliefinScience_3 0.09 0.14 0.14 0.31 0.19 0.09 0.05    0
## ID_BeliefinScience_4 0.11 0.16 0.14 0.21 0.20 0.11 0.07    0
## ID_BeliefinScience_5 0.12 0.17 0.15 0.22 0.18 0.10 0.06    0
## ID_BeliefinScience_6 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.06    0
Lack of belief in science
n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
1493 3.87 1.38 4 3.87 1.48 1 7 6 -0.06 -0.47 0.04

1.1.4 ID_PoliticalSocial:

How would you describe your political outlook with regard to social issues?

Response scale (categorical):

Very liberal (1), Liberal (2), Slightly liberal (3), Moderate (4), Slightly conservative (5), Conservative (6), Very conservative (7), Prefer not to say (8).

ID_PolSocial n percent valid_percent ID_PolSocialFct n percent valid_percent
1 116 7.8% 7.8% Very liberal 116 7.8% 7.8%
2 184 12.3% 12.3% Liberal 184 12.3% 12.3%
3 130 8.7% 8.7% Slightly liberal 130 8.7% 8.7%
4 546 36.6% 36.6% Moderate 546 36.6% 36.6%
5 135 9.0% 9.1% Slightly conservative 135 9.0% 9.1%
6 195 13.1% 13.1% Conservative 195 13.1% 13.1%
7 112 7.5% 7.5% Very conservative 112 7.5% 7.5%
8 72 4.8% 4.8% Prefer not to say 72 4.8% 4.8%
NA 3 0.2%
NA 3 0.2%
Total 1493
Total 1493
Political Outlook
n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
1418 4.01 1.64 4 4.02 1.48 1 7 6 -0.02 -0.61 0.04

1.1.5 ID_PoliticalAffiliation:

Which political party are you affiliated with?

Response scale (categorical):

Democrat (1), Republican (2), Independent (3), Liberal third party (4), Conservative third party (5), No political party affiliation (6), Prefer not to say (7).

ID_PolAffiliation n percent
1 614 41.1%
2 307 20.6%
3 343 23.0%
4 10 0.7%
5 6 0.4%
6 152 10.2%
7 61 4.1%
Total 1493
ID_PolAffiliationFct n percent
Democrat 614 41.1%
Republican 307 20.6%
Independent 343 23.0%
Liberal third party 10 0.7%
Conservative third party 6 0.4%
No political party affiliation 152 10.2%
Prefer not to say 61 4.1%
Total 1493

1.2 Medical history

1.2.1

We asked respondents about their medical history regarding…

  • Prior antibiotic use | Preexisting comorbidities | COVID-19 infection and vaccination history

1.2.2 D_AbxUse:

In the past 12 months, I have taken antibiotics…

Response scale (likert):

0 times (1), 1 time (2), 2 times (3), 3 times (4), 4 times (5), 5 or more times (6).

D_AbxUse n percent D_AbxUseFct n percent
1 782 52.4% 0 times 782 52.4%
2 369 24.7% 1 time 369 24.7%
3 194 13.0% 2 times 194 13.0%
4 79 5.3% 3 times 79 5.3%
5 24 1.6% 4 times 24 1.6%
6 45 3.0% 5 or more times 45 3.0%
Total 1493
Total 1493
Antibiotic use in the past 12 months
n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
1493 1.88 1.22 1 1.63 0 1 6 5 1.62 2.39 0.03

1.2.3 D_PreExist:

Do you have a pre-existing health condition–respiratory illness, cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, immunocompromised etc.–that may make you more vulnerable to infections (e.g., COVID-19)?

Response scale (categorical):

No (1), Yes (2), Unsure (3).

D_PreExist n percent valid_percent
1 831 55.7% 55.8%
2 586 39.2% 39.3%
3 73 4.9% 4.9%
NA 3 0.2%
Total 1493
D_PreExistFct n percent valid_percent
No 831 55.7% 55.8%
Yes 586 39.2% 39.3%
Unsure 73 4.9% 4.9%
NA 3 0.2%
Total 1493

1.2.4 D_Comorbidities:

As far as you know, do you have any of the following health conditions at the present time?

  • Asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis, COPD (other lung disease)
  • Arthritis or rheumatism
  • Cancer, diagnosed in the past 3 years
  • Diabetes
  • Digestive problems (such as ulcer, colitis, or gallbladder disease)
  • Heart trouble (such as angina, congestive heart failure, or coronary artery disease, having a past heart attack)
  • HIV illness or AIDS
  • Kidney disease
  • Liver problems (such as cirrhosis)
  • Stroke
  • High blood pressure (hypertension)
  • Very overweight or obese

Response scale (categorical):

No, I do not have this condition (0), Yes, I have this condition (1).

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Total comorbidities 1 1493 1.48 1.85 1 1.15 1.48 0 12 12 2.09 6.39 0.05
label levels 0 1 Total
Total N (%) 20 (1.3) 1473 (98.7) 1493
Asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, COPD (other lung disease) 0 14 (70.0) 1232 (83.7) 1246 (83.5)
1 6 (30.0) 240 (16.3) 246 (16.5)
Arthritis or rheumatism 0 11 (55.0) 1109 (75.5) 1120 (75.2)
1 9 (45.0) 360 (24.5) 369 (24.8)
Cancer, diagnosed in the past 3 years 0 20 (100.0) 1399 (95.3) 1419 (95.4)
1 0 (0.0) 69 (4.7) 69 (4.6)
Diabetes 0 14 (70.0) 1244 (84.6) 1258 (84.4)
1 6 (30.0) 226 (15.4) 232 (15.6)
Digestive problems (such as ulcer, colitis, or gallbladder disease) 0 17 (85.0) 1345 (91.6) 1362 (91.5)
1 3 (15.0) 123 (8.4) 126 (8.5)
Heart trouble (e.g. angina, CHF, CAD, past heart attack) 0 16 (80.0) 1322 (90.1) 1338 (89.9)
1 4 (20.0) 146 (9.9) 150 (10.1)
HIV illness or AIDS 0 20 (100.0) 1430 (97.3) 1450 (97.4)
1 0 (0.0) 39 (2.7) 39 (2.6)
Kidney disease 0 18 (90.0) 1393 (94.8) 1411 (94.8)
1 2 (10.0) 76 (5.2) 78 (5.2)
Liver problems (e.g. cirrhosis) 0 19 (95.0) 1428 (97.2) 1447 (97.2)
1 1 (5.0) 41 (2.8) 42 (2.8)
Stroke 0 19 (95.0) 1403 (95.6) 1422 (95.6)
1 1 (5.0) 65 (4.4) 66 (4.4)
High blood pressure (hypertension) 0 10 (50.0) 946 (64.4) 956 (64.2)
1 10 (50.0) 523 (35.6) 533 (35.8)
Very overweight or obese 0 13 (65.0) 1209 (82.4) 1222 (82.2)
1 7 (35.0) 258 (17.6) 265 (17.8)
CCI_OrNot n percent
None 569 38.1%
At least one 924 61.9%
Total 1493

1.2.5 D_VaxStatus:

Which of the following describes your COVID-19 vaccination status?

Use this button to see the raw coding of the vaccinations status questions.

Which of the following describes your COVID-19 vaccination status?

D_CV19Vax n percent valid_percent D_CV19VaxFct n percent valid_percent
1 304 20.4% 20.5% Not received a COVID-19 vaccine 304 20.4% 20.5%
2 961 64.4% 64.8% Received ≥1-dose of a Pfizer or Moderna vaccine 961 64.4% 64.8%
3 219 14.7% 14.8% Received ≥1-dose of a J&J or Novavax vaccine 219 14.7% 14.8%
NA 9 0.6%
NA 9 0.6%
Total 1493
Total 1493

For those who received ≥1 dose of either Pfizer or Moderna

D_CV19Vax_Ext1 n percent valid_percent D_CV19Vax_Ext1Fct n percent valid_percent
1 242 16.2% 25.2% Not completed a full series 242 16.2% 25.2%
2 267 17.9% 27.8% Completed primary series 267 17.9% 27.8%
3 451 30.2% 47.0% Completed primary series & received a booster 451 30.2% 47.0%
NA 533 35.7%
NA 533 35.7%
Total 1493
Total 1493

For those who received ≥1 dose of either J&J or Novavax

D_CV19Vax_Ext2 n percent valid_percent D_CV19Vax_Ext2Fct n percent valid_percent
1 17 1.1% 7.8% Not completed a full series 17 1.1% 7.8%
2 55 3.7% 25.1% Completed primary series 55 3.7% 25.1%
3 147 9.8% 67.1% Completed primary series & received a booster 147 9.8% 67.1%
NA 1274 85.3%
NA 1274 85.3%
Total 1493
Total 1493
VaxStatus n percent
Not received a COVID-19 vaccine 304 20.4%
Received ≥1-dose of a Pfizer or Moderna vaccine 961 64.4%
Not completed a full series 242 25.2%
Completed primary series 267 27.8%
Completed primary series & received a booster 451 46.9%
NA 1 0.1%
Total 961
Received ≥1-dose of a J&J or Novavax vaccine 219 14.7%
Not completed a full series 17 7.8%
Completed primary series 55 25.1%
Completed primary series & received a booster 147 67.1%
Total 219
NA 9 0.6%
Total 1493

1.2.6 D_VaxPride:

I am proud that I [am/not] vaccinated again COVID-19

Response scale (likert):

Do not agree at all (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5), — (6), — (7), Very much agree (8).

Proud to NOT be vaccinated
D_CV19notVaxProud n percent valid_percent
1 30 2.0% 9.9%
2 7 0.5% 2.3%
3 9 0.6% 3.0%
4 29 1.9% 9.5%
5 36 2.4% 11.8%
6 30 2.0% 9.9%
7 16 1.1% 5.3%
8 147 9.8% 48.4%
NA 1189 79.6%
Total 1493
Proud to be vaccinated
D_CV19VaxProud n percent valid_percent
1 61 4.1% 5.2%
2 48 3.2% 4.1%
3 53 3.5% 4.5%
4 88 5.9% 7.5%
5 128 8.6% 10.8%
6 131 8.8% 11.1%
7 132 8.8% 11.2%
8 539 36.1% 45.7%
NA 313 21.0%
Total 1493
Pride in vaccination status
vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Not vax 1 304 6.04 2.37 7 6.41 1.48 1 8 7 -0.92 -0.42 0.14
Vax 1 1180 6.21 2.16 7 6.57 1.48 1 8 7 -1.01 -0.11 0.06

1.2.7 D_HadCov:

Have you had COVID-19?

Response scale (categorical):

No, I have not had COVID-19 (1), Yes, but I did not have any symptoms (asymptomatic) (2), Yes, mild symptoms (3), Yes, I was seriously ill and DID NOT require hospitalization (4), Yes, I was seriously ill and DID require hospitalization (5).

D_HadCoV1 n percent D_HadCoV1Fct n percent
1 756 50.6% No, I have not had COVID-19 756 50.6%
2 66 4.4% Yes, but no symptoms 66 4.4%
3 474 31.7% Yes, mild symptoms 474 31.7%
4 166 11.1% Yes, seriously ill but no hospital 166 11.1%
5 31 2.1% Yes, seriously ill and hospitalized 31 2.1%
Total 1493
Total 1493

You said you had COVID-19, have you now recovered?

Response scale (categorical):

No (1), Yes, somewhat (2), Yes, mostly (3), Yes, fully (4).

D_HadCoV2 n percent valid_percent
1 14 0.9% 2.1%
2 46 3.1% 6.9%
3 66 4.4% 9.8%
4 545 36.5% 81.2%
NA 822 55.1%
Total 1493
D_HadCoV2Fct n percent valid_percent
No 14 0.9% 2.1%
Yes, somewhat 46 3.1% 6.9%
Yes, mostly 66 4.4% 9.8%
Yes, fully 545 36.5% 81.2%
NA 822 55.1%
Total 1493

D_knwCov2:

Has anyone important to you been seriously ill with COVID-19 (e.g., required some medical care)?

  • 1 ~ “Immediate Family”,
  • 2 ~ “Wider Family”,
  • 3 ~ “Friend”,
  • 4 ~ “Work colleague”,
  • 5 ~ “No”

Response scale (select all that apply):

D_KnwCoV n percent
1 201 13.5%
1,2 16 1.1%
1,2,3 16 1.1%
1,2,3,4 19 1.3%
1,2,4 2 0.1%
1,3 17 1.1%
1,3,4 5 0.3%
1,4 3 0.2%
2 175 11.7%
2,3 30 2.0%
2,3,4 7 0.5%
2,4 3 0.2%
3 123 8.2%
3,4 10 0.7%
4 23 1.5%
5 843 56.5%
Total 1493

1.3 Demographics

1.3.1

We asked respondents about four additional demographics…

  • Education | Residence | Health literacy | Subjective numeracy

1.3.2 D_Edu:

What is the highest level of schooling you have completed?

Response scale (categorical):

None (1), Elementary school (2), Some high school but no diploma (3), High school (Diploma or GED) (4), Some college, but no degree (5), Trade school (6), Bachelor’s degree (BS BA etc.) (7), Master’s degree (MA MPH etc.) (8), Doctoral/Professional degree (PhD MD etc.) (9)

D_Edu n percent valid_percent
1 3 0.2% 0.2%
2 3 0.2% 0.2%
3 30 2.0% 2.0%
4 271 18.2% 18.2%
5 367 24.6% 24.6%
6 122 8.2% 8.2%
7 482 32.3% 32.3%
8 161 10.8% 10.8%
9 52 3.5% 3.5%
NA 2 0.1%
Total 1493
D_EduFct n percent valid_percent
None 3 0.2% 0.2%
Elementary school 3 0.2% 0.2%
Some high school but no diploma 30 2.0% 2.0%
High school (Diploma or GED) 271 18.2% 18.2%
Some college, but no degree 367 24.6% 24.6%
Trade school 122 8.2% 8.2%
Bachelor’s degree (BS, BA, etc.) 482 32.3% 32.3%
Master’s degree (MA, MPH, etc.) 161 10.8% 10.8%
Doctoral/Professional degree (PhD, MD, etc.) 52 3.5% 3.5%
NA 2 0.1%
Total 1493

1.3.3 D_Residence:

How would you best describe the place where you live?

Response scale (categorical):

Rural (1), Small (less than 100000) (2), Suburban near large city (3), Mid sized city (100000 to 1 million) (4), large city more than 1million (5), Other (6).

D_Residence n percent valid_percent
1 207 13.9% 13.9%
2 181 12.1% 12.1%
3 664 44.5% 44.5%
4 158 10.6% 10.6%
5 275 18.4% 18.4%
6 6 0.4% 0.4%
NA 2 0.1%
Total 1493
D_ResidenceFct n percent valid_percent
Rural 207 13.9% 13.9%
Small (less than 100,000) 181 12.1% 12.1%
Suburban near large city 664 44.5% 44.5%
Mid sized city (100,000 to 1 million) 158 10.6% 10.6%
large city more than 1million 275 18.4% 18.4%
Other 6 0.4% 0.4%
NA 2 0.1%
Total 1493

1.3.4 D_HealtLit:

How often do you have someone (like a family member, friend, hospital/clinic worker or caregiver) help you read instructions, pamphlets or other written health materials from your doctor or pharmacy?

Response scale (likert): Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), Often (4), Always (5).

D_HealthLit n percent valid_percent D_HealthLitFct n percent valid_percent
1 911 61.0% 61.1% Never 911 61.0% 61.1%
2 233 15.6% 15.6% Rarely 233 15.6% 15.6%
3 211 14.1% 14.2% Sometimes 211 14.1% 14.2%
4 83 5.6% 5.6% Often 83 5.6% 5.6%
5 52 3.5% 3.5% Always 52 3.5% 3.5%
NA 3 0.2%
NA 3 0.2%
Total 1493
Total 1493
Health Literacy
n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
1490 1.75 1.11 1 1.53 0 1 5 4 1.37 0.92 0.03

1.3.5 D_Numeracy:

  • Q1. How good are you at working with fractions?
  • Q2. How good are you at figuring out how much a shirt will cost if it is 25% off?

Response scale (likert): Not at all good (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5) Extremely good (6).

  • Q3. How often do you find numerical information to be useful?

Response scale (likert): Never (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5) Very often (6).

Use button to check reliability statistics for the subjective numeracy scale (Cronbach’s alpha).

## 
## Reliability analysis   
## Call: psych::alpha(x = df[, c(NUMSvars)])
## 
##   raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N    ase mean  sd median_r
##       0.83      0.83    0.76      0.62 4.8 0.0077  4.5 1.2     0.61
## 
##     95% confidence boundaries 
##          lower alpha upper
## Feldt     0.81  0.83  0.84
## Duhachek  0.81  0.83  0.84
## 
##  Reliability if an item is dropped:
##        raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## D_Num1      0.76      0.76    0.61      0.61 3.2    0.012    NA  0.61
## D_Num2      0.74      0.74    0.59      0.59 2.9    0.013    NA  0.59
## D_Num3      0.79      0.79    0.65      0.65 3.7    0.011    NA  0.65
## 
##  Item statistics 
##           n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean  sd
## D_Num1 1491  0.88  0.86  0.76   0.69  4.1 1.5
## D_Num2 1491  0.87  0.87  0.78   0.71  4.7 1.4
## D_Num3 1491  0.84  0.85  0.73   0.66  4.6 1.3
## 
## Non missing response frequency for each item
##           1    2    3    4    5    6 miss
## D_Num1 0.08 0.07 0.17 0.23 0.22 0.24    0
## D_Num2 0.04 0.05 0.11 0.18 0.23 0.38    0
## D_Num3 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.23 0.26 0.32    0
Variable n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Overall 1491 4.47 1.22 4.67 4.59 1.48 1 6 5 -0.68 -0.13 0.03
Fraction 1491 4.14 1.51 4.00 4.28 1.48 1 6 5 -0.50 -0.67 0.04
Percent 1491 4.66 1.42 5.00 4.87 1.48 1 6 5 -0.92 0.00 0.04
Useful 1491 4.62 1.31 5.00 4.77 1.48 1 6 5 -0.84 0.18 0.03

2 Final Comments

  • “Is there anything else you would like to share with us?”

    • Responses of “none”, “None”, “nothing”, “Nothing”, “no”, “No”, “NA”, “N/A”, “na”, “Na”, and ” “, are automatically removed.